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• Information about PTE's (Page Table Entries) in Windows

  - by Patrick

  In order to find more easily buffer overflows I am changing our custom memory allocator so that it allocates a full 4KB page instead of only the wanted number of bytes. Then I change the page protection and size so that if the caller writes before or after its allocated piece of memory, the application immediately crashes. Problem is that although I have enough memory, the application never starts up completely because it runs out of memory. This has two causes: since every allocation needs 4 KB, we probably reach the 2 GB limit very soon. This problem could be solved if I would make a 64-bit executable (didn't try it yet). even when I only need a few hundreds of megabytes, the allocations fail at a certain moment. The second problem is the biggest one, and I think it's related to the maximum number of PTE's (page table entries, which store information on how Virtual Memory is mapped to physical memory, and whether pages should be read-only or not) you can have in a process. My questions (or a cry-for-tips): Where can I find information about the maximum number of PTE's in a process? Is this different (higher) for 64-bit systems/applications or not? Can the number of PTE's be configured in the application or in Windows? Thanks, Patrick PS. note for those who will try to argument that you shouldn't write your own memory manager: My application is rather specific so I really want full control over memory management (can't give any more details) Last week we had a memory overwrite which we couldn't find using the standard C++ allocator and the debugging functionality of the C/C++ run time (it only said "block corrupt" minutes after the actual corruption") We also tried standard Windows utilities (like GFLAGS, ...) but they slowed down the application by a factor of 100, and couldn't find the exact position of the overwrite either We also tried the "Full Page Heap" functionality of Application Verifier, but then the application doesn't start up either (probably also running out of PTE's)

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• Haskell quiz: a simple function

  - by levy

  I'm not a Haskell programmer, but I'm curious about the following questions. Informal function specification: Let MapProduct be a function that takes a function called F and multiple lists. It returns a list containing the results of calling F with one argument from each list in each possible combination. Example: Call MapProduct with F being a function that simply returns a list of its arguments, and two lists. One of the lists contains the integers 1 and 2, the other one contains the strings "a" and "b". It should return a list that contains the lists: 1 and "a", 1 and "b", 2 and "a", 2 and "b". Questions: How is MapProduct implemented? What is the function's type? What is F's type? Can one guess what the function does just by looking at its type? Can you handle inhomogeneous lists as input? (e.g. 1 and "a" in one of the input lists) What extra limitation (if any) do you need to introduce to implement MapProduct?

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• ForEach loop in Mathematica.

  - by dreeves

  I'd like something like this: ForEach[i_, {1,2,3}, Print[i] ] Or, more generally, to destructure arbitrary stuff in the list you're looping over, like: ForEach[{i_, j_}, {{1,10}, {2,20}, {3,30}}, Print[i*j] ] (Meta-question: is that a good way to call a ForEach loop, with the first argument a pattern like that?) ADDED: Some answerers have rightly pointed out that usually you want to use Map or other purely functional constructs and eschew a non-functional programming style where you use side effects. I agree! But here's an example where I think this ForEach construct is supremely useful: Say I have a list of options (rules) that pair symbols with expressions, like attrVals = {a -> 7, b -> 8, c -> 9} Now I want to make a hash table where I do the obvious mapping of those symbols to those numbers. I don't think there's a cleaner way to do that than ForEach[a_ -> v_, attrVals, h[a] = v] ADDED: I just realized that to do ForEach properly, it should support Break[] and Continue[]. I'm not sure how to implement that. Perhaps it will need to somehow be implemented in terms of For, While, or Do since those are the only loop constructs that support Break[] and Continue[]. If anyone interested in this wants to ask about that as a separate question, please do!

