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• Messed up USB stick doesn't show in blkid

  - by Felix

  I was playing around with a USB stick (booting archlinux with qemu off of it and trying to perform an installation on the same stick at the same time -- brave, I know, but I was just messing around). Now, after failing to boot and install at the same time, it seems I have sort of messed up my stick. What I think happened is that I used cfdisk to wipe everything on it and create one big partition, but formatting it then failed, so now there's a big partition with no filesystem. Just to make it clear: I'm not worried for my stick, I know I can recover it at any point. What I find intriguing is that after plugging the stick into my computer (using Ubuntu), there's no (terminal) way to find out what block device (/dev/sdx) it has associated. The only way I could determine that was with GParted: But blkid shows the following: /dev/sda1: UUID="12F695CFF695B387" LABEL="System Reserved" TYPE="ntfs" /dev/sda2: UUID="A0BAA6EABAA6BC62" TYPE="ntfs" /dev/sdb1: UUID="546aec8b-9ad6-4571-b07a-adba63e25820" TYPE="ext4" /dev/sdb2: UUID="2a8b82d8-6c6e-4053-a446-bab970d93d7c" TYPE="swap" /dev/sdb3: UUID="7cbede7d-c930-4e59-9d1b-01f2d79bd092" TYPE="ext4" No trace of /dev/sdc. My question is: if I didn't have a graphical interface (to use GParted), how would I have known which block device is my stick?

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• Postfix + procmail - delivery fails because "can't create user output file" - on CentOS 6.2

  - by jshin47

  I verified that my postfix installation / relaying setup worked. Now I am having trouble with procmail. I have it wired to postfix with the following command: mailbox_command = /usr/bin/procmail -f -a "$USER" I have nothing in my procmail config but the following: LOGFILE=/var/procmailrc/log And I send an email to a recipient that previously worked (before I attached procmail). Now it fails with error: Apr 6 14:07:05 localhost postfix/qmgr[15194]: D0C3DFF6E1: from=<[email protected]>, size=938, nrcpt=1 (queue active) Apr 6 14:07:05 localhost postfix/local[1953]: D0C3DFF6E1: to=<[email protected]>, orig_to=<postmaster>, relay=local, delay=0.05, delays=0.02/0.01/0/0.02, dsn=5.2.0, status=bounced (can't create user output file. Command output: procmail: Couldn't create "/var/spool/mail/nobody" procmail: Couldn't read "//root" ) Apr 6 14:07:05 localhost postfix/bounce[1955]: warning: D0C3DFF6E1: undeliverable postmaster notification discarded Apr 6 14:07:05 localhost postfix/qmgr[15194]: D0C3DFF6E1: removed It seems like there is some sort of permissions issue but I do not know what the problem is, nor do I understand how I would go about diagnosing it further. The logfile that I specified is empty, by the way. How can I make procmail+postfix work?

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• High disk I/O - jbd2/sda2-8 process

  - by Evan Hamlet

  I have run a file server on a CentOS 5.8 final server. My only concern at the moment is what appears to be intermittent but continuous high disk I/O activity causing a general slowdown because of jbd2/sda2-8 process. jbd2/sda2-8 is making use of /dev/sda2, which is the 2nd partition of the first harddrive (IE: root partition). More info: using "iotop" the culprit appears to be "jbd2/sda1-8" making writes every second, which appears to be a kernel process associated with journaling on the ext4 filesystem, if my googling around is correct. I see "jbd2/sda2-8" appearing here every now and then, but certainly not every 3 seconds.. when idle, it appears about 1 or 2 times per minute. When I'm using the system, it appears more frequently. ATOP results: http://grabilla.com/02b14-8022db2e-4eb9-4f10-8e10-d65c49ad7530.png IOTOP results: http://grabilla.com/02b14-cf74b25d-4063-4447-9210-7d1b9b70e25b.png HTOP results: grabilla. com/02b14-ad8cad0e-89b0-46d3-849d-4fd515c1e690.png jbd2/sda2-8 is the processes I see with iotop making writes on disk even though it's not in use at all. Does someone has any idea how could I solve the high disk usage caused jbd2/sda2-8 process?

