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  • Classification: Dealing with Abstain/Rejected Class

    - by abner.ayala
    I am asking for your input and/help on a classification problem. If anyone have any references that I can read to help me solve my problem even better. I have a classification problem of four discrete and very well separated classes. However my input is continuous and has a high frequency (50Hz), since its a real-time problem. The circles represent the clusters of the classes, the blue line the decision boundary and Class 5 equals the (neutral/resting do nothing class). This class is the rejected class. However the problem is that when I move from one class to the other I activate a lot of false positives in the transition movements, since the movement is clearly non-linear. For example, every time I move from class 5 (neutral class) to 1 I first see a lot of 3's before getting to the 1 class. Ideally, I will want my decision boundary to look like the one in the picture below where the rejected class is Class =5. Has a higher decision boundary than the others classes to avoid misclassification during transition. I am currently implementing my algorithm in Matlab using naive bayes, kNN, and SVMs optimized algorithms using Matlab. Question: What is the best/common way to handle abstain/rejected classes classes? Should I use (fuzzy logic, loss function, should I include resting cluster in the training)?

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  • How to figure out optimal C / Gamma parameters in libsvm?

    - by Cuga
    I'm using libsvm for multi-class classification of datasets with a large number of features/attributes (around 5,800 per each item). I'd like to choose better parameters for C and Gamma than the defaults I am currently using. I've already tried running easy.py, but for the datasets I'm using, the estimated time is near forever (ran easy.py at 20, 50, 100, and 200 data samples and got a super-linear regression which projected my necessary runtime to take years). Is there a way to more quickly arrive at better C and Gamma values than the defaults? I'm using the Java libraries, if that makes any difference.

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  • Neural Network: Handling unavailable inputs (missing or incomplete data)

    - by Mike
    Hopefully the last NN question you'll get from me this weekend, but here goes :) Is there a way to handle an input that you "don't always know"... so it doesn't affect the weightings somehow? Soo... if I ask someone if they are male or female and they would not like to answer, is there a way to disregard this input? Perhaps by placing it squarely in the centre? (assuming 1,0 inputs at 0.5?) Thanks

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  • What languages have a while-else type control structure, and how does it work?

    - by Dan
    A long time ago, I thought I saw a proposal to add an else clause to for or while loops in C or C++... or something like that. I don't remember how it was supposed to work -- did the else clause run if the loop exited normally but not via a break statement? Anyway, this is tough to search for, so I thought maybe I could get some CW answers here for various languages. What languages support adding an else clause to something other than an if statement? What is the meaning of that clause? One language per answer please.

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  • how much time does grid.py take to run ?