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• Change Sequence to Choice

  - by Gordon

  In my Schema File I defined a Group with a Sequence of possible Elements. <group name="argumentGroup"> <sequence> <element name="foo" type="double" /> <element name="bar" type="string" /> <element name="baz" type="integer" /> </sequence> </group> I then reference this Group like this: <element name="arguments"> <complexType> <group ref="my:argumentGroup"/> </complexType> </element> Is it possible to reference the Group at some other point but restrict it so it's a Choice instead of a Sequence. The position where I want to reuse it would only allow one of the Elements within. <element name="argument" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="1"> <complexType> <group name="my:argumentGroup"> <! -- Somehow change argumentGroup sequence to choice here --> </group> <complexType> </element>

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• C As Principal Class For Mac App

  - by CodaFi

  So, I've got a c file raring to go and be the main class behind an all-C mac-app, however, a combination of limiting factors are preventing the application from being launched. As it currently stands, the project is just a main.m and a class called AppDelegate.c, so I entered "AppDelegate" as the name of the principal class in the info.plist, and to my complete surprise, the log printed: Unable to find class: AppDelegate, exiting This would work perfectly well in iOS, because the main function accepts the name of a delegate class, and handles it automatically, but NSApplicationMain() takes no such argument. Now, I know this stems from the fact that there are no @interface/@implementation directives in C, and that's really what the OS seems to be looking for, so I wrote a simple NSApplication subclass and provided it as the Principal Class to the plist, and it launched perfectly well. My question is, how could one go about setting a c file as the principal class in a mac application and have it launch correctly? PS, don't ask what or why I'm doing this for, the foundation must be dug. For @millimoose's amusement, here be the AppDelegate.c file: #include <objc/runtime.h> #include <objc/message.h> struct AppDel { Class isa; id window; }; // This is a strong reference to the class of the AppDelegate // (same as [AppDelegate class]) Class AppDelClass; BOOL AppDel_didFinishLaunching(struct AppDel *self, SEL _cmd, void *application, void *options) { self->window = objc_msgSend(objc_getClass("NSWindow"), sel_getUid("alloc")); self->window = objc_msgSend(self->window, sel_getUid("init")); objc_msgSend(self->window, sel_getUid("makeKeyAndOrderFront:"), self); return YES; }

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• Which options do I have for Java process communication?

  - by Dmitriy Matveev

  We have a place in a code of such form: void processParam(Object param) { wrapperForComplexNativeObject result = jniCallWhichMayCrash(param); processResult(result); } processParam - method which is called with many different arguments. jniCallWhichMayCrash - a native method which is intended to do some complex processing of it's parameter and to create some complex object. It can crash in some cases. wrapperForComplexNativeObject - wrapper type generated by SWIG processResult - a method written in pure Java which processes it's parameter by creation of several kinds (by the kinds I'm not meaning classes, maybe some like hierarchies) of objects: 1 - Some non-unique objects which are referencing each other (from the same hierarchy), these objects can have duplicates created from the invocations of processParam() method with different parameter values. Since it's costly to keep all the duplicates it's necessary to cache them. 2 - Some unique objects which are referencing each other (from the same hierarchy) and some of the objects of 1st kind. After processParam is executed for each of the arguments from some set the data created in processResult will be processed together. The problem is in fact that jniCallWhichMayCrash method may crash the entire JVM and this will be very bad. The reason of crash may be such that it can happen for one argument value and not for the other. We've decided that it's better to ignore crashes inside of JVM and just skip some chunks of data when such crashes occur. In order to do this we should run processParam function inside of separate process and pass the result somehow (HOW? HOW?! This is a question) to the main process and in case of any crashes we will only lose some part of data (It's ok) without lose of everything else. So for now the main problem is implementation of transport between different processes. Which options do I have? I can think about serialization and transmitting of binary data by the streams, but serialization may be not very fast due to object complexity. Maybe I have some other options of implementing this?

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• Calling a WPF Appliaction and modify exposed properties?

  - by Justin

  I have a WPF Keyboard Application, it is developed in such a way that an application could call it and modify its properties to adapt the Keyboard to do what it needs to. Right now I have a file *.Keys.Set which tells the appliaction (on open) to style itself according to that new style. I know this file could be passed as a command line argument into the appliaction. That would not be a problem. My concern is, is thier a way via a managed environment to change the properties of the executable as long as they are exposed properly, an example: 'Creates a new instance of the Keyboard Appliaction Dim e_key as new WpfAppliaction("C:\egt\components\keyboard.exe") 'Sets the style path e_key.SetStylePath("c:\users\joe\apps\me\default.keys.set") e_key.Refresh() 'Applies the style e_key.HideMenu() 'Hides the menu e_key.ShowDeck("PIN") 'Shows the custom "deck" of keyboard keys the developer 'Created in the style appliaction. ''work with events and resposne 'Clear the instance from memory e_key.close e_key.dispose e_key = nothing This would allow my application to become easily accessible to other Touch Screen Application Developers, allowing them to use my key_board and keep the functionality they need. It seems like it might be possible because (name of executable).application shows all the exposed functions, properties, and values. I just have never done this before. Any help would be appreciated, thank you in advance.