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• `:Zone.Identifier` files keep on appearing in Windows XP virtual machine

  - by Jonathan Reno

  I have a Windows XP Home Edition guest and a Linux Mint 13 host. I use VirtualBox and the ~/Public directory is shared with the guest. It sometimes happens that I use IE on the guest system to download files (until I get a better Windows browser). All of the downloaded files go the the L:\ drive (the ~/Public directory). When they are finished downloading, Windows Explorer adds a :Zone.Identifier file for each file I download. When I extract a downloaded ZIP archive on the guest (on drive L:\), Windows creates a :Zone.Identifier file for every file in the extracted directory. This even occurs if I use the host to move a file to the ~/Public directory. The shared ~/Public directory is on an ext4 partition and the colon character is supposed to be illegal in file names in Windows, but not on the ext4 partition. Is there any way to stop Windows from putting all this rubbish on my filesystem? (I might have to create a shell script to clean up after Windows' act.) Here is what I see in Windows Explorer: By the way, if I were running a Mac OS X host (where colons are illegal file name characters) this would be even more horrendous.

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• Effective backup and archive strategy for database and linked files

  - by busyspin

  I am using Postgres to store a variety of application data for a webapp. Part of the application involves storing and retrieving user uploaded files. I am storing the files in the filesystem with some associated metadata in the database. I am trying to come up with a backup and archive strategy so that I can effectively backup and archive/restore the database and the linked files. Here are the things I want to accomplish. Perform routine backups that can be used for recovery from failures and which include all DB data and the linked files. Ideally, this backup would be done while the app is running. Live backup is certainly possible with a DB but I am not sure how to keep the linked files consistent with the database during the backup process Archive chunks of data as they become "old". These chunks must includes the database data plus any linked files. It should be possible to put the archived data back into production again. It would be ideal if it were easy to determine which ranges of objects were stored in each chunk. Do you have any advice for how to accomplish these goals? If the files were in the database as BLOBS these tasks would be much easier since normal database backup and restore functionality would handle this. I am not sure how to accomplish the same thing when file data is linked to database rows.

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• NTFS partition size not recognized after disaster recovery clone

  - by djechelon

  I'm in the middle of a disaster recovery of a 250GB hard disk that was "clicking". Obviously I didn't have a backup copy. I managed to salvage all the files thanks to GParted Live that was able to read the disk without a single "click" sound. So I cloned the partition to a new drive sized 500GB. Unfortunately, GParted process went to some kind of infinite loop, disks stopped I/O and after a couple of hours I interrupted the clone process I started. Now the problem is: when cloning the partition I also chose to expand 250GB to the whole 500GB of the target disk. Windows sees the partition sized 500GB in computer management, but Windows Explorer only sees 250. chkdsk e: /f says the filesystem is OK. How can I repair the file system and let Windows see the full 500GB of the new partition? An alternate idea is to deep-copy the files from the backup disk to a newly formatted disk. This should definitely fix. Any other ideas?

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• windows 7: Event 55 The file system structure on the disk is corrupt and unusable

  - by Radio

  Here is a real bad one! Windows 7 RTM with SP1 installed [Version 6.1.7601]. Recently tried to delete some folder on my hard drive and Windows prompted "Error 0x80070570: The file or directory is corrupted and unreadable", and at the same time placed an Event 55 describing "The file system structure on the disk is corrupt and unusable. Please run the chkdsk utility on \Device\HarddiskVolume2." Ran chkdsk, first with /f option, then with /r option. Result in both cases was: no errors found, 0 bad sectors. No problems chkdsk found at all! Went through StackExchange, Google and spent over 6 hours on this. Still cannot figure out the problem. Re-installing/Re-Formatting is not an option! What did I try: Hotfix - Windows6.1-KB982927-x64.msu - gave me an error about incompatibility with my computer, however it totally matches my system. CRC of hotfix was ok. Windows Repair Console found startup errors and fixed those, but this didn't help an issue, even by running chkdsk c: /R from it. http://support.microsoft.com/kb/246026 does not promise anything good. sfc /scannow does not help too. Replaced hard drive by cloning an old one using True Image, repeated all steps above. At the same time, some minor glitches started to appear in my Windows, like side panel and notification area settings are getting reset. Goal is to delete the folder and get rid of Event 55. Sounds like NTFS bug. Please help. This is completely ridiculous.

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• Any Recommendations for a Web Based Large File Transfer System?

  - by Glen Richards

  I'm looking for a server software product that: Allows my users to share large files with: The general public securely to 1 or more people (notification via email, optionally with a token that gives them x period of time to download) Allows anyone in the general public to share files with my users. Perhaps by invitation. Has to be user friendly enough to allow my users to use this with out having to bug me as the admin. It needs to be a system that we can install on our own server (we don't want shared data sitting on anyone else's server) A web based solution. Using some kind or secure comms channel would be good too, eg, ssh Files to share could be over 1 GB. I found the question below. WebDav does not sound user friendly enough: http://serverfault.com/questions/86878/recommendations-for-a-secure-and-simple-dropbox-system I've done a lot of searching, but I can't get the search terms right. There are too many services that provide this, but I want something we can install on our own server. A last resort would be to roll my own. Any ideas appreciated. Glen EDIT Sorry Tom and Jeff but Glen specifically says that he's looking for a 'product' so given that I specialise in this field thought that my expertise in this area may have been of use to him. I don't see how him writing services is going to be easy for him to maintain going forward (large IT admin overhead) or simple for his users and the general public to work with.