    - by trinity
    Hello all , I am using libsvm for binary classification.. I wanted to try grid.py , as it is said to improve results.. I ran this script for five files in separate terminals , and the script has been running for more than 12 hours.. this is the state of my 5 terminals now : [root@localhost tools]# python grid.py sarts_nonarts_feat.txt>grid_arts.txt Warning: empty z range [61.3997:61.3997], adjusting to [60.7857:62.0137] line 2: warning: Cannot contour non grid data. Please use "set dgrid3d". Warning: empty z range [61.3997:61.3997], adjusting to [60.7857:62.0137] line 4: warning: Cannot contour non grid data. Please use "set dgrid3d". [root@localhost tools]# python grid.py sgames_nongames_feat.txt>grid_games.txt Warning: empty z range [64.5867:64.5867], adjusting to [63.9408:65.2326] line 2: warning: Cannot contour non grid data. Please use "set dgrid3d". Warning: empty z range [64.5867:64.5867], adjusting to [63.9408:65.2326] line 4: warning: Cannot contour non grid data. Please use "set dgrid3d". [root@localhost tools]# python grid.py sref_nonref_feat.txt>grid_ref.txt Warning: empty z range [62.4602:62.4602], adjusting to [61.8356:63.0848] line 2: warning: Cannot contour non grid data. Please use "set dgrid3d". Warning: empty z range [62.4602:62.4602], adjusting to [61.8356:63.0848] line 4: warning: Cannot contour non grid data. Please use "set dgrid3d". [root@localhost tools]# python grid.py sbiz_nonbiz_feat.txt>grid_biz.txt Warning: empty z range [67.9762:67.9762], adjusting to [67.2964:68.656] line 2: warning: Cannot contour non grid data. Please use "set dgrid3d". Warning: empty z range [67.9762:67.9762], adjusting to [67.2964:68.656] line 4: warning: Cannot contour non grid data. Please use "set dgrid3d". [root@localhost tools]# python grid.py snews_nonnews_feat.txt>grid_news.txt Wrong input format at line 494 Traceback (most recent call last): File "grid.py", line 223, in run if rate is None: raise "get no rate" TypeError: exceptions must be classes or instances, not str I had redirected the outputs to files , but those files for now contain nothing.. And , the following files were created : sbiz_nonbiz_feat.txt.out sbiz_nonbiz_feat.txt.png sarts_nonarts_feat.txt.out sarts_nonarts_feat.txt.png sgames_nongames_feat.txt.out sgames_nongames_feat.txt.png sref_nonref_feat.txt.out sref_nonref_feat.txt.png snews_nonnews_feat.txt.out (-- is empty ) There's just one line of information in .out files.. the ".png" files are some GNU PLOTS . But i dont understand what the above GNUplots / warnings convey .. Should i re-run them ? Can anyone please tell me on how much time this script might take if each input file contains about 144000 lines.. Thanks and regards

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  • Why do C compilers prepend underscores to external names?

    - by Michael Burr
    I've been working in C for so long that the fact that compilers typically add an underscore to the start of an extern is just understood... However, another SO question today got me wondering about the real reason why the underscore is added. A wikipedia article claims that a reason is: It was common practice for C compilers to prepend a leading underscore to all external scope program identifiers to avert clashes with contributions from runtime language support I think there's at least a kernel of truth to this, but also it seems to no really answer the question, since if the underscore is added to all externs it won't help much with preventing clashes. Does anyone have good information on the rationale for the leading underscore? Is the added underscore part of the reason that the Unix creat() system call doesn't end with an 'e'? I've heard that early linkers on some platforms had a limit of 6 characters for names. If that's the case, then prepending an underscore to external names would seem to be a downright crazy idea (now I only have 5 characters to play with...).

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  • how to read an address in multiple formats like google maps

    - by ratan
    notice that on google maps you can input the address any way you like. as long as it is a valid address...google maps will read it. In some ruby book I had seen code snippet for something like this, but with phone numbers. Any ideas how this could be done for addresses? in language of your choice. EDIT: i dont care about a "valid" address. I just want to parse an address. so that 123 fake street, WA, 34223 would be an address and so will 123 fake street WA 34223

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  • Looking for a virtual network adapter (virtual interface controller)

    - by Dawn
    I need a software that simulates a network adapter. I need the virtual adapters will be able to communicate with each other. For example, if I i have 2 virtual adapter (on the same computer): interface1-1.1.1.1 and interface2-1.1.1.2. I want the packets that will be send through interface1 will be received in interface2. I have as an option to install VMWare server, but i prefer something more specific. anyone have ideas?

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  • Windows Mobile Development on MacBook Pro?

    - by Ted Nichols
    I am a frequent Windows Mobile application developer in need of a new development laptop. I am considering a MacBook or Macbook Pro running either Fusion from VMWare or Parallels Desktop. This will give me the option to port my applications to the iPhone depending on what MS does with WM 6.5 and 7. Has anybody tried doing Windows Mobile development using Microsoft Windows Mobile Device Center (or ActiveSync) and VS2008 on the MacBook Pro using one of these virtual machines? Does the device emulator work properly? What about debugging a Windows Mobile device over a USB cable? In general, do most USB drivers (non HID) designed for Windows work under these virtual machines? Thanks.

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  • How do I create a good evaluation function for a new board game?