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• Why can’t PHP script write a file on server 2008 via command line or task scheduler?

  - by rg89

  I created a question on serverfault.com, and it was recommended that I ask here. http://serverfault.com/questions/140669/why-cant-php-script-write-a-file-on-server-2008-via-command-line-or-task-schedul I have a PHP script. It runs well when I use a browser. It writes an XML file in the same directory. The script takes ~60 seconds to run, and the resulting XML file is ~16 MB. I am running PHP 5.2.13 via FastCGI on Windows Server Web edition SP1 64 bit. The code pulls inventory from SQL server, runs a loop to build an XML file for a third party. I created a task in task scheduler to run c:\php5\php.exe "D:\inetpub\tools\build.php" The task scheduler shows a time lapse of about a minute, which is how long the script takes to run in a browser. No error returned, but no file created. Each time I make a change to the scheduled task properties, a user password box comes up and I enter the administrator account password. If I run this same path and argument at a command line it does not error and does not create the file. When I right click run command prompt as an administrator, the file is still not created. I get my echo statement "file published" that is after the file creation and no error is returned. I am doing a simple fopen fwrite fclose to save the contents of a php variable to a .xml file, and the file only gets created when the script is run through the browser. Here's what happens after the xml-building loop: $feedContent .= "</feed"; sqlsrv_close( $conn ); echo "<p>feed built</p>"; $feedFile = "feed.xml"; $handler = fopen($feedFile, 'w'); fwrite( $handler, $feedContent ); fclose( $handler ); echo "<p>file published</p>"; Thanks

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• Array's index and argc signedness

  - by tusbar

  Hello, The C standard (5.1.2.2.1 Program startup) says: The function called at program startup is named main. [...] It shall be de?ned with a return type of int and with no parameters: int main(void) { /* ... */ } or with two parameters [...] : int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { /* ... */ } And later says: The value of argc shall be nonnegative. Why shouldn't argc be defined as an unsigned int, argc supposedly meaning 'argument count'? Should argc be used as an index for argv? So I started wondering if the C standard says something about the type of array's index. Is it signed? 6.5.2.1 Array subscripting: One of the expressions shall have type ‘‘pointer to object type’’, the other expression shall have integer type, and the result has type ‘‘type’’. It doesn't say anything about its signedness (or I didn't find it). It is pretty common to see codes using negatives array indexes (array[-1]) but isn't it undefined behavior? Should array's indexes be unsigned?

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• Can a custom MFC window/dialog be a template class?

  - by John

  There's a bunch of special macros that MFC uses when creating dialogs, and in my quick tests I'm getting weird errors trying to compile a template dialog class. Is this likely to be a big pain to achieve? Here's what I tried: MyDlg.h template <class W> class CMyDlg : public CDialog { typedef CDialog super; DECLARE_DYNAMIC(CMyDlg <W>) public: CMyDlg (CWnd* pParent); // standard constructor virtual ~CMyDlg (); // Dialog Data enum { IDD = IDD_MYDLG }; protected: virtual void DoDataExchange(CDataExchange* pDX); // DDX/DDV support DECLARE_MESSAGE_MAP() private: W *m_pWidget; //W will always be a CDialog }; IMPLEMENT_DYNAMIC(CMyDlg<W>, super) <------------------- template <class W> CMyDlg<W>::CMyDlg(CWnd* pParent) : super(CMyDlg::IDD, pParent) { m_pWidget = new W(this); } I get a whole bunch of errors but main one appears to be: error C2955: 'CMyDlg' : use of class template requires template argument list I tried using some specialised template versions of macros but it doesn't help much, other errors change but this one remains. Note my code is all in one file, since C++ templates don't like .h/.cpp like normal.

