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• How do I boot a virtual machine image from my network?

  - by Haabda

  I have many machines which require the same configurations. My goal is to boot them all from the network and load a virtual machine. It would be wonderful to have one image for all of our customer service machines. That way, I could load the virtual image, perform updates, and know the next time they boot up they will have all the changes. Ideally, the machines would store the image locally and only download a new image if there has been a change. With all the information out there on "desktop virtualization", "PXE booting", and "virtual machines", I feel lost. I have been reading for hours and feel like I have only just scratched the surface. I would like to do this using open source or free software. Any suggestions?

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• Why ping another innet machine from MacBook get netgate's ip address?

  - by Xinwang

  I have three machine in my home network connected by a wireless router. One is server installed linux at 192.168.1.1, another is Thinkpad with MS Windows XP at 192.168.1.2, last one is MacBook Pro with Mac OS X 10.6.3 at 192.168.1.3. When I ping the Linux Server from Thinkpad (MS Windows XP) I can get the correct ip address, but when I ping it from Mac I get the global address of my router, like 61.135.181.175. Could you tell me why this happen? And how do I get same ping result on Mac and Windows. Thanks

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• Multiple servers acting like a single one with all the hardware?

  - by marc.riera

  Hello, by now I have 10 servers for hpc, power computing oriented. My users need to launch several processes using qmake. The users are used to work with ubuntu 9.10, and the software from the repositories is switable for them. I've deployed ubuntu 9.10 to all 10 servers (pxe rocks). By now we work with parallel-ssh and cluster-ssh, which allows as to launch the same process to all servers. With this tools this tools the servers remain as independent but with the same software and the same launched command. Now we would like to go to next step and see all the servers as a single one with all the resources from the other 9 as if was its resources. The difference would be substantial in time to process and also time to design the command to launch. Any advice on wich software to use will be very useful? Thanks

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• Why would a machine ruin three "power supply"s?

  - by Moshe

  A client of mine has an XP era eMachines. The power supply has died and been replaced 3 times. I've discharged the motherboard and checked the surge protector. In the middle of a scan with ComboFix, the machine died. It powers on and hangs before the BIOS and shows a solid yellow light. I believe the model # is T5062 or something like that. Aside from a bad outlet, what would cause the PSU to die a few times?

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• Linux-Vserver: How to do upgrade Debian 5.0 to 6.0 on vservers and main machine?

  - by Bartosz Kowalczyk

  I have server with debian lenny. I installed vserver on this server a few years ago. Summary I have 5 guest of vservers and main system, now. Each guest is debian lenny. Now, I'm wanting upgrade from lenny to squeezy on this servers (each Vservers and main machine). Do you do it? I should upgrade as usually system ? First I should upgrade every vserver next main machines and I have to do reset all machines and vservers? Please, advise me how to do it ?

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• How can a single disk in a hardware SATA RAID-10 array bring the entire array to a screeching halt?