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• check_snmp warning & critical thresholds with negative values

  - by Oesor

  I'm querying some signal level values measured in dBm, and the SNMP host on the remove device reports the values as negative values, ie, -90 dBm. However, check-snmp seems to be incapable of dealing with negative numbers as part of its threshold values. If I specify the values as part of a collection of OIDs, it accepts the syntax but converts the snmp value to positive, thus always generating a WARNING/CRITICAL result: root@ops-00:/usr/local/nagios/libexec# ./check_snmp -H 192.168.1.100 -o DEVICE-MIB::AverageReceiveSNR.0,DEVICE-MIB::CurrentNoiseFloor.0 -w 10:,~:-85 -c 15:,~:-80 -vvvv /usr/bin/snmpget -t 1 -r 5 -m ALL -v 1 [authpriv] 192.168.1.100:161 DEVICE-MIB::AverageReceiveSNR.0 DEVICE-MIB::CurrentNoiseFloor.0 DEVICE-MIB::AverageReceiveSNR.0 = INTEGER: 25 DEVICE-MIB::CurrentNoiseFloor.0 = INTEGER: -97 Processing line 1 oidname: DEVICE-MIB::AverageReceiveSNR.0 response: = INTEGER: 25 Processing line 2 oidname: DEVICE-MIB::CurrentNoiseFloor.0 response: = INTEGER: -97 SNMP CRITICAL - 25 *97* | DEVICE-MIB::AverageReceiveSNR.0=25 DEVICE-MIB::CurrentNoiseFloor.0=97 If I run it with a single OID, it gives me an error that the format is incorrect: root@ops-00:/usr/local/nagios/libexec# ./check_snmp -H 192.168.1.100 -o DEVICE-MIB::CurrentNoiseFloor.0 -w ~:-85 -c ~:-80 -vvvv Range format incorrect And if I run it with no thresholds defined, it works properly and returns the right value. This makes the graphs correct, however it'll never generate a notification when out of range: root@ops-00:/usr/local/nagios/libexec# ./check_snmp -H 192.168.1.100 -o DEVICE-MIB::CurrentNoiseFloor.0 -vvvv /usr/bin/snmpget -t 1 -r 5 -m ALL -v 1 [authpriv] 192.168.1.100:161 DEVICE-MIB::CurrentNoiseFloor.0 DEVICE-MIB::CurrentNoiseFloor.0 = INTEGER: -97 Processing line 1 oidname: DEVICE-MIB::CurrentNoiseFloor.0 response: = INTEGER: -97 SNMP OK - -97 | DEVICE-MIB::CurrentNoiseFloor.0=-97 What am I doing wrong here? How would I, for example, generate a CRITICAL when the noise floor is -80 dBm or higher, a WARNING when it's -85 to -80 dBm, and an OK when -85 dBm or lower? Do I have to write my own SNMP plugins when dealing with negative values?

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• virtual disk image - file or partition

  - by tylerl

  I'm looking at the differences between using a file versus a partition to store a virtual disk image in VM use. The common knowledge is that partition-based images are faster than file-based images because of a decreased overhead. It makes sense, but I've never seen any actual numbers. My own testing bears out a different result. When I benchmark a direct-to-partition virtual disk, then format that same partition with ext4, create a virtual disk image stored on that ext4 filesystem, and then benchmark that, I see no speedup at all for the direct-to-partition virtual disk. Instead on some systems the file-based image is even faster (possibly due to host OS caching or something like that). This test was repeated many times on many systems, with fairly consistent results. So perhaps throwing out the performance justification, is it still considered better to use a partition rather than a virtual disk image? Is there some other reason why direct partition access is better than image files? Or perhaps is there some reason to go the other way around? Perhaps an advantage in one of the virtual disk file formats that you don't get with raw partition images?

