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  • Upstart: How does rc job work / order of (contradicting) "start on ..." and "stop on ..." stanzas

    - by Binarus
    Hi, I just can't understand how Upstart's rc job definition in Natty 11.04 works. To illustrate the problem, here is the definition (empty lines and comments are left out): start on runlevel [0123456] stop on runlevel [!$RUNLEVEL] export RUNLEVEL export PREVLEVEL console output env INIT_VERBOSE task exec /etc/init.d/rc $RUNLEVEL Let's suppose we currently are in runlevel 2 and the rc job is stopped (that is exactly the situation after booting my box and logging in via SSH). Now, let's assume that the system switches to runlevel 3, for example due to a command like "telinit 3" given by root. What will happen to the rc job? Obviously, the rc job will be started since it is currently stopped and the event runlevel 3 is matching the start events. But from now on, things are unclear to me: According to the manual $RUNLEVEL evaluates to the new runlevel when the job is started (that means 3 in our example). Therefore, the next stanza "stop on runlevel [!$RUNLEVEL]" translates to "stop on runlevel [!3]"; that means we have a first stanza which will trigger the job, but the second stanza will never stop the job and seems to be useless. Since I know that the Ubuntu / Upstart people won't do useless things, I must be heavily misunderstanding something. I would be grateful for any explanation. While trying to understand this, an additional question came to my mind. If I had contradicting start and stop triggers, for example start on foo stop on foo what would happen? I swear I never will do that, but I am nevertheless very interested in how Upstart handles that on the theoretical level. Thank you very much! Editing the question as a reaction on geekosaur's first answer: I can see the parallelism, but it is not that easy (at least, not to me). Let's assume the job aurrently is still running, and a new runlevel event comes in (of course, the new runlevel is different from the current one). Then, the following should happen: 1) The job is single instance. That means that "start on ..." won't be triggered since the job is currently running; $RUNLEVEL is not touched. 2) "stop on ..." will be triggered since the new runlevel is different from $RUNLEVEL, so the job will be aborted. 3) Now, the job is stopped and waiting. I can't see how it is restarted with the new runlevel. AFAIK, initctl emits events only once, so "start on ..." won't be triggered and the new runlevel won't be entered. I know that I still misunderstanding something, and I am grateful for explanations. Thank you very much!

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  • How does rc job work / order of (contradicting) "start on ..." and "stop on ..." stanzas

    - by Binarus
    Hi, I just can't understand how Upstart's rc job definition in Natty 11.04 works. To illustrate the problem, here is the definition (empty lines and comments are left out): start on runlevel [0123456] stop on runlevel [!$RUNLEVEL] export RUNLEVEL export PREVLEVEL console output env INIT_VERBOSE task exec /etc/init.d/rc $RUNLEVEL Let's suppose we currently are in runlevel 2 and the rc job is stopped (that is exactly the situation after booting my box and logging in via SSH). Now, let's assume that the system switches to runlevel 3, for example due to a command like "telinit 3" given by root. What will happen to the rc job? Obviously, the rc job will be started since it is currently stopped and the event runlevel 3 is matching the start events. But from now on, things are unclear to me: According to the manual $RUNLEVEL evaluates to the new runlevel when the job is started (that means 3 in our example). Therefore, the next stanza "stop on runlevel [!$RUNLEVEL]" translates to "stop on runlevel [!3]"; that means we have a first stanza which will trigger the job, but the second stanza will never stop the job and seems to be useless. Since I know that the Ubuntu / Upstart people won't do useless things, I must be heavily misunderstanding something. I would be grateful for any explanation. While trying to understand this, an additional question came to my mind. If I had contradicting start and stop triggers, for example start on foo stop on foo what would happen? I swear I never will do that, but I am nevertheless very interested in how Upstart handles that on the theoretical level. Thank you very much! Editing the question as a reaction on geekosaur's first answer: I can see the parallelism, but it is not that easy (at least, not to me). Let's assume the job aurrently is still running, and a new runlevel event comes in (of course, the new runlevel is different from the current one). Then, the following should happen: 1) The job is single instance. That means that "start on ..." won't be triggered since the job is currently running; $RUNLEVEL is not touched. 2) "stop on ..." will be triggered since the new runlevel is different from $RUNLEVEL, so the job will be aborted. 3) Now, the job is stopped and waiting. I can't see how it is restarted with the new runlevel. AFAIK, initctl emits events only once, so "start on ..." won't be triggered and the new runlevel won't be entered. I know that I still misunderstanding something, and I am grateful for explanations. Thank you very much!

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  • What are the typical applications of Lisp macros?

