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  • Sharing base object with inheritance

    - by max
    I have class Base. I'd like to extend its functionality in a class Derived. I was planning to write: class Derived(Base): def __init__(self, base_arg1, base_arg2, derived_arg1, derived_arg2): super().__init__(base_arg1, base_arg2) # ... def derived_method1(self): # ... Sometimes I already have a Base instance, and I want to create a Derived instance based on it, i.e., a Derived instance that shares the Base object (doesn't re-create it from scratch). I thought I could write a static method to do that: b = Base(arg1, arg2) # very large object, expensive to create or copy d = Derived.from_base(b, derived_arg1, derived_arg2) # reuses existing b object but it seems impossible. Either I'm missing a way to make this work, or (more likely) I'm missing a very big reason why it can't be allowed to work. Can someone explain which one it is? [Of course, if I used composition rather than inheritance, this would all be easy to do. But I was hoping to avoid the delegation of all the Base methods to Derived through __getattr__.]

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  • How do I print the Images?

    - by user1477539
    I want to print the images of the 30 nba teams drafting in the first round. However when I tell it to print it prints out the link instead of the image. How do I get it to print out the image instead of giving me the image link. Here's my code: import urllib2 from BeautifulSoup import BeautifulSoup # or if your're using BeautifulSoup4: # from bs4 import BeautifulSoup soup = BeautifulSoup(urllib2.urlopen('http://www.cbssports.com/nba/draft/mock-draft').read()) rows = soup.findAll("table", attrs = {'class': 'data borderTop'})[0].tbody.findAll("tr")[2:] for row in rows: fields = row.findAll("td") if len(fields) >= 3: anchor = row.findAll("td")[1].find("a") if anchor: print anchor

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  • Is a 1:* write:read thread system safe?

    - by Di-0xide
    Theoretically, thread-safe code should fix race conditions. Race conditions, as I understand it, occur because two threads attempt to write to the same location at the same time. However, what about a threading model in which a single thread is designed to write to a location, and several slave/worker threads simply read from the location? Assuming the value/timing at which they read the data isn't relevant/doesn't hinder the worker thread's outcome, wouldn't this be considered 'thread safe', or am I missing something in my logic?

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  • How can I sync between multiple threads so that their transaction ID be unique without using mutex?

    - by poly
    I'm writing an application in C that requires multiple threads to request a unique transaction ID from a function as shown below; struct list{ int id; struct list *next }; function generate_id() { linked-list is built here to hold 10 millions } How can I sync between two or more threads so that their transaction ID be unique among them without using mutex, is it possible? Please share anything even if I need to change linked list to something else.

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  • Are there any other ways to iterate through the attributes of a custom class, excluding the in-built ones?

    - by Ricardo Altamirano
    Is there another way to iterate through only the attributes of a custom class that are not in-built (e.g. __dict__, __module__, etc.)? For example, in this code: class Terrain: WATER = -1 GRASS = 0 HILL = 1 MOUNTAIN = 2 I can iterate through all of these attributes like this: for key, value in Terrain.__dict__.items(): print("{: <11}".format(key), " --> ", value) which outputs: MOUNTAIN --> 2 __module__ --> __main__ WATER --> -1 HILL --> 1 __dict__ --> <attribute '__dict__' of 'Terrain' objects> GRASS --> 0 __weakref__ --> <attribute '__weakref__' of 'Terrain' objects> __doc__ --> None If I just want the integer arguments (a rudimentary version of an enumerated type), I can use this: for key, value in Terrain.__dict__.items(): if type(value) is int: # type(value) == int print("{: <11}".format(key), " --> ", value) this gives the expected result: MOUNTAIN --> 2 WATER --> -1 HILL --> 1 GRASS --> 0 Is it possible to iterate through only the non-in-built attributes of a custom class independent of type, e.g. if the attributes are not all integral. Presumably I could expand the conditional to include more types, but I want to know if there are other ways I'm missing.

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  • Parallel Threading in Multi-Language Software?