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• Performance associated with storing millions of files on NTFS

  - by Tim Brigham

  Does anyone have a method / formula, etc that I could use - hopefully based on both current and projected numbers of files - to project the 'right' length of the split and the number of nested folders? Please note that although similar it isn't quite the same as Storing a million images in the filesystem. I'm looking for a way to help make the theories outlined more generic. Assumptions I have 'some' initial number of files. This number would be arbitrary but large. Say 500k to 10m+. I have considered the underlying physical hardware disk IO requirements that would be necessary to support such an endeavor. Put another way As time progresses this store will grow. I want to have the best balance of current performance and as my needs increase. Say I double or triple my storage. I need to be able to address both current needs and projected future growth. I need to both plan ahead and not sacrifice too much of current performance. What I've come up with I'm already thinking about using a hash split every so many characters to split things out across multiple directories and keeping the trees even, very similar as outlined in the comments in the question above. It also avoids duplicate files, which would be critical over time. I'm sure that the initial folder structure would be different based on what I've outlined, and depending on the initial scale. As far as I can figure there isn't a one size fits all solution here. It would be horrendously time intensive to work something out experimentally.

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• Optimal file system type and mount options for an rsnapshot dedicated drive

  - by Nimmy Lebby

  We have an external USB 2 drive that we are using as a backup drive for our configuration. We use rsnapshot for the backups. It uses a few standard commands for managing snapshots: rm -rf: deletes expired snapshots mv: moves older snapshots down a slot cp -al: duplicates last snapshot to new slot rsync -a --delete --numeric-ids --relative: synchronizes new snapshot As you could see by the log below, the majority of the time is spent on the rm -rf and the cp -al steps: [25/Dec/2010:14:00:02] rsnapshot hourly: started [25/Dec/2010:14:00:02] echo 21012 > /var/run/rsnapshot.pid [25/Dec/2010:14:00:02] rm -rf /mnt/extdrive/snapshots/hourly.5/ [25/Dec/2010:14:15:48] mv /mnt/extdrive/snapshots/hourly.4/ /mnt/extdrive/snapshots/hourly.5/ [25/Dec/2010:14:15:48] mv /mnt/extdrive/snapshots/hourly.3/ /mnt/extdrive/snapshots/hourly.4/ [25/Dec/2010:14:15:48] mv /mnt/extdrive/snapshots/hourly.2/ /mnt/extdrive/snapshots/hourly.3/ [25/Dec/2010:14:15:48] mv /mnt/extdrive/snapshots/hourly.1/ /mnt/extdrive/snapshots/hourly.2/ [25/Dec/2010:14:15:48] cp -al /mnt/extdrive/snapshots/hourly.0 /mnt/extdrive/snapshots/hourly.1 [25/Dec/2010:14:23:32] rsync -a --delete --numeric-ids --relative /etc /mnt/extdrive/snapshots/hourly.0/sm4/ [25/Dec/2010:14:23:52] touch /mnt/extdrive/snapshots/hourly.0/ [25/Dec/2010:14:23:52] rm -f /var/run/rsnapshot.pid [25/Dec/2010:14:23:52] rsnapshot hourly: completed successfully My questions: I'm currently using ext4 for the filesystem. Maybe this is not the best choice from those available in Red Hat. Anyone have any recommendations that would speed up the process? The partition's mount options are sync,dirsync 1 2. Is there a way to optimize this since it's solely used for rsnapshot? Of course, reasoning would be greatly appreciated.

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• How to convert a raw disk image to a copy-on-write image based on another image for use with kvm and

  - by Jean-Paul Calderone

  I have a virtual Windows machine running on kvm. Presently it has a 90GB raw disk image. I would like to clone this VM without having to keep two copies of the 90GB raw disk image around. It seems like a good approach for doing this is to make two new qcow or qcow2 images based on the original. First I converted the raw image to a qcow2 image: qemu-img convert -O qcow2 basewindowsxp.img basewindowsxp.qcow2 Then I tried creating a new image backed by this: qemu-img create -F qcow2 -f qcow2 -b `pwd`/basewindowsxp.qcow2 windowsxp-1.qcow2 Then I used virt-manager to point the original VM at windowsxp-1.qcow2. However, when I try to start up the VM in this new configuration, virt-manager reports an error: Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/share/virt-manager/virtManager/engine.py", line 588, in run_domain vm.startup() File "/usr/share/virt-manager/virtManager/domain.py", line 150, in startup self._backend.create() File "/usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/libvirt.py", line 300, in create if ret == -1: raise libvirtError ('virDomainCreate() failed', dom=self) libvirtError: internal error unable to start guest: qemu: could not open disk image /var/lib/libvirt/images/windowsxp-1.qcow2 The error suggests that the filename was misspecified or that the filesystem permissions are too restrictive, but neither of these is the case: $ ls -l /var/lib/libvirt/images/windowsxp-1.qcow2 -rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 262144 2010-05-27 08:32 /var/lib/libvirt/images/windowsxp-1.qcow2 Why won't virt-manager start this vm?