    - by Giorgio
    I am trying to learn some LISP and I have read a lot about the importance of LISP macros so I would like to get some working experience with them. Can you suggest a practical application area that would allow me to use macros to solve a real-world problem, and to understand the usefulness of this programming construct? NOTE This is not a generic what project should I do next question. I am interested to understand which kinds of problems are typically solved by means of LISP macros. E.g., are they good for implementing abstract data types? Why was this construct added to the language? What kinds of problems does it solve that cannot be solved by means of simple functions?

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  • How to correctly remove items from Wine Programs menu?

    - by Ivan
    As soon as a Windows application creates a shortcut/directory in Wine Start Menu Programs directory (in particular I do this manually by means of Total Commander and it works), it gets reflected in Ubuntu Wine Programs menu. But when a shortcut/folder is removed (manually, by means of Total Commander again) - Ubuntu Wine Programs menu item persists, and this is an undesirable behaviour. I've once done something causing Wine/Ubuntu to actually refresh the menu state and remove orphan items, but unfortunately I can't remember what. Do you know the way? I am specifically interested in hand-made/removed shortcuts, not installing/uninstalling Windows software.

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  • Named arguments (parameters) as a readability aid

    - by Damian Mehers
    A long time ago I programmed a lot in ADA, and it was normal to name arguments when invoking a function - SomeObject.DoSomething(SomeParameterName = someValue); Now that C# supports named arguments, I'm thinking about reverting to this habit in situations where it might not be obvious what an argument means. You might argue that it should always be obvious what an argument means, but if you have a boolean argument, and callers are passing in "true" or "false" then qualifying the value with the name makes the call site more readable. contentFetcher.DownloadNote(note, manual : true); I guess I could create Enums instead of using true or false (Manual, Automatic in this case). What do you think about occasionally using named arguments to make code easier to read?

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  • What is the meaning of 'high cohesion'?

    - by Max
    I am a student who recently joined a software development company as an intern. Back at the university, one of my professors used to say that we have to strive to achieve "Low coupling and high cohesion". I understand the meaning of low coupling. It means to keep the code of separate components separately, so that a change in one place does not break the code in another. But what is meant by high cohesion. If it means integrating the various pieces of the same component well with each other, I dont understand how that becomes advantageous. What is meant by high cohesion? Can an example be explained to understand its benefits?

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  • What's the equivalent name of "procedure" in OOP?

    - by AeroCross
    In several of my programming courses in the University, my teachers always told me the following: A function and a procedure are basically the same thing: the only difference is that a function returns a value, and the procedure doesn't. That means that this: function sum($a, $b) { return $a + $b; } ... is a function, and this: function sum($a, $b) { echo $a + $b; } ... is a procedure. In the same train of thought, I've seen that a method is the equivalent of a function in the OOP world. That means that this: class Example { function sum($a, $b) { return $a + $b; } } Is a method — but how do you call this? class Example { function sum($a, $b) { echo $a + $b; } } What's the equivalent name, or how do you call a method that doesn't returns anything?

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  • Need to Determine the Engine Status?

    - by user702295
    If you need to establish the status of the engine, begin with this SQL: select status, engine, engine_version,fore_column_name from dm.forecast_history The status of an engine run is stored in the FORECAST_HISTORY table, in the “status” field.  We can also find in that table the FORE_COLUMN_NAME field. This field includes the name of the column in SALES_DATA in which the relevant forecast is stored. Here are the possible statuses: -1, -2 : The engine failed in the initialization phase.  Which means, before the engine manager created the engines.  0 : The engine stopped in the optimization phase.  Which means, after the engines were created.  1: The engine finished the run successfully.  2: Forecast was never calculated for the relevant column that is mentioned in FORE_COLUMN_NAME.  

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  • What is a "cross-functional team" actually?

    - by Idsa
    The general meaning of "cross-functional team" is a team which combines specialists in different fields that are required to reach the goal. But it looks like in Agile cross-functionality means not only combining different specialists, but making them mix. Henrik Kniberg defines cross-functional team this way: "Cross-functional just means that the team as a whole has all skills needed to build the product, and that each team member is willing to do more than just their own thing." But where is the line drawn? Is it normal to ask developers to become testers for an iteration if it is required?