    - by A. Rex
    I write programs to play board game variants sometimes. The basic strategy is standard alpha-beta pruning or similar searches, sometimes augmented by the usual approaches to endgames or openings. I've mostly played around with chess variants, so when it comes time to pick my evaluation function, I use a basic chess evaluation function. However, now I am writing a program to play a completely new board game. How do I choose a good or even decent evaluation function? The main challenges are that the same pieces are always on the board, so a usual material function won't change based on position, and the game has been played less than a thousand times or so, so humans don't necessarily play it enough well yet to give insight. (PS. I considered a MoGo approach, but random games aren't likely to terminate.) Any ideas? Game details: The game is played on a 10-by-10 board with a fixed six pieces per side. The pieces have certain movement rules, and interact in certain ways, but no piece is ever captured. The goal of the game is to have enough of your pieces in certain special squares on the board. The goal of the computer program is to provide a player which is competitive with or better than current human players.

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  • Beginner question: What is binding?

    - by JDelage
    Hi, I was trying to understand the difference between early and late binding, and in the process realized that the concept of binding is nebulous to me. I think I understand that it relates to the way data-as-a-word-of-memory is linked to type-as-a-set-of-language-features but I am not sure those are the right concepts. Also, how does understanding this deeply help people become better programmers? Please note: This question is not "what is late v. early binding" or "what are the trade-offs between the 2". Those already exist here. Thanks, JDelage

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  • Cocoa app not launching on build & go but launching manually

    - by Matt S.
    I have quite the interesting problem. Yesterday my program worked perfectly, but now today I'm getting exc_bad_access when I hit build and go, but if I launch the app from the build folder it launches perfectly and there seems to be nothing wrong. The last bunch of lines from the debugger are: #0 0xffff07c2 in __memcpy #1 0x969f7961 in CFStringGetBytes #2 0x96a491b9 in CFStringCreateMutableCopy #3 0x991270cc in -[NSCFString mutableCopyWithZone:] #4 0x96a5572a in -[NSObject(NSObject) mutableCopy] #5 0x9913e6c7 in -[NSString stringByReplacingOccurrencesOfString:withString:options:range:] #6 0x9913e62f in -[NSString stringByReplacingOccurrencesOfString:withString:] #7 0x99181ad0 in -[NSScanner(NSDecimalNumberScanning) scanDecimal:] #8 0x991ce038 in -[NSDecimalNumberPlaceholder initWithString:locale:] #9 0x991cde75 in -[NSDecimalNumberPlaceholder initWithString:] #10 0x991ce44a in +[NSDecimalNumber decimalNumberWithString:] Why did my app work perfectly yesterday but not today?

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  • Prolog: Not executing code as expected.

    - by Louis
    Basically I am attempting to have an AI agent navigate a world based on given percepts. My issue is handling how the agent moves. Basically, I have created find_action/4 such that we pass in the percepts, action, current cell, and the direction the agent is facing. As it stands the entire code looks like: http://wesnoth.pastebin.com/kdNvzZ6Y My issue is mainly with lines 102 to 106. Basically, in it's current form the code does not work and the find_action is skipped even when the agent is in fact facing right (I have verified this). This broken code is as follows: % If we are headed right, take a left turn find_action([_, _, _, _, _], Action, _, right) :- retractall(facing(_)), assert(facing(up)), Action = turnleft . However, after some experimentation I have concluded that the following works: % If we are headed right, take a left turn find_action([_, _, _, _, _], Action, _, _) :- facing(right), retractall(facing(_)), assert(facing(up)), Action = turnleft . I am not entire sure why this is. I've attempted to create several identical find_action's as well, each checking a different direction using the facing(_) format, however swipl does not like this and throws an error. Any help would be greatly appreciated.

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  • How does one use dynamic recompilation?