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• File system concepts (df command)

  - by mkab

  I'm finding it difficult to understand some stuffs about the df command. Suppose I type df and I have the following output Filesystem 1k-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on /dev/da0s1 some number some number number percentage /win /dev/da0s2 some number some number number percentage /win/home /dev/da0s3a some number some number number percentage / devfs some number some number number percentage /dev /dev/da0s3g some number some number number percentage /local /dev/da0s3h some number some number -number 102% /reste /dev/da0s3d some number some number number percentage /tmp /dev/da1s3f some number some number number percentage /usr /dev/da1s3e some number some number number percentage /var /dev/da1s1a some number some number number percentage /public Are the answers to the following questions correct? How many physical drives do I have? Ans: 2. da0s1 and da1s1 How many physical partitions on each disk? Ans: 8 for da0s1 and 1 for da1s1 How many BSD partition on each physical partition Ans: Impossible to determine. We have to use the -T to determine its type How is it possible for the file system /dev/da0s3h filled at 102%? And where is this overflowed data written?Ans: I have no idea for this one Thanks.

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• Millions of files in php's tmp error - how to delete?

  - by Jonatan Littke

  Hey. I've got a tmp-folder with 14 million php session files in my home directory. At least that's what I think it is, it's not like I could ls it or anything. How can I empty this folder? I've tried using find with the -exec rm {} \; commands but that didn't work. ls 'sess_0*' | xargs rm did neither. I'm currently running rm -rf tmp but after two hours the folder appears to be the same size. REFERENCE INFO: I suddenly encountered an error where SESSIONS could no longer be written to disk: [Mon Apr 19 19:58:32 2010] [warn] mod_fcgid: stderr: PHP Warning: Unknown: open(/var/www/clients/client1/web1/tmp/sess_8e12742b62aa68a3f9476ec80222bbfb, O_RDWR) failed: No space left on device (28) in Unknown on line 0 [Mon Apr 19 19:58:32 2010] [warn] mod_fcgid: stderr: PHP Warning: Unknown: Failed to write session data (files). Please verify that the current setting of session.save_path is correct (/var/www/clients/client1/web1/tmp) in Unknown on line 0 I ran: $ df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/md0 457G 126G 308G 29% / tmpfs 1.8G 0 1.8G 0% /lib/init/rw udev 10M 664K 9.4M 7% /dev tmpfs 1.8G 0 1.8G 0% /dev/shm But as you can see, the disk isn't full. So I had a look in the syslog which says the following 20 times per second: kernel: [19570794.361241] EXT3-fs warning (device md0): ext3_dx_add_entry: Directory index full! This led me thinking to a full folder, obviously, but since my web folder only has 60k files (having counted them), I guessed it was the tmp folder (the local one, for this instance of php) that messed things up. Some commands I ran: $ sudo ls sess_a* | xargs rm -f bash: /usr/bin/sudo: Argument list too long find . -exec rm {} \; rm: cannot remove directory '.' find: cannot fork: Cannot allocate memory I'm running Debian Lenny, php5, ISPConfig, SuEXEC and Fast-CGI.

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• Xen domU passwd file overwritten with console log output