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  • Best Frameworks/libraries/engines for 2D multiplayer C# Webbased RPG

    - by Thirlan
    Title is a mouthful but important because I'm looking to meet a specific criteria and it's complex enough that I need a lot of help in finding what I'm looking for. I really want people's suggestions because I trust it a lot more than anything else, so I just need to clearly define what it is I want heh : P Game is a 2D RPG. Think of Secret of Mana. Game is online multiplayer, but not MMO sized. Game must be webbased! I'm looking to the future and want to hit as many platforms as possible. I'm leaning to Webgl because of this, but still looking around. Since the users are seeing the game through the webbrowser the front-end should be mainly responsible for drawing, taking input and some basic checking such as preliminary collision detection. This is important because it means the game engine is NOT on the client's machine. The server should be responsible for the game engine and all the calculations. This means the server is doing all the work and the client is mostly a dumb terminal. Server language is c# I'm looking for fast project execution so I want to use as many pre-existing tools as possible. This would make sense because I'm making a game here, not an engine. I'm not creating some new revolutionary graphics or pushing the physics engines to the next level. Preference for commercially supported tools. For game mechanics reasons and for reasons 4 and 5, don't think I can use existing 2D rpg engines. I've seen them out there and I fear that if I try and use them they will have too many restrictions, but will be happy to hear out suggestions. So all this means I need a game engine on the server, or maybe just a physics engine, and then I need another engine/library to draw everything that the server is sending to the client on the webbrowser. Maybe this is how 50% of games work on the web and there are plenty of frameworks that support this! I wouldn't actually don't know : ( but my gut is telling me that most webgames are single player and 90% of the game is running on the client. So... any suggestions?

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  • How to implement Fog Of War with an shader?

    - by Cambrano
    Okay, I'm creating a RTS game and want to implement an AgeOfEmpires-like Fog Of War(FOW). That means a tile(or pixel) can be: 0% transparent (unexplored) 50% transparent black (explored but not in viewrange) 100% transparent(explored and in viewrange) RTS means I'll have many explorers (NPCs, buildings, ...). Okay, so I have an 2d array of bytes byte[,] explored. The byte value correlates the transparency. The question is, how do I pass this array to my shader? Well I think it is not possible to pass an entire array. So: what technique shall I use to let my shader know if a pixel/tile is visible or not?

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  • The perfect RDP experience from Mac to Windows

    - by Sahil Malik
    SharePoint, WCF and Azure Trainings: more information For the reasons I mentioned in my keyboard remapping blog post, I live in a Mac+PC world. This means, I find myself frequently RDP’ing to Windows Machines from my Mac. And yes, that Metro UI on RDP is even more frustrating than it is without RDP. Mac is a different OS than Windows (duh!), and the way it handles multiple screens and spaces is entirely different from windows. This means, RDP experiences are tough to make 100% seamless. You can see the frustrations in the various reviews on the Microsoft RDP app on the Mac app store. It can be difficult to find the perfect settings for the perfect user experience. Well, here they are - Read full article ....

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  • Can't open Evolution CouchDB address book

    - by Amanda
    Unable to open address book This address book cannot be opened. This either means that an incorrect URI was entered, or the server is unreachable. I tried the solution (and suggestions) in Evolution has no access to couchdb but that isn't working for me. I tried stopping desktopcouch-service and deleting my access keys and now the error I get says Unable to open address book This address book cannot be opened. This either means that an incorrect URI was entered, or the server is unreachable. Detailed error message: Address Book does not exist Do I need to create my addressbook anew?

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  • Problem typing password when running sudo in terminal

    - by ohm-p
    I have a different problem.When first time I used ubuntu old to new in every version I can easily type password in terminal after sudo command.But now a day I can't because In terminal after sudo command in password i can't able to type any thing like char or number ,but just in password other part in terminal I can type. Now,probelm is there that it don't show password means not that in terminal password is in hide mode.Every time I type in after that it show me" sorry,try again" error message after three time wrong password means empty password it's again come into first position. For solve this problem I used old to new version of ubuntu also format it many time but same problem occured. Please help me because without terminal password I can't install anything.

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  • Public versus private inheritance when some of the parent's methods need to be exposed?

    - by Vorac
    Public inheritance means that all fields from the base class retain their declared visibility, while private means that they are forced to 'private' within the derived class's scope. What should be done if some of the parent's members (say, methods) need to be publicly exposed? I can think of two solution. Public inheritance somewhat breaks encapsulation. Furthermore, when you need to find out where is the method foo() defined, one needs to look at a chain of base classes. Private inheritance solves these problems, but introduces burden to write wrappers (more text). Which might be a good thing in the line of verbosity, but makes changes of interfaces incredibly cumbersome. What considerations am I missing? What constraints on the type of project are important? How to choose between the two (I am not even mentioning 'protected')? Note that I am targeting non-virtual methods. There isn't such a discussion for virtual methods (or is there).

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  • How to remove unused usings from class file ?

    - by Samir R. Bhogayta
    When we create a .cs file means code file class is automatically create. That .cs file means class has default usings for namespace. using System;using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Linq;using System.Web;using System.Web.UI;using System.Web.UI.WebControls; We don't use all namespaces  in that class so we have to remove unused namespaces from file. We can remove  namespace manually but it takes time and need full knowledge of class library so we can use Visual Studio . Step 1:  Right Click in .cs File. Step 2:  Move on Organize usings. Step 3: Click on Remove Unused Usings. After that we have only those namespaces in the file these are using.  