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• trouble with state monad composition

  - by user1308560

  I was trying out the example given at http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/State_Monad#Complete_and_Concrete_Example_1 How this makes the solution composible is beyond my understanding. Here is what I tried but I get compile errors as follows: Couldn't match expected type `GameValue -> StateT GameState Data.Functor.Identity.Identity b0' with actual type `State GameState GameValue' In the second argument of `(>>=)', namely `g2' In the expression: g1 >>= g2 In an equation for `g3': g3 = g1 >>= g2 Failed, modules loaded: none. Here is the code: See the end lines module StateGame where import Control.Monad.State type GameValue = Int type GameState = (Bool, Int) -- suppose I want to play one game after the other g1 = playGame "abcaaacbbcabbab" g2 = playGame "abcaaacbbcabb" g3 = g1 >>= g2 m2 = print $ evalState g3 startState playGame :: String -> State GameState GameValue playGame [] = do (_, score) <- get return score playGame (x:xs) = do (on, score) <- get case x of 'a' | on -> put (on, score + 1) 'b' | on -> put (on, score - 1) 'c' -> put (not on, score) _ -> put (on, score) playGame xs startState = (False, 0) main str = print $ evalState (playGame str) startState

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• naming a function that exhibits "set if not equal" behavior

  - by Chris Sears

  This might be an odd question, but I'm looking for a word to use in a function name. I'm normally good at coming up with succinct, meaningful function names, but this one has me stumped so I thought I'd appeal for help. The function will take some desired state as an argument and compare it to the current state. If no change is needed, the function will exit normally without doing anything. Otherwise, the function will take some action to achieve the desired state. For example, if wanted to make sure the front door was closed, i might say: my_house.<something>_front_door('closed') What word or term should use in place of the something? I'd like it to be short, readable, and minimize the astonishment factor. A couple clarifying points... I would want someone calling the function to intuitively know they didn't need to wrap the function an 'if' that checks the current state. For example, this would be bad: if my_house.front_door_is_open(): my_house.<something>_front_door('closed') Also, they should know that the function won't throw an exception if the desired state matches the current state. So this should never happen: try: my_house.<something>_front_door('closed') except DoorWasAlreadyClosedException: pass Here are some options I've considered: my_house.set_front_door('closed') my_house.setne_front_door('closed') # ne=not equal, from the setne x86 instruction my_house.ensure_front_door('closed') my_house.configure_front_door('closed') my_house.update_front_door('closed') my_house.make_front_door('closed') my_house.remediate_front_door('closed') And I'm open to other forms, but most I've thought of don't improve readability. Such as... my_house.ensure_front_door_is('closed') my_house.conditionally_update_front_door('closed') my_house.change_front_door_if_needed('closed') Thanks for any input!

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• gcc compilations (sometimes) result in cpu underload

  - by confusedCoder

  I have a larger C++ program which starts out by reading thousands of small text files into memory and storing data in stl containers. This takes about a minute. Periodically, a compilation will exhibit behavior where that initial part of the program will run at about 22-23% CPU load. Once that step is over, it goes back to ~100% CPU. It is more likely to happen with O2 flag turned on but not consistently. It happens even less often with the -p flag which makes it almost impossible to profile. I did capture it once but the gprof output wasn't helpful - everything runs with the same relative speed just at low cpu usage. I am quite certain that this has nothing to do with multiple cores. I do have a quad-core cpu, and most of the code is multi-threaded, but I tested this issue running a single thread. Also, when I run the problematic step in multiple threads, each thread only runs at ~20% CPU. I apologize ahead of time for the vagueness of the question but I have run out of ideas as to how to troubleshoot it further, so any hints might be helpful. UPDATE: Just to make sure it's clear, the problematic part of the code does sometimes (~30-40% of the compilations) run at 100% CPU, so it's hard to buy the (otherwise reasonable) argument that I/O is the bottleneck

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• Console Application Structure

  - by Paul Fox

  I've written several .Net Console Applications over the past 6 months and we have many more throughout different projects in our organization. I generally stick to the same standard format/structure for my Console Applications. Unfortunately, many of our console applications do not. I have been looking into ways of standardizing the structure of these Console Applications. I would also like to provide a framework for the basic structure of a Console Application and provide easy access to standard ways of handling things such as argument passing, logging, etc. Can anyone suggest Best Practices for addressing these concerns? I have been reading this MSDN article on Console Applications in .Net which suggests a Design Pattern for Console Apps. The example uses a Template Method pattern to handle some of the concerns I listed earlier. Two negatives of using this approach are listed in the article. Ending up with twice as many classes Having many simple, similar classes Can anyone suggest better, or more standard, ways of handling this? What about listing additional negatives with this approach?