    - by acidzombie24
    It came to my attention some emulators and virtual machines use dynamic recompilation. How do they do that? In C i know how to call a function in ram using typecasting (although i never tried) but how does one read opcodes and generate code for it? Does the person need to have premade assembly chunks and copy/batch them together? is the assembly written in C? If so how do you find the length of the code? How do you account for system interrupts?

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  • Voice Communication over TCP/IP

    - by Micha
    Hello, I'm currently developing application using DirectSound for communication on an intranet. I've had working solution using UDP but then my boss told me he wants to use TCP/IP for some reason. I've tried to implement it in pretty much the same way as UDP, but with very little success. What I get is basically just noise. 20% of it is the recorded sound and the rest is just weird noise. My guess for the reason is that TCP needs to read all the accepted data several times until it gets the final sound I can play. Now two questions: Am I on the right tracks? Is it even good idea to use TCP/IP for this kind of application (voice conferencing of sorts)? I'm doing it in C# but I don't think this is language specific.

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  • Rails: How to test state_machine?

    - by petRUShka
    Please, help me. I'm confused. I know how to write state-driven behavior of model, but I don't know what should I write in specs... My model.rb file look class Ratification < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :user attr_protected :status_events state_machine :status, :initial => :boss do state :boss state :owner state :declarant state :done event :approve do transition :boss => :owner, :owner => :done end event :divert do transition [:boss, :owner] => :declarant end event :repeat do transition :declarant => :boss end end end I use state_machine gem. Please, show me the course.

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  • Naive Bayes matlab, row classification

    - by Jungle Boogie
    How do you classify a row of seperate cells in matlab? Atm I can classify single coloums like so: training = [1;0;-1;-2;4;0;1]; % this is the sample data. target_class = ['posi';'zero';'negi';'negi';'posi';'zero';'posi']; % target_class are the different target classes for the training data; here 'positive' and 'negetive' are the two classes for the given training data % Training and Testing the classifier (between positive and negative) test = 10*randn(25, 1); % this is for testing. I am generating random numbers. class = classify(test,training, target_class, 'diaglinear') % This command classifies the test data depening on the given training data using a Naive Bayes classifier Unlike the above im looking at wanting to classify: A B C Row A | 1 | 1 | 1 = a house Row B | 1 | 2 | 1 = a garden Can anyone help? Here is a code example from matlabs site: nb = NaiveBayes.fit(training, class) nb = NaiveBayes.fit(..., 'param1',val1, 'param2',val2, ...) I dont understand what param1 is or what val1 etc should be?

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  • Java text classification problem

    - by yox
    Hello, I have a set of Books objects, classs Book is defined as following : Class Book{ String title; ArrayList<tags> taglist; } Where title is the title of the book, example : Javascript for dummies. and taglist is a list of tags for our example : Javascript, jquery, "web dev", .. As I said a have a set of books talking about different things : IT, BIOLOGY, HISTORY, ... Each book has a title and a set of tags describing it.. I have to classify automaticaly those books into separated sets by topic, example : IT BOOKS : Java for dummies Javascript for dummies Learn flash in 30 days C++ programming HISTORY BOOKS : World wars America in 1960 Martin luther king's life BIOLOGY BOOKS : .... Do you guys know a classification algorithm/method to apply for that kind of problems ? A solution is to use an external API to define the category of the text, but the problem here is that books are in different languages : french, spanish, english ..

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  • Are there programs that iteratively write new programs?