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  • Backward Compatibility with Silverlight 4 applications

    Each release of Silverlight it is the goal to make sure existing Silverlight applications continue to work. Since I think what this means causes some confusion Im going to do my best to explain what we mean by this. Silverlight 3 application working with Silverlight 4 Okay, scenario 1 is I have a Silverlight 3 application (XAP), will that still work as-is in Silverlight 4? Yes, this is the situation we refer to as backward compatibility. What this means is that existing compiled XAPs under previous...Did you know that DotNetSlackers also publishes .net articles written by top known .net Authors? We already have over 80 articles in several categories including Silverlight. Take a look: here.

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  • Toshiba wireless is blocked

    - by zorrillo
    I have the same problem, a 32 bits toshiba nb255, it first had the windows 7 bu next I installed the ubuntu 11.04. The wifi does not turn on. I used the following issues the commands rfkill unblock wlan0, sudo ifconfig wlan0 down; they were not able. by setting up the bios in advanced menu, the wireless communication sw in ON, but it did not work also. neither the utilities toshiba nor utilities of ubuntu (wicd, wifi radar). by using gedit to file group, nothing. by installing madwifi packet, nothing. by exporting the wifi driver from windows to ubuntu, by means of the NDISwrapper packet, neither. I put the current scripts of the ouput of the cli root@zorrillo:~# rfkill list 0: phy0: Wireless LAN Soft blocked: no Hard blocked: yes root@zorrillo:~# sudo lspci | grep Atheros 07:00.0 Network controller: Atheros Communications Inc. AR9285 Wireless Network Adapter (PCI-Express) (rev 01) root@zorrillo:~# root@zorrillo:~# ifconfig -a eth0 Link encap:Ethernet direcciónHW 88:ae:1d:47:df:e1 ACTIVO DIFUSIÓN MULTICAST MTU:1500 Métrica:1 Paquetes RX:0 errores:0 perdidos:0 overruns:0 frame:0 Paquetes TX:0 errores:0 perdidos:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 colisiones:0 long.colaTX:1000 Bytes RX:0 (0.0 B) TX bytes:0 (0.0 B) Interrupción:43 Dirección base: 0xe000 lo Link encap:Bucle local Direc. inet:127.0.0.1 Másc:255.0.0.0 Dirección inet6: ::1/128 Alcance:Anfitrión ACTIVO BUCLE FUNCIONANDO MTU:16436 Métrica:1 Paquetes RX:8 errores:0 perdidos:0 overruns:0 frame:0 Paquetes TX:8 errores:0 perdidos:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 colisiones:0 long.colaTX:0 Bytes RX:480 (480.0 B) TX bytes:480 (480.0 B) ppp0 Link encap:Protocolo punto a punto Direc. inet:189.203.115.236 P-t-P:192.168.226.1 Másc:255.255.255.255 ACTIVO PUNTO A PUNTO FUNCIONANDO NOARP MULTICAST MTU:1500 Métrica:1 Paquetes RX:6384 errores:30 perdidos:0 overruns:0 frame:0 Paquetes TX:6893 errores:0 perdidos:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 colisiones:0 long.colaTX:3 Bytes RX:5473081 (5.4 MB) TX bytes:974316 (974.3 KB) wlan0 Link encap:Ethernet direcciónHW 00:26:4d:c3:d0:44 DIFUSIÓN MULTICAST MTU:1500 Métrica:1 Paquetes RX:0 errores:0 perdidos:0 overruns:0 frame:0 Paquetes TX:0 errores:0 perdidos:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 colisiones:0 long.colaTX:1000 Bytes RX:0 (0.0 B) TX bytes:0 (0.0 B) note.-it is logical all the counters are cero if the wireless device is down root@zorrillo:/home/zorrillo/Descargas/802BGA# ifconfig wlan0 up SIOCSIFFLAGS: Operation not possible due to RF-kill root@zorrillo:/home/zorrillo/Descargas/802BGA# It would seem the wireless switching does not react with whichever ubuntu 11.04 command (I hope to be wrong). The target remains the same, in order of the scripts above. I am worried, I have tried to find any answer for days and nights. Toshiba does not supply drivers or soft support for linux, marketing of course. I only see the device is up by protocols and down phisically, My question is, is it possible to enable or not shutdown physically the device?, because in the toshiba model nb255 the wifi is not set up/down bye means of a physical switch, but by means a combination of Fn + F8 (only for windows 7, no one more), Is there one possibility to configure the hot keys in ubuntu?

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