    - by Smarty Twiti
    I'm developing a software that contain many modules/Daemon running in parallel manner, what i'm looking for is how to implement that, i cannot use Thread because some of those modules/Daemon are perhaps implemented in other languages (C,java,C#...). For example I'm using C for Hooking Messages exchanged between Windows kernel and top level applications, Java/C# to use some free library to simply parse XML(for example) or to accept and execute commands over the network..this can be done by C Language but just to improve productivity... Finally for GUI I'm using Ultimate++ (c++) that is like the main process that call and monitor(activate/deactivate/get state) of all other modules/Daemon through an interface. I admit that the development of each module/Daemon in a separate language greatly facilitates maintenance, but especially I am obliged to do that.. What is the best practice way to do that ? All helps will be appreciated.

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  • printing out dictionnaires

    - by kyril
    I have a rather specific question: I want to print out characters at a specific place using the \033[ syntax. This is what the code below should do: (the dict cells has the same keys as coords but with either '*' or '-' as value.) coords = {'x'+str(x)+'y'+str(y) : (x,y) for x,y, in itertools.product(range(60), range(20))} for key, value in coords.items(): char = cells[key] x,y = value HORIZ=str(x) VERT=str(y) char = str(char) print('\033['+VERT+';'+HORIZ+'f'+char) However, I noticed that if I put this into a infinite while loop, it does not always prints the same characters at the same position. There are only slight changes, but it deletes some and puts them back in after some loops. I already tried it with lists, and there it seems to behave just fine, so I tend to think it has something todo with the dict, but I can not figure out what it could be. You can see the Problem in a console here: SharedConsole.I am happy for every tip on this matter. On a related topic: After the printing, some changes should be made at the values of the cells dict, but for reason unknown to me, the only the first two rules are executed and the rest is ignored. The rules should test how many neighbours (which is in population) are around the cell and apply the according rule. In my implemention of this I have some kind of weird tumor growth (which should not happen, as if there more than three around they should the cell should die) (see FreakingTumor): if cells_copy [coord] == '-': if population == 3: cells [coord] = '*' if cells_copy [coord] == '*': if population > 3: cells [coord] = '-' elif population <= 1: cells [coord] = '-' elif population == 2 or 3: cells [coord] = '*' I checked the population variable several times, so I am quite sure that is not the matter. I am sorry for the slow consoles. Thanks in advance! Kyril

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  • How do I require a login for a user in Django?

    - by Di Zou
    In my urls.py I have this: (r'^myapp/$', 'myapp.views.views.index'), (r'^myapp/login/$', 'myapp.views.views.login_user'), In my settings.py I have this: LOGIN_URL = '/myapp/login' In my views.py I have this: @login_required((login_url='/myapp/login/') def index(request): return render_to_response('index.html') def login_user(request): #login stuff return render(request, 'registration/login.html', {'state':state, 'username': username}) I can go to mysite.com/myapp/login and the login page works. However, when I go to mysite.com/myapp/index I do not get redirected to the login page even though I am logged out. Why is that and how do I fix it?

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  • 3 threads printing numbers of different range

    - by user875036
    This question was asked in an Electronic Arts interview: There are 3 threads. The first thread prints the numbers 1 to 10. The second thread prints the numbers 11 to 20. The third thread prints the numbers from from 21 to 30. Now, all three threads are running. The numbers are printed in an irregular order like 1, 11, 2, 21, 12 etc. If I want numbers to be printed in sorted order like 1, 2, 3, 4..., what should I do with these threads?

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  • Can I do a reduce on a list comprehension into two lists, based on two values?

    - by pdknsk
    I've got the following code. sum_review = reduce(add,[book['rw'] for book in books]) sum_rating = reduce(add,[book['rg'] for book in books]) items = len(books) avg_review = sum_review/items avg_rating = sum_rating/items What I'd like is this. sum_review,sum_rating = reduce(add,([book['rw'],[book['rg']) for book in books]) items = len(books) avg_review = sum_review/items avg_rating = sum_rating/items Obviously this doesn't work. How can I solve this redundancy, without a regular loop?

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  • How do I override file.write() under Python 3?

    - by Sorin Sbarnea
    Below works on Python 2.6 but on Python 3.x it doesn't: old_file_write = file.write class file(): def write(self, d): if isinstance(d, types.bytes): self.buffer.write(d) else: old_file_write(d) # ... do something like f = open("x") f.write("...") The problems is that with Python 3.x the first like will generate an error: NameError: name 'file' is not defined How can I make this work on Python 3.x? PS. In fact I'm looking for a solution that will work on both versions.