  - by malfy

  I was setting up a Debian Xen domU and after booting it fine, I added basic configuration to /etc/network/interfaces and ran /etc/init.d/networking restart. This failed so I decided to reboot. After the reboot I also ran xm shutdown box. When dropped to a shell prompt it wouldn't let me login. Upon further inspection, I now have garbage in some critical files in /etc: root@box:/# tail +1 mnt/etc/{passwd-,shadow} tail: cannot open `+1' for reading: No such file or directory ==> mnt/etc/passwd- <== 0000000000100000 (reserved) Nov 23 02:02:39 box kernel: [ 0.000000] Xen: 0000000000100000 - 0000000004000000 (usable) Nov 23 02:02:39 box kernel: [ 0.000000] DMI not present or invalid. Nov 23 02:02:39 box kernel: [ 0.000000] last_pfn = 0x4000 max_arch_pfn = 0x1000000 Nov 23 02:02:39 box kernel: [ 0.000000] initial memory mapped : 0 - 033ff000 Nov 23 02:02:39 box kernel: [ 0.000000] init_memory_mapping: 0000000000000000-0000000004000000 Nov 23 02:02:39 box kernel: [ 0.000000] NX (Execute Disable) protection: active Nov 23 02:02:39 box kernel: [ 0.000000] 0000000000 - 0004000000 page 4k Nov 23 02:02:39 box kernel: [ 0.000000] kernel direct mapping tables up to 4000000 @ 7000-2c000 Nov 23 02:02:3 ==> mnt/etc/shadow <== 32 nr_cpumask_bits:32 nr_cpu_ids:1 nr_node_ids:1 Nov 23 02:02:39 box kernel: [ 0.000000] PERCPU: Embedded 15 pages/cpu @c15b0000 s37688 r0 d23752 u65536 Nov 23 02:02:39 box kernel: [ 0.000000] pcpu-alloc: s37688 r0 d23752 u65536 alloc=16*4096 Nov 23 02:02:39 box kernel: [ 0.000000] pcpu-alloc: [0] 0 Nov 23 02:02:39 box kernel: [ 0.000000] Xen: using vcpu_info placement Nov 23 02:02:39 box kernel: [ 0.000000] Built 1 zonelists in Zone order, mobility grouping on. Total pages: 16160 Nov 23 02:02:39 box kernel: [ 0.000000] Kernel command line: root=/dev/mapper/xen-guest_root ro quiet root=/dev/xvda1 ro Nov 23 02:02:39 box kernel: [ 0.000000] PID hash table entries: The garbage is also present in the passwd file and the group file (although I didn't paste that above since I have since ran debootstrap on the filesystem again). Does anyone have any insight into what happened and why?

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• How do I boot [embedded] linux from sd card?

  - by Brandon Yates

  I am hacking together a quick embedded linux system on a DM816x evm board. Previously I have been using TFTP and NFS to load my kernel and root filesystem to the board. I am now trying to switch over to loading everything from an SD card. I have my card partitioned such that uBoot and my kernel image are in one partition, and my rootFS in another partition. At power-on, Uboot starts correctly and successfully launches the kernel. However, the kernel is unable to mount the root file system. It appears that it doesn't recognize any SD (mmc) cards. It gives this error message. VFS: Cannot open root device "mmcblk0p2" or unknown-block(2,0) Please append a correct "root=" boot option; here are the available partitions: 1f00 256 mtdblock0 (driver?) 1f01 8 mtdblock1 (driver?) 1f02 2560 mtdblock2 (driver?) 1f03 1272 mtdblock3 (driver?) 1f04 2432 mtdblock4 (driver?) 1f05 128 mtdblock5 (driver?) 1f06 4352 mtdblock6 (driver?) 1f07 204928 mtdblock7 (driver?) 1f08 50304 mtdblock8 (driver?) Kernel panic - not syncing: VFS: Unable to mount root fs on unknown-block(2,0) I feel like I'm missing something fundamental here. Why does it not recognize the root device I am trying to load from? Here is my uBoot boot script that is running: setenv bootargs console=ttyO2,115200n8 root=/dev/mmcblk0p2 rw mem=124M earlyprink vram=50M ti816xfb.vram=0:16M,1:16M,2:6M ip=off noinitrd;mmc init;fatload mmc 1 0x80009000 uImage;bootm 0x80009000

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• Firewall for internal networks

  - by Cylindric

  I have a virtualised infrastructure here, with separated networks (some physically, some just by VLAN) for iSCSI traffic, VMware management traffic, production traffic, etc. The recommendations are of course to not allow access from the LAN to the iSCSI network for example, for obvious security and performance reasons, and same between DMZ/LAN, etc. The problem I have is that in reality, some services do need access across the networks from time to time: System monitoring server needs to see the ESX hosts and the SAN for SNMP VSphere guest console access needs direct access to the ESX host the VM is running on VMware Converter wants access to the ESX host the VM will be created on The SAN email notification system wants access to our mail server Rather than wildly opening up the entire network, I'd like to place a firewall spanning these networks, so I can allow just the access required For example: SAN SMTP Server for email Management SAN for monitoring via SNMP Management ESX for monitoring via SNMP Target Server ESX for VMConverter Can someone recommend a free firewall that will allow this kind of thing without too much low-level tinkering of config files? I've used products such as IPcop before, and it seems to be possible to achieve this using that product if I re-purpose their ideas of "WAN", "WLAN" (the red/green/orange/blue interfaces), but was wondering if there were any other accepted products for this sort of thing. Thanks.