    - by chris
    For about a year I have been thinking about writing a program that writes programs. This would primarily be a playful exercise that might teach me some new concepts. My inspiration came from negentropy and the ability for order to emerge from chaos and new chaos to arise out of order in infinite succession. To be more specific, the program would start by writing a short random string. If the string compiles the programs will log it for later comparison. If the string does not compile the program will try to rewrite it until it does compile. As more strings (mini 'useless' programs) are logged they can be parsed for similarities and used to generate a grammar. This grammar can then be drawn on to write more strings that have a higher probability of compilation than purely random strings. This is obviously more than a little silly, but I thought it would be fun to try and grow a program like this. And as a byproduct I get a bunch of unique programs that I can visualize and call art. I'll probably write this in Ruby due to its simple syntax and dynamic compilation and then I will visualize in processing using ruby-processing. What I would like to know is: Is there a name for this type of programming? What currently exists in this field? Who are the primary contributors? BONUS! - In what ways can I procedurally assign value to output programs beyond compiles(y/n)? I may want to extend the functionality of this program to generate a program based on parameters, but I want the program to define those parameters through running the programs that compile and assigning meaning to the programs output. This question is probably more involved than reasonable for a bonus, but if you can think of a simple way to get something like this done in less than 23 lines or one hyperlink, please toss it into your response. I know that this is not quite meta-programming and from the little I know of AI and generative algorithms they are usually more goal oriented than what I am thinking. What would be optimal is a program that continually rewrites and improves itself so I don't have to ^_^

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  • Rails: Multi-Step New User Signup Form (FSM?)

    - by neezer
    I've read the "Create Multi-Step Wizard" in Advanced Rails Recipes. I've also read and re-read the documentation for the updated FSM I'm using called Workflow, and looked here and here. The Advanced Rails Recipe focuses on records (quizzes) that already exist, and doesn't cover creating new ones. The Workflow docs don't cover any code for controllers or views, so I've no idea what to do with all this model magic, and the last two links barely touch on implementation either. From the aforementioned resources, I have a good understanding of what a FSM in Rails is and how to play with it in the console or IRB, but I've got very little direction or understanding how to implement one into my Rails app. What I would like is this: a simple, multi-step user signup process. Step 1: User enters in their critical details (with validations). Step 2: User enters in their search criteria, for their profile (with validations). Step 3: User agrees to the Terms of Service (with validations). Step 4: User is greeted by a confirmation page, including a link that takes them to their newly created account. I'd also like full navigation between the steps and full capture (saves to the database) with each transition. Can someone please give me a clear implementation of something similar to this? I would LOVE an example app that includes a multi-step signup process where I can look at the code (FULL source code--models AND controllers and views) under the hood, but I've been unable to find anything like that. Any guidance would be appreciated! EDIT: Please help make this a Railscast! Ryan B. (a.k.a. Superman), if you're reading this, we need you! http://feedback.railscasts.com/forums/77-episode-suggestions/suggestions/35553-multi-step-forms-and-wizards

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  • Performance optimization strategies of last resort?

    - by jerryjvl
    There are plenty of performance questions on this site already, but it occurs to me that almost all are very problem-specific and fairly narrow. And almost all repeat the advice to avoid premature optimization. Let's assume: the code already is working correctly the algorithms chosen are already optimal for the circumstances of the problem the code has been measured, and the offending routines have been isolated all attempts to optimize will also be measured to ensure they do not make matters worse What I am looking for here is strategies and tricks to squeeze out up to the last few percent in a critical algorithm when there is nothing else left to do but whatever it takes. Ideally, try to make answers language agnostic, and indicate any down-sides to the suggested strategies where applicable. I'll add a reply with my own initial suggestions, and look forward to whatever else the SO community can think of.

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  • Code Golf: Phone Number to Words

    - by Nick Hodges
    Guidelines for code-golf on SO We've all seen phone numbers that are put into words: 1-800-BUY-MORE, etc. What is the shortest amount of code you can write that will produce all the possible combinations of words for a 7 digit US phone number. Input will be a seven digit integer (or string, if that is simpler), and assume that the input is properly formed. Output will be a list of seven character strings that For instance, the number 428-5246 would produce GATJAGM GATJAGN GATJAGO GATJAHM GATJAHN GATJAHO and so on..... Winning criteria will be code from any language with the fewest characters that produce every possible letter combination. Additional Notes: To make it more interesting, words can be formed only by using the letters on a North American Classic Key Pad phone with three letters per number as defined here.That means that Z and Q are excluded. For the number '1', put a space. For the number '0', put a hyphen '-' Bonus points awarded for recognizing output as real English words. Okay, not really. ;-)

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