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• Image Gurus: Optimize my Python PNG transparency function

  - by ozone

  I need to replace all the white(ish) pixels in a PNG image with alpha transparency. I'm using Python in AppEngine and so do not have access to libraries like PIL, imagemagick etc. AppEngine does have an image library, but is pitched mainly at image resizing. I found the excellent little pyPNG module and managed to knock up a little function that does what I need: make_transparent.py pseudo-code for the main loop would be something like: for each pixel: if pixel looks "quite white": set pixel values to transparent otherwise: keep existing pixel values and (assuming 8bit values) "quite white" would be: where each r,g,b value is greater than "240" AND each r,g,b value is within "20" of each other This is the first time I've worked with raw pixel data in this way, and although works, it also performs extremely poorly. It seems like there must be a more efficient way of processing the data without iterating over each pixel in this manner? (Matrices?) I was hoping someone with more experience in dealing with these things might be able to point out some of my more obvious mistakes/improvements in my algorithm. Thanks!

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• Python & Pygame: Updating all elements in a list under a loop during iteration

  - by Unit978

  i am working on a program in Python and using Pygame. this is what the basic code looks like: while 1: screen.blit(background, (0,0)) for event in pygame.event.get(): if event.type == QUIT: pygame.quit() sys.exit() if event.type == KEYDOWN and event.key == K_c: circle_create = True circle_list.append(Circle()) if event.type == MOUSEBUTTONDOWN and circle_create == True: if clicks == 0: circle_list[i].center() clicks += 1 if event.type == MOUSEMOTION and clicks == 1 and circle_create == True: circle_list[i].stretch() these if statements are under the while loop not the for loop since they dont require input from the user if circle_create == True: circle_list[i].draw_circle() if clicks == 2: clicks = 0 i += 1 circle_create = False pygame.display.update() what i want to do is have the object's function of draw_circle() to be constantly updated by the loop so that the drawn circle is shown for all objects in the list, but since the list is iterated it updates the new object added and the objects already appended are not updated. The program, works, it draws the circles upon user input but the update problem is the only issue i need to solve. Is there any possible way to have all elements in the list of objects being updated by the while loop? i have tried for many days and i have not been able to find a good solution. any ideas are appreciated. Thanks

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• Please help me optimize my Python code

  - by Haidon

  Beginner here! Forgive me in advance for raising what is probably an incredibly simple problem. I've been trying to put together a Python script that runs multiple find-and-replace actions and a few similar things on a specified plain-text file. It works, but from a programming perspective I doubt it works well. How would I best go about optimizing the actions made upon the 'outtext' variable? At the moment it's basically doing a very similar thing four times over... import binascii import re import struct import sys infile = sys.argv[1] charenc = sys.argv[2] outFile=infile+'.tex' findreplace = [ ('TERM1', 'TERM2'), ('TERM3', 'TERM4'), ('TERM5', 'TERM6'), ] inF = open(infile,'rb') s=unicode(inF.read(),charenc) inF.close() # THIS IS VERY MESSY. for couple in findreplace: outtext=s.replace(couple[0],couple[1]) s=outtext for couple in findreplace: outtext=re.compile('Title: (.*)', re.I).sub(r'\\title'+ r'{\1}', s) s=outtext for couple in findreplace: outtext=re.compile('Author: (.*)', re.I).sub(r'\\author'+ r'{\1}', s) s=outtext for couple in findreplace: outtext=re.compile('Date: (.*)', re.I).sub(r'\\date'+ r'{\1}', s) s=outtext # END MESSY SECTION. outF = open(outFile,'wb') outF.write(outtext.encode('utf-8')) outF.close()

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• how do I remove rows/columns from this matrix using python

  - by banditKing

  My matrix looks like this. ['Hotel', ' "excellent"', ' "very good"', ' "average"', ' "poor"', ' "terrible"', ' "cheapest"', ' "rank"', ' "total reviews"'] ['westin', ' 390', ' 291', ' 70', ' 43', ' 19', ' 215', ' 27', ' 813'] ['ramada', ' 136', ' 67', ' 53', ' 30', ' 24', ' 149', ' 49', ' 310 '] ['sutton place', '489', ' 293', ' 106', ' 39', ' 20', ' 299', ' 24', ' 947'] ['loden', ' 681', ' 134', ' 17', ' 5', ' 0', ' 199', ' 4', ' 837'] ['hampton inn downtown', ' 241', ' 166', ' 26', ' 5', ' 1', ' 159', ' 21', ' 439'] ['shangri la', ' 332', ' 45', ' 20', ' 8', ' 2', ' 325', ' 8', ' 407'] ['residence inn marriott', ' 22', ' 15', ' 5', ' 0', ' 0', ' 179', ' 35', ' 42'] ['pan pacific', ' 475', ' 262', ' 86', ' 29', ' 16', ' 249', ' 15', ' 868'] ['sheraton wall center', ' 277', ' 346', ' 150', ' 80', ' 26', ' 249', ' 45', ' 879'] ['westin bayshore', ' 390', ' 291', ' 70', ' 43', ' 19', ' 199', ' 813'] I want to remove the top row and the 0th column from this and create a new matrix. How do I do this? Normally in java or so Id use the following code: for (int y; y< matrix[x].length; y++) for(int x; x < matrix[Y].length; x++) { if(x == 0 || y == 0) { continue } else { new_matrix[x][y] = matrix[x][y]; } } Is there a way such as this in python to iterate and selectively copy elements? Thanks EDIT Im also trying to convert each matrix element from a string to a float as I iterate over the matrix. This my updated modified code based on the answer below. A = [] f = open("csv_test.csv",'rt') try: reader = csv.reader(f) for row in reader: A.append(row) finally: f.close() new_list = [row[1:] for row in A[1:]] l = np.array(new_list) l.astype(np.float32) print l However Im getting an error --> l.astype(np.float32) print l ValueError: setting an array element with a sequence.