  - by Stu Thompson

  Prelude: I'm a code-monkey that's increasingly taken on SysAdmin duties for my small company. My code is our product, and increasingly we provide the same app as SaaS. About 18 months ago I moved our servers from a premium hosting centric vendor to a barebones rack pusher in a tier IV data center. (Literally across the street.) This ment doing much more ourselves--things like networking, storage and monitoring. As part the big move, to replace our leased direct attached storage from the hosting company, I built a 9TB two-node NAS based on SuperMicro chassises, 3ware RAID cards, Ubuntu 10.04, two dozen SATA disks, DRBD and . It's all lovingly documented in three blog posts: Building up & testing a new 9TB SATA RAID10 NFSv4 NAS: Part I, Part II and Part III. We also setup a Cacit monitoring system. Recently we've been adding more and more data points, like SMART values. I could not have done all this without the awesome boffins at ServerFault. It's been a fun and educational experience. My boss is happy (we saved bucket loads of $$$), our customers are happy (storage costs are down), I'm happy (fun, fun, fun). Until yesterday. Outage & Recovery: Some time after lunch we started getting reports of sluggish performance from our application, an on-demand streaming media CMS. About the same time our Cacti monitoring system sent a blizzard of emails. One of the more telling alerts was a graph of iostat await. Performance became so degraded that Pingdom began sending "server down" notifications. The overall load was moderate, there was not traffic spike. After logging onto the application servers, NFS clients of the NAS, I confirmed that just about everything was experiencing highly intermittent and insanely long IO wait times. And once I hopped onto the primary NAS node itself, the same delays were evident when trying to navigate the problem array's file system. Time to fail over, that went well. Within 20 minuts everything was confirmed to be back up and running perfectly. Post-Mortem: After any and all system failures I perform a post-mortem to determine the cause of the failure. First thing I did was ssh back into the box and start reviewing logs. It was offline, completely. Time for a trip to the data center. Hardware reset, backup an and running. In /var/syslog I found this scary looking entry: Nov 15 06:49:44 umbilo smartd[2827]: Device: /dev/twa0 [3ware_disk_00], 6 Currently unreadable (pending) sectors Nov 15 06:49:44 umbilo smartd[2827]: Device: /dev/twa0 [3ware_disk_07], SMART Prefailure Attribute: 1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate changed from 171 to 170 Nov 15 06:49:45 umbilo smartd[2827]: Device: /dev/twa0 [3ware_disk_10], 16 Currently unreadable (pending) sectors Nov 15 06:49:45 umbilo smartd[2827]: Device: /dev/twa0 [3ware_disk_10], 4 Offline uncorrectable sectors Nov 15 06:49:45 umbilo smartd[2827]: Num Test_Description Status Remaining LifeTime(hours) LBA_of_first_error Nov 15 06:49:45 umbilo smartd[2827]: # 1 Short offline Completed: read failure 90% 6576 3421766910 Nov 15 06:49:45 umbilo smartd[2827]: # 2 Short offline Completed: read failure 90% 6087 3421766910 Nov 15 06:49:45 umbilo smartd[2827]: # 3 Short offline Completed: read failure 10% 5901 656821791 Nov 15 06:49:45 umbilo smartd[2827]: # 4 Short offline Completed: read failure 90% 5818 651637856 Nov 15 06:49:45 umbilo smartd[2827]: So I went to check the Cacti graphs for the disks in the array. Here we see that, yes, disk 7 is slipping away just like syslog says it is. But we also see that disk 8's SMART Read Erros are fluctuating. There are no messages about disk 8 in syslog. More interesting is that the fluctuating values for disk 8 directly correlate to the high IO wait times! My interpretation is that: Disk 8 is experiencing an odd hardware fault that results in intermittent long operation times. Somehow this fault condition on the disk is locking up the entire array Maybe there is a more accurate or correct description, but the net result has been that the one disk is impacting the performance of the whole array. The Question(s) How can a single disk in a hardware SATA RAID-10 array bring the entire array to a screeching halt? Am I being naïve to think that the RAID card should have dealt with this? How can I prevent a single misbehaving disk from impacting the entire array? Am I missing something?

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• How can I use an SSH tunnel for all traffic from a single application, without knowing the ports used?

  - by Matthew Read

  I have an application that opens connections on dozens of ports, and doesn't provide documentation about which ports it uses. I could use Wireshark or something to capture the traffic and export the ports from that, but I think it should be simpler than that. (And I'm not sure I would be able to cover all use cases and ensure the app used every single port it can ever use.) So I'm looking for a way to just say "forward all traffic from this application" (bonus points for all traffic from child processes as well) without needing to worry about specific ports. I'm sure there must be a way, but I couldn't hit on the right keywords while searching Google. How can I do this?

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• LAMP Server without single failure point + Global Server Load Balancing?