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  • Jython 'unknown enocoding ms932' on japanese system

    - by Houtman
    i've written a program in Jython 2.5.1 which works fine on my Windows 7 machine, but on a japanese machine it throws an Exception saying "unknown encoding 'ms932'" i found that codecs.java is the only module printing the unknown encoding 'xyz' message this file loads aliases.py which does contain # cp932 codec '932' : 'cp932', 'ms932' : 'cp932', 'mskanji' : 'cp932', 'ms_kanji' : 'cp932', The file cp932.py contains import _codecs_jp, codecs But.. _codecs_jp does not exist as is also discussed in this page Does anyone have a clue where to go from here ? http://web.archiveorange.com/archive/v/8tc1Zc2rV3qiUcy9zPlA

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  • How to write a list to a text file in the correct format

    - by lia1000
    I've got this piece of code that I want to write the output to a text file but with the correct format i.e. no brackets, single quotes so it appears as a formatted list. This is the code: file = open("env5.txt", "w"); for key in os.environ.keys(): env = os.environ[key]; key1 = key; list = str([key, env]).replace("'","").replace('[]', ''); list2 = list[1:-1]; print(list2); file.writelines(list2); file.close(); This is the original code: for key in os.environ.keys(): print(key, os.environ[key]); Many thanks

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  • Separate update and render

    - by NSAddict
    I'm programming a simple Snake in Java. I'm a complete newbie when it comes to Java and Game Developing, so please bear with me ;) Until now, I have been using a UI thread, as well as a update-thread. The update thread just set the position, set the GameObjects, and so on. I didn't think much of concurrency, but now I've come to a problem. I wanted to modify the ArrayList<GameObject>, but it throws a java.util.ConcurrentModificationException. With a little research I found out that this happens because the two threads are trying to access the variables at the same time. But I didn't really find a way to prevent this. I thought about copying the array and swapping them out when the rendering is finished, but I would have to deep-copy them, which isn't really the best solution in my opinion. It probably eats up more CPU resources than a single-threaded game. Are there any other ways to prevent this? Thanks a lot for your help!

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  • wrap all lines that are longer than line length

    - by user1919840
    I am writing a program that limits each line to a certain length. this is what i got so far, i am almost done but i still need to cut each line, but i cant figure it out. def main(): filename = input("Please enter the name of the file to be used: ") openFile = open(filename, 'r+') file = openFile.read() lLength = int(input("enter a number between 10 & 20: ")) while (lLength < 10) or (lLength > 20) : print("Invalid input, please try again...") lLength = int(input("enter a number between 10 & 20: ")) wr = textwrap.TextWrapper() wraped = wr.wrap(file) print("Here is your output formated to a max of", lLength, "characters per line: ") wr.width = lLength wr.expand_tabs = True for lines in wraped: print(lines) an example of what the output SHOULD be is this. If the file specified contains this text: hgytuinghdt #here the length is 11 ughtnjuiknshfyth #here the length is 16 nmjhkaiolgytuhngjuin #here the length is 20 and the lLength is specified to 15 then this should print out: hgytuinghdt ughtnjuiknshfyt h nmjhkaiolgytuhng juin Thanks.

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  • Accessing parent class attribute from sub-class body

    - by warwaruk
    I have a class Klass with a class attribute my_list. I have a subclass of it SubKlass, in which i want to have a class attribute my_list which is a modified version of the same attribute from parent class: class Klass(): my_list = [1, 2, 3] class SubKlass(Klass): my_list = Klass.my_list + [4, 5] # this works, but i must specify parent class explicitly #my_list = super().my_list + [4, 5] # SystemError: super(): __class__ cell not found #my_list = my_list + [4, 5] # NameError: name 'my_list' is not defined print(Klass.my_list) print(SubKlass.my_list) So, is there a way to access parent class attribute without specifying its name?