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• One USB flash drive to rule them all

  - by Chris

  Yesterday I purchased a 32GB USB flash drive. I have a myrid of systems in my home, and would like to have one flash drive with setup files for all the various systems throughout the house. I kept the Fat 32 filesystem on the drive, as I figured that is probably the most universal. I then made the partition bootable using fdisk. I then copied the Windows 7 setup files to the drive. I then installed grub 2 (1.98) onto the drive using backtrack 5. I was then able to load the windows 7 setup / install from the flash drive on an older BIOS type motherboard. Now I would like to know how to get this to work on my MacBook Pro 8,2 with still retaining support for legacy computers. Is this possible, or is this just a pipe dream. I plan on getting OS X on the drive, gparted, and OS X86 on the drive when all is said and done. I've done various google searches but really haven't found a guide on how to setup a swiss army usb flash drive.

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• Expand disk space on Ubuntu 10.04 (VMWare Guest)

  - by Jason Clawson

  I need to resize the disk space of an ubuntu guest in VMWare Workstation. After using the expand disk utility in vmware workstation, I need to do some linux magic to resize the parition. I have searched and found a lot of posts about resizing it. Unfortunately I don't really understand it all that well. Can anyone help me out with this? df -h gives me: Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/ubuntu-root 19G 2.6G 16G 15% / none 496M 172K 495M 1% /dev none 500M 0 500M 0% /dev/shm none 500M 64K 500M 1% /var/run none 500M 0 500M 0% /var/lock none 500M 0 500M 0% /lib/init/rw none 19G 2.6G 16G 15% /var/lib/ureadahead/debugfs /dev/sda1 228M 36M 181M 17% /boot lvs says: LV VG Attr LSize Origin Snap% Move Log Copy% Convert root ubuntu -wi-ao 18.88g swap_1 ubuntu -wi-ao 884.00m fdisk -l says: Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00033718 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 32 248832 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 32 2611 20719617 5 Extended /dev/sda5 32 2611 20719616 8e Linux LVM I really appreciate the help.

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• How to manage processes-to-CPU cores affinities ?

  - by Philippe

  I use a distributed user-space filesystem (GlusterFS) and I would like to be sure GlusterFS processes will always have the computing power they need. Each execution node of my grid have 2 CPU, with 4 cores per CPU and 2 threads per core (16 "processors" are seen by Linux). My goal is to guarantee that GlusterFS processes have enough processing power to be reliable, responsive and fast. (There is no marketing here, just the dreams of a sysadmin ;-) I consider two main points : GlusterFS processes I/O for data access (on local disks, or remote disks) I thought about binding the Linux Kernel and GlusterFS instances on a specific "processor". I would like to be sure that : No grid job will impact the kernel and the GlusterFS instances Researchers jobs won't be affected by system processes (I'd like to reserve a pool of cores to job execution and be sure that no system process will use these CPUs) But what about I/O ? As we handle a huge amount of data (several terabytes), we'll have a lot of interuptions. How can I distribute these operations on my processors ? What are the "best practices" ? Thanks for your comments!

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• Ubuntu 64bit Xen DomU Issues after upgrade from Karmic to Lucid

  - by Shoaibi

  I was upgrading my servers today and it all went fine except the last machine which has the following issues: [Resolved using http://www.ndchost.com/wiki/server-administration/upgrade-ubuntu-pre-10.04#post-1004-upgradefinal-steps] No login prompt on console Done. Begin: Mounting root file system... ... Begin: Running /scripts/local-top ... Done. [ 0.545705] blkfront: xvda: barriers enabled [ 0.546949] xvda: xvda1 [ 0.549961] blkfront: xvde: barriers enabled [ 0.550619] xvde: xvde1 xvde2 Begin: Running /scripts/local-premount ... Done. [ 0.870385] kjournald starting. Commit interval 5 seconds [ 0.870449] EXT3-fs: mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Begin: Running /scripts/local-bottom ... Done. Done. Begin: Running /scripts/init-bottom ... Done. Also tried by pressing ENTER and CTRL+C many times, no use. Resolved: [/tmp was mounted as noexec, changing that fix it]: I get errors when i try to re-install udev in single user mode: Unpacking replacement udev ... Processing triggers for ureadahead ... ureadahead will be reprofiled on next reboot Processing triggers for man-db ... Setting up udev (151-12.1) ... udev start/running, process 1003 Removing `local diversion of /sbin/udevadm to /sbin/udevadm.upgrade' update-initramfs: deferring update (trigger activated) Processing triggers for initramfs-tools ... update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-2.6.32-25-server /usr/sbin/mkinitramfs: 329: /tmp/mkinitramfs_yuuTSc/scripts/local-premount/fixrtc: Permission denied /usr/sbin/mkinitramfs: 329: /tmp/mkinitramfs_yuuTSc/scripts/local-premount/ntfs_3g: Permission denied /usr/sbin/mkinitramfs: 329: /tmp/mkinitramfs_yuuTSc/scripts/local-premount/resume: Permission denied /usr/sbin/mkinitramfs: 329: /tmp/mkinitramfs_yuuTSc/scripts/nfs-top/udev: Permission denied /usr/sbin/mkinitramfs: 329: /tmp/mkinitramfs_yuuTSc/scripts/panic/console_setup: Permission denied /usr/sbin/mkinitramfs: 329: /tmp/mkinitramfs_yuuTSc/scripts/init-top/all_generic_ide: Permission denied /usr/sbin/mkinitramfs: 329: /tmp/mkinitramfs_yuuTSc/scripts/init-top/blacklist: Permission denied /usr/sbin/mkinitramfs: 329: /tmp/mkinitramfs_yuuTSc/scripts/init-top/udev: Permission denied /usr/sbin/mkinitramfs: 329: /tmp/mkinitramfs_yuuTSc/scripts/init-bottom/udev: Permission denied /usr/sbin/mkinitramfs: 329: /tmp/mkinitramfs_yuuTSc/scripts/local-bottom/ntfs_3g: Permission denied