  - by José Nobile

  I want implement a LAMP Server (Linux Apache MySQL PHP) without a single failure point and with Global Server Load Balancing. I have a server in Cali, Colombia, and other server will be installed in Melbourne, Australia, user in America can use the Cali Server and in Europe, Asia, Africa or Oceania use the Melbourne Server. If any server fail (or load is excessively high), a server must answer all request. Data in MYSQL must be in sync, php files, any configuration in both server must be in sync. I read about of Google DNS Server 8.8.8.8 and 8.8.4.4 and ANY Cast, also about MySQL semisynchronous replication and MySQL Cluster, but what about other things, as crontabs, and the configurations in server? The solution can't depend of APNIC or BGP, only open source software running in Linux.

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• Is there a specific name for the ".\" (dot-slash) shorthand used to log onto a Windows machine?

  - by HopelessN00b

  I guess the title just about says it all. And yes, .\, not that obsolete \. thing. :) For those who don't know, .\ is a shorthand way of saying "this computer" in Windows at a logon screen, which comes in very handy when you don't know or care about the local computer name but need to authenticate against it anyway, such as through RDP or scripting against a set of shared local users and passwords or even locally, if you're unlucky enough to have to physically go to a machine. Anyway, does this have an actual name, and if so, what is it? I feel kind of stupid saying the dot-slash thing, which is how I've been referring to this.

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• Is it safe to use a single switch for multiple subnets?

  - by George Bailey

  For a moment, forget about whether the following is typical or easy to explain, is it safe and sound? Internet | ISP supplied router x.x.x.1 (public subnet) | switch-------------------------------------+ | (public subnet) | (public subnet) BVI router (switch with an access list) NAT router | (public subnet) | (private subnet 192.168.50.1) +--------------------------------switch----+ (both subnets) | | computer with IP 192.168.50.2 ------+ +----computer with IP x.x.x.2 I don't plan to implement this setup, but I am curious about it. The 50.2 computer may send a packet to the x.2 computer, but it will use 50.1 as the router, since 50.2 knows that the subnet is different. Would this result in the packet being received twice by the x.2 machine, first directly through the switch, second by way of the two routers? Do you see any problems with this aside from how confusing it is, and that it would put one switch doing the work of two subnets?

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• Why ping another inet machine from MacBook get netgate's ip address?

  - by Xinwang

  I have three machine in my home network connected by a wireless router. One is server installed linux at 192.168.1.1, another is Thinkpad with MS Windows XP at 192.168.1.2, last one is MacBook Pro with Mac OS X 10.6.3 at 192.168.1.3. When I ping the Linux Server from Thinkpad (MS Windows XP) I can get the correct ip address, but when I ping it from Mac I get the global address of my router, like 61.135.181.175. Could you tell me why this happen? And how do I get same ping result on Mac and Windows. Thanks

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• Cheap machine with Xen to have more than one personal dev servers with RAID option?

  - by AJ

  I do not have a lot of money so when I need a personal dev servers I decided I will use Xen on one machine to run various OS's. Although, I really like Dell Zino (http://www.dell.com/us/en/home/desktops/inspiron-zino-hd/pd.aspx?refid=inspiron-zino-hd&cs=19&s=dhs) as a very economical and compact PC which can be scaled to 8GB of RAM, I do not know how to have a RAID setup, for the backup. Is there an economical way to add a RAID setup to Dell Zino or I would have to invest in a proper box for that? Thanks for your help in advance. **Also, please let me know if this question is not meant for this forum.

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• Is there a way to control two instantiated systemd services as a single unit?

  - by rascalking

  I've got a couple python web services I'm trying to run on a Fedora 15 box. They're being run by paster, and the only difference in starting them is the config file they read. This seems like a good fit for systemd's instantiated services, but I'd like to be able to control them as a single unit. A systemd target that requires both services seems like the way to approach that. Starting the target does start both services, but stopping the target leaves them running. Here's the service file: [Unit] Description=AUI Instance on Port %i After=syslog.target [Service] WorkingDirectory=/usr/local/share/aui ExecStart=/opt/cogo/bin/paster serve --log-file=/var/log/aui/%i deploy-%i.ini Restart=always RestartSec=2 User=aui Group=aui [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target And here's the target file: [Unit] Description=AUI [email protected] [email protected] After=syslog.target [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target Is this kind of grouping even possible with systemd?