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• AIX specific socket programming query

  - by kumar_m_kiran

  Hi All, Question 1 From SUSE man pages, I get the below details for socket connect options If the initiating socket is connection-mode, then connect() shall attempt to establish a connection to the address specified by the address argument. If the connection cannot be established immediately and O_NONBLOCK is not set for the file descriptor for the socket, connect() shall block for up to an unspecified timeout interval until the connection is established. If the timeout interval expires before the connection is established, connect() shall fail and the connection attempt shall be aborted. If connect() is interrupted by a signal that is caught while blocked waiting to establish a connection, connect() shall fail and set errno to [EINTR], but the connection request shall not be aborted, and the connection shall be established asynchronously. Question : Is the above contents valid for AIX OS (especially the connection time-out, timed wait ...etc)?Because I do not see it in AIX man pages (5.1 and 5.3) Question 2 I have a client socket whose attributes are a. SO_RCVTIMEO ,SO_SNDTIMEO are set for 5 seconds. b. AF_INET and SOCK_STREAM. c. SO_LINGER with linger on and time is 5 seconds. d. SO_REUSEADDR is set. Note that the client socket is not O_NONBLOCK. Question : Now since O_NONBLOCK is not set and SO_RCVTIMEO and SO_SNDTIMEO is set for 5 seconds, does it mean a. connect in NON Blocking or Blocking? b. If blocking, is it timed blocking or "infinite" time blocking? c. If it is infinite, How do I establish a "connect" system call which is O_BLOCKING with timeout to t secs. Sorry if the questions are be very naive. Thanks in advance for your input.

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• How can I keep curl output out of mail from my cronjob?

  - by Russell C.

  I have written a Perl script that runs as a daily crontab job that uploads files to Amazon S3 via CURL. I want the output of the cron job emailed to me which works fine but I don't want that email to include messages related to the CURL upload (only those message my script is outputting). Here are the CURL related messages I'm seeing in the daily email right now: % Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed 0 230M 0 0 0 0 0 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 0 0 230M 0 0 0 544k 0 1519k 0:02:35 --:--:-- 0:02:35 1807k 0 230M 0 0 0 1744k 0 1286k 0:03:03 0:00:01 0:03:02 1342k 1 230M 0 0 1 2880k 0 1219k 0:03:13 0:00:02 0:03:11 1250k 1 230M 0 0 1 4016k 0 1198k 0:03:17 0:00:03 0:03:14 1218k 2 230M 0 0 2 5168k 0 1186k 0:03:19 0:00:04 0:03:15 1202k 2 230M 0 0 2 6336k 0 1181k 0:03:19 0:00:05 0:03:14 1157k 3 230M 0 0 3 7488k 0 1177k 0:03:20 0:00:06 0:03:14 1147k 3 230M 0 0 3 8592k 0 1167k 0:03:22 0:00:07 0:03:15 1142k 4 230M 0 0 4 9744k 0 1166k 0:03:22 0:00:08 0:03:14 1145k 4 230M 0 0 4 10.6M 0 1163k 0:03:23 0:00:09 0:03:14 1142k 5 230M 0 0 5 11.7M 0 1161k 0:03:23 0:00:10 0:03:13 1140k 5 230M 0 0 5 12.8M 0 1158k 0:03:23 0:00:11 0:03:12 1133k 6 230M 0 0 6 13.9M 0 1155k 0:03:24 0:00:12 0:03:12 1138k 6 230M 0 0 6 15.0M 0 1155k 0:03:24 0:00:13 0:03:11 1138k 7 230M 0 0 7 16.1M 0 1152k 0:03:25 0:00:14 0:03:11 1131k 7 230M 0 0 7 17.2M 0 1152k 0:03:25 0:00:15 0:03:10 1132k 7 230M 0 0 7 18.4M 0 1152k 0:03:24 0:00:16 0:03:08 1140k I am using a simple Perl system() call to invoke CURL. Does anyone know what command line argument I can supply CURL to turn off the reporting of the upload progress?