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  • How should I implement multiple threads in a game? [duplicate]

    - by xerwin
    This question already has an answer here: Multi-threaded games best practices. One thread for 'logic', one for rendering, or more? 6 answers So I recently started learning Java, and having a interest in playing games as well as developing them, naturally I want to create game in Java. I have experience with games in C# and C++ but all of them were single-threaded simple games. But now, I learned how easy it is to make threads in Java, I want to take things to the next level. I started thinking about how would I actually implement threading in a game. I read couple of articles that say the same thing "Usually you have thread for rendering, for updating game logic, for AI, ..." but I haven't (or didn't look hard enough) found example of implementation. My idea how to make implementation is something like this (example for AI) public class AIThread implements Runnable{ private List<AI> ai; private Player player; /*...*/ public void run() { for (int i = 0; i < ai.size(); i++){ ai.get(i).update(player); } Thread.sleep(/* sleep until the next game "tick" */); } } I think this could work. If I also had a rendering and updating thread list of AI in both those threads, since I need to draw the AI and I need to calculate the logic between player and AI(But that could be moved to AIThread, but as an example) . Coming from C++ I'm used to do thing elegantly and efficiently, and this seems like neither of those. So what would be the correct way to handle this? Should I just keep multiple copies of resources in each thread or should I have the resources on one spot, declared with synchronized keyword? I'm afraid that could cause deadlocks, but I'm not yet qualified enough to know when a code will produce deadlock.

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  • Separate parts of a game engine [on hold]

    - by user272716
    I'm pretty new in developing videogames. By now I only used SDL with C/C++ to create games. I'm currently learning OpenGL and I realized that to be fluid and easy to maintain the code must be logically separated. Since I want to use OpenGLES on iOS and Android I was wondering how the engine must be imagined in a technical way, some questions came up: Do I have to separate input/update functions from draw functions in different threads? Is there only one proper way to think a game engine/loop? What kind of assets should I use to create a 3D game using openGl ES to get better performance?

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  • Plagued by multithreaded bugs

    - by koncurrency
    On my new team that I manage, the majority of our code is platform, TCP socket, and http networking code. All C++. Most of it originated from other developers that have left the team. The current developers on the team are very smart, but mostly junior in terms of experience. Our biggest problem: multi-threaded concurrency bugs. Most of our class libraries are written to be asynchronous by use of some thread pool classes. Methods on the class libraries often enqueue long running taks onto the thread pool from one thread and then the callback methods of that class get invoked on a different thread. As a result, we have a lot of edge case bugs involving incorrect threading assumptions. This results in subtle bugs that go beyond just having critical sections and locks to guard against concurrency issues. What makes these problems even harder is that the attempts to fix are often incorrect. Some mistakes I've observed the team attempting (or within the legacy code itself) includes something like the following: Common mistake #1 - Fixing concurrency issue by just put a lock around the shared data, but forgetting about what happens when methods don't get called in an expected order. Here's a very simple example: void Foo::OnHttpRequestComplete(statuscode status) { m_pBar->DoSomethingImportant(status); } void Foo::Shutdown() { m_pBar->Cleanup(); delete m_pBar; m_pBar=nullptr; } So now we have a bug in which Shutdown could get called while OnHttpNetworkRequestComplete is occuring on. A tester finds the bug, captures the crash dump, and assigns the bug to a developer. He in turn fixes the bug like this. void Foo::OnHttpRequestComplete(statuscode status) { AutoLock lock(m_cs); m_pBar->DoSomethingImportant(status); } void Foo::Shutdown() { AutoLock lock(m_cs); m_pBar->Cleanup(); delete m_pBar; m_pBar=nullptr; } The above fix looks good until you realize there's an even more subtle edge case. What happens if Shutdown gets called before OnHttpRequestComplete gets called back? The real world examples my team has are even more complex, and the edge cases are even harder to spot during the code review process. Common Mistake #2 - fixing deadlock issues by blindly exiting the lock, wait for the other thread to finish, then re-enter the lock - but without handling the case that the object just got updated by the other thread! Common Mistake #3 - Even though the objects are reference counted, the shutdown sequence "releases" it's pointer. But forgets to wait for the thread that is still running to release it's instance. As such, components are shutdown cleanly, then spurious or late callbacks are invoked on an object in an state not expecting any more calls. There are other edge cases, but the bottom line is this: Multithreaded programming is just plain hard, even for smart people. As I catch these mistakes, I spend time discussing the errors with each developer on developing a more appropriate fix. But I suspect they are often confused on how to solve each issue because of the enormous amount of legacy code that the "right" fix will involve touching. We're going to be shipping soon, and I'm sure the patches we're applying will hold for the upcoming release. Afterwards, we're going to have some time to improve the code base and refactor where needed. We won't have time to just re-write everything. And the majority of the code isn't all that bad. But I'm looking to refactor code such that threading issues can be avoided altogether. One approach I am considering is this. For each significant platform feature, have a dedicated single thread where all events and network callbacks get marshalled onto. Similar to COM apartment threading in Windows with use of a message loop. Long blocking operations could still get dispatched to a work pool thread, but the completion callback is invoked on on the component's thread. Components could possibly even share the same thread. Then all the class libraries running inside the thread can be written under the assumption of a single threaded world. Before I go down that path, I am also very interested if there are other standard techniques or design patterns for dealing with multithreaded issues. And I have to emphasize - something beyond a book that describes the basics of mutexes and semaphores. What do you think? I am also interested in any other approaches to take towards a refactoring process. Including any of the following: Literature or papers on design patterns around threads. Something beyond an introduction to mutexes and semaphores. We don't need massive parallelism either, just ways to design an object model so as to handle asynchronous events from other threads correctly. Ways to diagram the threading of various components, so that it will be easy to study and evolve solutions for. (That is, a UML equivalent for discussing threads across objects and classes) Educating your development team on the issues with multithreaded code. What would you do?