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• How do I hookup a dual video card Crossfire rig to a single monitor?

  - by Alexed

  I just received a new Alienware box preinstalled with two nice shiny ATI 6950 graphics cards. My goal is to use both of them to give me really good resolution and frame rate on my single monitor. There's zero documentation with the Alienware box and nothing I can find online. Do I just plug the monitor into one of the cards, and expect the two cards to do magic internally? The ATI Crossfire website indicates a need for an "external crossfirex connection cable". Do I need to buy one of these? If so, what kind of cable is it? The AMD Catalyst Control Center shows the second card as "Linked" but when I go to the AMD Overdrive section, the second card is at zero temperature, and clock, suggesting it's not actually doing anything. What do I need to do to make use of both cards? Is it something that doesn't kick in until I do something graphically intensive?

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• Thin web server - single or multiple instances per IP address:port?

  - by wchrisjohnson

  I'm deploying a rack/sinatra/web socket app onto several servers and will use thin as the web server (http://code.macournoyer.com/thin/). There are almost no views to show, so I am not front-ending it with a traditional web server like Apache or nginx. In general, you see thin started and the underlying config file for it has the number of server instances to start, say 3, and the port to start with, say 5000. So, in my example, when thin starts, it starts up three instances on a range of ports, starting on port 5000. If I have a series of virtual machines, say 3, 6, 9, etc. that I treat as a cluster, would/should I choose to start a single thin instance on each VM, or multiple instances on each VM? Why? Thanks - Chris

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• Post raid5 setup reboot shows single hard drive failure on ubuntu 12.10?

  - by junkie

  I just set up raid 5 on linux using three HDDs as per a guide. It all went fine until when I rebooted I got the following text: http://i.stack.imgur.com/Zsfjk.jpg. Does this mean one of my HDDs has failed? How do I check if any of them are failing? I tried using smartctl and didn't see any issues. Or is it nothing to do with failure and something else altogether? I would like to get the raid 5 working again but I'm not sure where to go from here. I'm using ubuntu 12.10 and the three raid disks each have a gpt partition with a single full size partition of filesystem type ext4. Note I only got an error on reboot not while I was creating the raid array which went fine. Thanks.

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• why is drop box syncing so freakishly slowly in my linux virtual machine?

  - by Bec

  i am setting up a linux virtual machine (windows 7 64 bit host, ubuntu 64 bit guest, using virtual box) and i just installed drop box and set it to sync. I've only got about 2Gb in there so i figured it should take just an afternoon, but it's going at about 0.5 kB/second and says it will take about 60 days. I usually get about 200 kB/second in the host OS, and downloading straight from the dropbox website through firefox in the ubuntu VM i get about that, but sync is really slow. any tips?

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• Is it dangerous to add/remove a hard-drive to a Windows machine which is in stand by?

  - by Adal

  Can I add a SATA drive to a Windows 7 machine which is in standby mode? The hardware supports hot-plug. Could pulling the drive out while in standby corrupt the data on the drive (unflushed caches, ...)? Does Windows flush before standing by? How about swapping a drive with another drive of different kind (SSD - mechanical disk) and size, also while in stand-by. Could the OS when waking up believe that the old drive is still there, and write to it and thus corrupt it, since the new one has different partitions and data?

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• Any good resources on setting up an ubuntu virtual machine for web development?

  - by Relequestual

  I'm currently on my placement year at uni with 4 months left. Before working at my current place, I have not used a nix environment for web development and have used WAMP. Over the past year I have found some very interesting new tech that requires a bit more than my shared hosting even to play with (eg node.js, RoR 3). At work we use a Virtual Machine for development, but that's all been set up and configured to match the live servers, and is managed with a Puppet server. Are there any really good resources for setting up and configuring an Ubuntu VM as a web server? Work currently uses Ubuntu so I would assume this is a good OS to use. I do of course know how to use google, but the noise ratio is just too big, so thought I'd ask here, as I know many of you will have a ton of bookmarks. Cheers.