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• Passing an arbritrary JavaScript object in Xul

  - by Tom Brito

  I'm following this example to pass an object to a window, but when it as an argument it's with "undefined" value. This is my first window (obs. dump is the way to print to console when debug options are turned on): <?xml version="1.0"?> <?xml-stylesheet href="chrome://global/skin/" type="text/css"?> <!DOCTYPE window SYSTEM "chrome://XulWindowArgTest/locale/XulWindowArgTest.dtd"> <window id="windowID" width="400" height="300" xmlns="http://www.mozilla.org/keymaster/gatekeeper/there.is.only.xul"> <script> <![CDATA[ function onClickMe(event) { dump("begin\n"); try { var args = { param1: true, param2: 42 }; args.wrappedJSObject = args; var watcher = Components.classes["@mozilla.org/embedcomp/window-watcher;1"].getService(Components.interfaces.nsIWindowWatcher); watcher.openWindow(null, "chrome://XulWindowArgTest/content/about.xul", "windowName", "chrome", args); } catch (e) { dump("error: " + e + "\n"); } dump("end\n"); } ]]> </script> <button label="Click me !" oncommand="onClickMe();" /> </window> and my second window: <?xml version="1.0"?> <?xml-stylesheet href="chrome://global/skin/" type="text/css"?> <!DOCTYPE window SYSTEM "chrome://XulWindowArgTest/locale/XulWindowArgTest.dtd"> <window xmlns="http://www.mozilla.org/keymaster/gatekeeper/there.is.only.xul" onload="onload()"> <script> <![CDATA[ function onload() { dump('arg = ' + window.arguments[0].wrappedJSObject + "\n"); } ]]> </script> <label value="test" /> </window> when the second window loads, it calls the onload and prints: arg = undefined Any idea how to fix it?

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• sort elements in jQuery object

  - by Fresheyeball

  <div class="myClass">1</div> <div class="myClass">2</div> <div class="myClass">3</div> <div class="myClass">4</div> <div class="myClass">5</div> <div class="myClass">6</div> var $myClass = $('.myClass'); $myClass.eq(0).text() //returns '1' $myClass.eq(4).text() //returns '5' $myClass.eq(5).text() //returns '6' What I want to do is reorder the objects in jQuery manually. //fantasy command reversing $myClass.eqSorter([5,4,3,2,1,0]); $myClass.eq(0).text() //returns '6' $myClass.eq(5).text() //returns '1' What I really want is to allow a fully custom order input //fantasy command custom ordering $myClass.eqSorter([3,5,4,2,0,1]); $myClass.eq(0).text() //returns '4' $myClass.eq(5).text() //returns '2' Now I've looked at basic ways of doing this like .sort as a part of javascript, but .sort takes a dynamic argument the compares things, and does not allow for a fully custom order. I also looked at making a new blank jquery object that I could pass elements into like this $newObjectVar.eq(0) = $myClass.eq(3); for example. But as of yet I have not found a way to make a blank jQuery object like this.

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• Aquireing the entire string sent to the shell for execution

  - by user294567

  I have a bash script that looks like this (called job_result.sh): #!/bin/bash $* && zenity --title "Job result" --info --text "SUCSESS: Job '$*'completed" && while pidof zenity > /dev/null; do /usr/bin/wmctrl -a "Job Result" && sleep 2; done When i execute it with: $ ./job_result.sh echo "arf" && sleep 10 I want the following to happen: $ echo "arf" && sleep 10 && zenity --title "Job result" --info --text "SUCSESS: Job '$*'completed" && while pidof zenity > /dev/null; do /usr/bin/wmctrl -a "Job Result" && sleep 2; done But it seems the following is happening: $ echo "arf" && zenity --title "Job result" --info --text "SUCSESS: Job '$*'completed" && while pidof zenity > /dev/null; do /usr/bin/wmctrl -a "Job Result" && sleep 2; done Question: How do i get hold of the entire shell argument? And not just the part until &&?