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  • Set the right two characters (if there are any) to capitals?

    - by Hyflex
    Below is my data: Data Here 94/452O Data more 94/4522i Data bla 94/111 Data bla 94/459es Data bla 94/444 items is automatically generated by some previous code but it could come out like: items = ["Data Here 94/452O", "Data more 94/4522i", "Data bla 94/111", "Data bla 94/459es", "Data bla 94/444"] Now currently I'm appending the following: "\n".join(items).replace("4ke", "9") with a few other .replaces however I want it to replace/change the characters on the end of the numbers with a capital letter instead of lowercase... Output: Data Here 94/452O Data more 94/4522I Data bla 94/111 Data bla 94/459ES Data bla 94/444

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  • Removing words from a file

    - by user1765792
    I'm trying to take a regular text file and remove words identified in a separate file (stopwords) containing the words to be removed separated by carriage returns ("\n"). Right now I'm converting both files into lists so that the elements of each list can be compared. I got this function to work, but it doesn't remove all of the words I have specified in the stopwords file. Any help is greatly appreciated. def elimstops(file_str): #takes as input a string for the stopwords file location stop_f = open(file_str, 'r') stopw = stop_f.read() stopw = stopw.split('\n') text_file = open('sample.txt') #Opens the file whose stop words will be eliminated prime = text_file.read() prime = prime.split(' ') #Splits the string into a list separated by a space tot_str = "" #total string i = 0 while i < (len(stopw)): if stopw[i] in prime: prime.remove(stopw[i]) #removes the stopword from the text else: pass i += 1 # Creates a new string from the compilation of list elements # with the stop words removed for v in prime: tot_str = tot_str + str(v) + " " return tot_str

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  • list within a list

    - by atm atm
    I'm working on this problem, but I cannot figure out the second part. I tried using reverse list but it did not work out how I planned it. Given a list L (e.g. [1,2,3,4]), write a program that generates the following nested lists: L1 = [[1],[1,2],[1,2,3],[1,2,3,4]], L2 = [[4],[3,4],[2,3,4],[1,2,3,4]]. My code that I have so far: mylist=[,1,2,3,4] print("Orginal list L=",mylist) n=len(mylist) l1=[] l2=[] for x in range(1,n+1,1): l1.append(mylist[0:x]) print("L1=",l1) #prints final product of l1 mylist.reverse() #this is where i get messed up for x in range(1,n+1,1): l2.append(mylist[0:x]) print("L2=",l2)

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  • process the data after using str.split

    - by juju
    I parse a .txt like this: def parse_file(src): for line in src.readlines(): if re.search('SecId', line): continue else: cols = line.split(',') Time = cols[4] output_file.write('{}\n'.format( Time)) I think cols are lists that I could use index. Although it succeeds in printing out correct result as I want, there exists an out of range error. What's the matter? File "./tdseq.py", line 37, in parse_file Time = cols[4] IndexError: list index out of range make: *** [all] Error 1 Data I use: I10.FE,--,2008-04-16,15:15:00,13450,13488,13450,13470,490,359,16APR2008:09:15:00 I10.FE,--,2008-04-16,15:16:00,13468,13473.8,13467,13467,306,521,16APR2008:09:16:00 ....

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