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• How are cached Windows credentials stored on the local machine?

  - by MDMarra

  How are cached Active Directory domain credentials stored on a Windows client? Are they stored in the local SAM database, thus making them susceptible to the same rainbow table attacks that local user accounts are susceptible to, or are they stored differently? Note, that I do realize that they are salted and hashed, so as not to be stored in plain-text, but are they hashed in the same way as local accounts and are they stored in the same location? I realize that at a minimum they're be susceptible to a brute force attack, but that's a much better situation than being vulnerable to rainbow tables in the event of a stolen machine.

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• How to adjust a single side of rectangular selection made with Marquee Tool?

  - by Alex

  I am struggling to make a selection made of different layers. For example, a button with text and shadow (each in its own layer). I would like to copy it to a image file but it is really hard to select the shadow with a pixel precision. I do not know how to perform such task properly so I use Marquee Tool. However, it is hard to get all 4 sides right from the first attempt. What's worse, I could not find a method to adjust a single side of a selection made by Marquee Tool. Anyone may help what I am doing wrong?

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• On apache how do I allow access to only to a single file?

  - by sriram

  I have a apache machine which is serving a .js file. That file should be the only file that need to seen. I have configured to do so in my apache like this : <Location /var/www/test/test.js> Order allow,deny Allow from all </Location> The site address is test.in which points to test.js file in /var/www/test directory. That is working fine. But I wish when the user tries to hit test.in/someurl (which is not available) or some other url than test.in need to give an message with 401 error. How do I do that?

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• iptables: How to create a rule for a single website that does not apply to other websites?

  - by Kris

  Virtual Dedicated Server hosts 10 websites. 1 firewall made with iptables If one of those 10 websites gets hit by too many ping requests coming from one IP address, how do I limit or drop it without dropping it for the other 9 websites? Do I create a firewall for every website ? If so, how? Or is it better to change my rules? If so, how? Thank you. Original question was posted here iptables: what's best practice when there're several websites but you want to use a rule for a single website? but it was too vague. Let me know if more info is needed.

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• Looking for Unix tool/script that, given an input path, will compress every batch of uncompressed 100MB text files into a single gzip file

  - by newToFlume

  I have a dump of thousands of small text files (1-5MB) large, each containing lines of text. I need to "batch" them up, so that each batch is of a fixed size - say 100MB, and compress that batch. Now that batch could be: A single file that is just a 'cat' of the contents of the individual text files, or Just the individual text files themselves Caveats: unix split -b will not work here as I need to keep lines of text intact. Using the lines option is a bit complicated as there is a large variance in the number of bytes in each line. The files need not be a fixed size strictly, as long as it's within 5% of the requested size The lines are critical, and should not be lost: I need to confirm that the input made its way to output without loss - what rolling checksum (something like CRC32, BUT better/"stronger" in face of collisions) A script should do nicely, but this seems like a task someone has done before, and it would be nice to see some code (preferably python or ruby) that does atleast something similar.

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• protecting a single .exe-file for downloading with htaccess and htpasswd?

  - by ThomasK

  I have this, and only this, in a .htaccess file inside my downloads folder: <FilesMatch "\.(exe)$"> AuthType Basic AuthName "Downloads" AuthUserFile path/to/.htpasswd Require valid-user </FilesMatch> Once I click the link to download a href="fileName.exe">FileName</a>, I'm getting a 500 server error. If I leave out the <FilesMatch>-part; The protection part is working, I guess, since I get the login box. But once I get into the protected area, the 500 server error occurs. What am I doing wrong here? My intention was to protect only a single .exe file to prevent downloaded by anyone. Is there any easier or more correct way of doing this?

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