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• Trying to create a group of button sprites

  - by user1449653

  Good day, I have like 15 images I need to be buttons. I have buttons working with a Box() (Box - looks like this) class Box(pygame.sprite.Sprite): def __init__(self): pygame.sprite.Sprite.__init__(self) self.image = pygame.Surface((35, 30)) self.image = self.image.convert() self.image.fill((255, 0, 0)) self.rect = self.image.get_rect() self.rect.centerx = 25 self.rect.centery = 505 self.dx = 10 self.dy = 10 I am trying to make the buttons work with image sprites. So I attempted to copy the class style of the box and do the same for my Icons.. code looks like this... class Icons(pygame.sprite.Sprite): def __init__(self): pygame.sprite.Sprite.__init__(self) self.image = pygame.image.load("images/airbrushIC.gif").convert() self.rect = self.image.get_rect() self.rect.x = 25 self.rect.y = 550 the code in the main() rect = image.get_rect() rect.x = 25 rect.y = 550 ic1 = Icons((screen.get_rect().x, screen.get_rect().y)) screen.blit(ic1.image, ic1.rect) pygame.display.update() This code produces a positional (accepts 1 argument but 2 are there) error or an image is not referenced error (inside the Icon class). I'm unsure if this is the right way to go about this anyways.. I know for sure that I need to load all the images (as sprites)... store them in an array... and then have my mouse check if it is clicking one of the items in the array using a for loop. Thanks. EDIT QUESTION 2: class Icons(pygame.sprite.Sprite): def init(self, *args): pygame.sprite.Sprite.init(self, *args) self.image = pygame.image.load("images/airbrushIC.gif").convert() self.rect = self.image.get_rect() ic1 = self.image self.rect.x = 10 self.rect.y = 490 self.image = pygame.image.load("images/fillIC.gif").convert() self.rect = self.image.get_rect() ic2 = self.image self.rect.x = 10 self.rect.y = 540 Thanks to your help I got the Icons class loading ONE image. Its not loading both. Obviously because its being overwritten by the second one. It seems that "class" for this purpose isn't what I need. Which begs the question how I make sprites outside of a class.. If there is a way to make the class work please let me know.

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• Doesn't (didn't) Scala have automatically generated setters?

  - by Malvolio

  Google and my failing memory are both giving me hints that it does, but every attempt is coming up dry. class Y { var y = 0 } var m = new Y() m.y_(3) error: value y_ is not a member of Y Please tell me I am doing something wrong. (Also: please tell me what it is I am doing wrong.) EDIT The thing I am not doing wrong, or at least not the only thing I am doing wrong, is the way I am invoking the setter. The following things also fail, all with the same error message: m.y_ // should be a function valued expression m.y_ = (3) // suggested by Google and by Mchl f(m.y_) // where f takes Int => Unit as an argument f(m.y) // complains that I am passing in Int not a function I am doing this all through SimplyScala, because I'm too lazy and impatient to set up Scala on my tiny home machine. Hope it isn't that... And the winner is ... Fabian, who pointed out that I can't have a space between the _ and the =. I thought out why this should be and then it occurred to me: The name of the setter for y is not y_, it is y_= ! Observe: class Y { var y = 0 } var m = new Y() m.y_=(3) m.y res1: Int = 3 m.y_= error: missing arguments for method y_= in class Y; follow this method with `_` if you want to treat it as a partially applied function m.y_= ^ m.y_=_ res2: (Int) => Unit = def four(f : Int => Unit) = f(4) four(m.y_=) m.y res3: Int = 4 Another successful day on StackExchange.

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• Search string in file (C)

  - by chutsu

  So my code isn't working... test.c:27: warning: passing argument 1 of ‘search’ from incompatible pointer type which is the fgets line. My code opens a file, reads the file line by line, and I'm trying to create a "search" function that will return a value that indicates whether that string is found on that line of the file. My ultimate goal is to achieve a search and replace program. But one step at a time eh? this is what I have so far: #include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> int search(const char *content[], const char *search_term) { int t; for(t=0; content[t]; ++t){ if(!strcmp(content[t], search_term)){ return t; // found } } return 0; // not found } int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { FILE *file; char line[BUFSIZ]; int linenumber=0; char term[20] = "hello world"; file = fopen(argv[1], "r"); if(file != NULL){ while(fgets(line, sizeof(line), file)){ if(search(line, term) != -1){ printf("Search Term Found!!\n"); } ++linenumber; } } else{ perror(argv[1]); } fclose(file); return 0; }

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• Why Is the sender type null when dealing with events