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• Will these instructions work when turning of journaling on a n ext4 SSD?

  - by snowlord

  I have an Acer Aspire One with an SSD for storage. I recently installed Ubuntu on it and chose ext4 for my filesystem. Then I read that journaling on an SSD isn't the best idea, so I will try to disable journaling and I have found these intstructions (from http://fenidik.blogspot.com/2010/03/ext4-disable-journal.html): # Create ext4 fs on /dev/sda10 disk mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda10 # Enable writeback mode. This mode will typically provide the best ext4 performance. tune2fs -o journal_data_writeback /dev/sda10 # Delete has_journal option tune2fs -O ^has_journal /dev/sda10 # Required fsck e2fsck -f /dev/sda10 # Check fs options dumpe2fs /dev/sda10 |more For more performance add fstab opions: data=writeback,noatime,nodiratime i.e: /dev/sda10 /opt ext4 defaults,data=writeback,noatime,nodiratime 0 0 I will use them on my boot partition. Are there any particularly bad parts here, or are there any missing steps? Will my boot partition be fit for being on an SSD after this? Or should I consider switching to ext2, or even reinstall it all and choose ext2 at partitioning time (I'd rather not though, since I've configured quite some stuff already)?

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• Is there a way to do something like LVM over NFS?

  - by warren

  I realize that since NFS is not block-level, LVM can't be used directly. However: is there a way to combine multiple NFS exports (from, say, 3 servers) into one mount point on a different server? Specifically, I'd like to be able to do this on RHEL 4 (or 5, and re-export the combined mount to my RHEL 4 server). expansion The reason I pegged lvm is that I want a bunch of exported mounts (servera:/mnt/export, serverb:/mnt/export, serverc:/mnt/export, etc) to all mount at /mnt/space so that my /mnt/space on this server (serverx) as one large filesystem. Yes, I know that re-exporting is generally a Bad Thing™ but thought it might work, if there was a way to accomplish this on a newer release as opposed to an older one From reading the unionfs docs, it appears that I can't use it over a remote connection - have I misread it? More accurately, since Union FS merges the contents of multiple branches, but makes them appear as one, it doesn't seem to go in reverse: I'm trying to mount a bunch of NFS points in a merged fashion, then write to them - not caring where data goes, a la LVM .

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• GRUB reporting wrong partition type

  - by plok

  It all started when I had to replace one of the disks that the software RAID 1 on this machine currently uses. From that moment on I have not been able to boot to the Windows XP that is installed on the fourth hard drive, /dev/sdd. I am almost positive that the problem is related not to Windows but to GRUB, as if I unplug all the other hard drives so that the Windows XP disk is now /dev/sda it boots with no problem. The problem seems to be that GRUB detects a wrong partition type, which I understand suggest that something is really messed up. This is what I get when I try to follow the steps that until now had worked like a charm: grub> map (hd0) (hd3) grub> map (hd3) (hd0) grub> root (hd3,0) Filesystem type is ext2fs, partition type 0xfd 0xfd? That doesn't make sense. /dev/sdb and sdc are 0xfd (Linux raid), but not /dev/sdd: edel:~# fdisk -l [...] Disk /dev/sdd: 250.0 GB, 250059350016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 30401 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00048d89 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdd1 * 1 30400 244187968+ 7 HPFS/NTFS edel:/boot/grub# cat device.map (hd0) /dev/sda (hd1) /dev/sdb (hd2) /dev/sdc (hd3) /dev/sdd I have been trying to work this out for hours, to no avail. Can anyone point me in the right direction?

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