  - by ChloeRadshaw

  From C# Via CLR: Note A lot of people wonder why the event pattern requires the sender parameter to always be of type Object After all, since the MailManager will be the only type raising an event with a NewMail EventArgs object, it makes more sense for the callback method to be prototyped like this: void MethodName(Mai l Manager sender, NewMail EventArgs e); The pattern requires the sender parameter to be of type Object mostly because of inheritance What if Mai lManager were used as a base class for SmtpMailManager? In this case, the callback method should have the sender parameter prototyped as SmtpMailManager instead of Mail Manager, but this can’t happen because SmtpMai lManager just inherited the NewMai l event So the code that was expecting SmtpMail Manager to raise the event must still have to cast the sender argument to SmtpMailManager In other words, the cast is still required, so the sender parameter might as well be typed as Obj ect The next reason for typing the sender parameter as Obj ect is just fexibility It allows the delegate to be used by multiple types that offer an event that passes a NewMail EventArgs object For example, a PopMai lManager class could use the delegate even if this class were not derived from Mail Manager I just simply cannot understand why the sender is an object - Why can it not be generified? so most of the time we do not need to do generic casts

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• Haskell: Dealing With Types And Exceptions

  - by Douglas Brunner

  I'd like to know the "Haskell way" to catch and handle exceptions. As shown below, I understand the basic syntax, but I'm not sure how to deal with the type system in this situation. The below code attempts to return the value of the requested environment variable. Obviously if that variable isn't there I want to catch the exception and return Nothing. getEnvVar x = do { var <- getEnv x; Just var; } `catch` \ex -> do { Nothing } Here is the error: Couldn't match expected type `IO a' against inferred type `Maybe String' In the expression: Just var In the first argument of `catch', namely `do { var <- getEnv x; Just var }' In the expression: do { var <- getEnv x; Just var } `catch` \ ex -> do { Nothing } I could return string values: getRequestURI x = do { requestURI <- getEnv x; return requestURI; } `catch` \ex -> do { return "" } however, this doesn't feel like the Haskell way. What is the Haskell way?

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• Why it's can be compiled in GNU/C++, can't compiled in VC++2010 RTM?

  - by volnet

  #include #include #include #include "copy_of_auto_ptr.h" #ifdef _MSC_VER #pragma message("#include ") #include // http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Diagnostic-Pragmas.html#Diagnostic-Pragmas #endif /* case 1-4 is the requirement of the auto_ptr. which form http://ptgmedia.pearsoncmg.com/images/020163371X/autoptrupdate/auto_ptr_update.html */ /* case 1. (1) Direct-initialization, same type, e.g. */ std::auto_ptr source_int() { // return std::auto_ptr(new int(3)); std::auto_ptr tmp(new int(3)); return tmp; } /* case 2. (2) Copy-initialization, same type, e.g. */ void sink_int(std::auto_ptr p) { std::cout source_derived() { // return std::auto_ptr(new Derived()); std::auto_ptr tmp(new Derived()); return tmp; } /* case 4. (4) Copy-initialization, base-from-derived, e.g. */ void sink_base( std::auto_ptr p) { p-go(); } int main(void) { /* // auto_ptr */ // case 1. // auto_ptr std::auto_ptr p_int(source_int()); std::cout p_derived(source_derived()); p_derived-go(); // case 4. // auto_ptr sink_base(source_derived()); return 0; } In Eclipse(GNU C++.exe -v gcc version 3.4.5 (mingw-vista special r3)) it's two compile error: Description Resource Path Location Type initializing argument 1 of void sink_base(std::auto_ptr<Base>)' from result ofstd::auto_ptr<_Tp::operator std::auto_ptr<_Tp1() [with _Tp1 = Base, _Tp = Derived]' auto_ptr_ref_research.cpp auto_ptr_ref_research/auto_ptr_ref_research 190 C/C++ Problem Description Resource Path Location Type no matching function for call to `std::auto_ptr::auto_ptr(std::auto_ptr)' auto_ptr_ref_research.cpp auto_ptr_ref_research/auto_ptr_ref_research 190 C/C++ Problem But it's right in VS2010 RTM. Questions: Which compiler stand for the ISO C++ standard? The content of case 4 is the problem "auto_ptr & auto_ptr_ref want to resolve?"

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