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• Best way to design a class in python

  - by Fraz

  So, this is more like a philosophical question for someone who is trying to understand classes. Most of time, how i use class is actually a very bad way to use it. I think of a lot of functions and after a time just indent the code and makes it a class and replacing few stuff with self.variable if a variable is repeated a lot. (I know its bad practise) But anyways... What i am asking is: class FooBar: def __init__(self,foo,bar): self._foo = foo self._bar = bar self.ans = self.__execute() def __execute(self): return something(self._foo, self._bar) Now there are many ways to do this: class FooBar: def __init__(self,foo): self._foo = foo def execute(self,bar): return something(self._foo, bar) Can you suggest which one is bad and which one is worse? or any other way to do this. This is just a toy example (offcourse). I mean, there is no need to have a class here if there is one function.. but lets say in __execute something() calls a whole set of other methods.. ?? Thanks

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• Unknown reason for code executing the way it does in python

  - by Jasper

  Hi I am a beginner programmer, using python on Mac. I created a function as a part of a game which receives the player's input for the main character's name. The code is: import time def newGameStep2(): print ' ****************************************** ' print '\nStep2\t\t\t\tCharacter Name' print '\nChoose a name for your character. This cannot\n be changed during the game. Note that there\n are limitations upon the name.' print '\nLimitations:\n\tYou cannot use:\n\tCommander\n\tLieutenant\n\tMajor\n\t\tas these are reserved.\n All unusual capitalisations will be removed.\n There is a two-word-limit on names.' newStep2Choice = raw_input('>>>') newStep2Choice = newStep2Choice.lower() if 'commander' in newStep2Choice or 'lieutenant' in newStep2Choice or 'major' in newStep2Choice: print 'You cannot use the terms \'commander\', \'lieutenant\' or \'major\' in the name. They are reserved.\n' print time.sleep(2) newGameStep2() else: newStep2Choice = newStep2Choice.split(' ') newStep2Choice = [newStep2Choice[0].capitalize(), newStep2Choice[1].capitalize()] newStep2Choice = ' ' .join(newStep2Choice) return newStep2Choice myVar = newGameStep2() print myVar When I was testing, I inputted 'major a', and when it asked me to input another name, i inputted 'a b'. However, when it returned the output of the function, it returns 'major a'. I went through this with a debugger, yet I still can't seem to find where the problem occurred. Thanks for any help, Jasper

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• SFTP in Python? (platform independent)

  - by Mark Wilbur

  I'm working on a simple tool that transfers files to a hard-coded location with the password also hard-coded. I'm a python novice, but thanks to ftplib, it was easy: import ftplib info= ('someuser', 'password') #hard-coded def putfile(file, site, dir, user=(), verbose=True): """ upload a file by ftp to a site/directory login hard-coded, binary transfer """ if verbose: print 'Uploading', file local = open(file, 'rb') remote = ftplib.FTP(site) remote.login(*user) remote.cwd(dir) remote.storbinary('STOR ' + file, local, 1024) remote.quit() local.close() if verbose: print 'Upload done.' if __name__ == '__main__': site = 'somewhere.com' #hard-coded dir = './uploads/' #hard-coded import sys, getpass putfile(sys.argv[1], site, dir, user=info) The problem is that I can't find any library that supports sFTP. What's the normal way to do something like this securely? Edit: Thanks to the answers here, I've gotten it working with Paramiko and this was the syntax. import paramiko host = "THEHOST.com" #hard-coded port = 22 transport = paramiko.Transport((host, port)) password = "THEPASSWORD" #hard-coded username = "THEUSERNAME" #hard-coded transport.connect(username = username, password = password) sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(transport) import sys path = './THETARGETDIRECTORY/' + sys.argv[1] #hard-coded localpath = sys.argv[1] sftp.put(localpath, path) sftp.close() transport.close() print 'Upload done.' Thanks again!

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• Python client / server question

  - by AustinM

  I'm working on a bit of a project in python. I have a client and a server. The server listens for connections and once a connection is received it waits for input from the client. The idea is that the client can connect to the server and execute system commands such as ls and cat. This is my server code: import sys, os, socket host = '' port = 50105 s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) s.bind((host, port)) print("Server started on port: ", port) s.listen(5) print("Server listening\n") conn, addr = s.accept() print 'New connection from ', addr while (1): rc = conn.recv(5) pipe = os.popen(rc) rl = pipe.readlines() file = conn.makefile('w', 0) file.writelines(rl[:-1]) file.close() conn.close() And this is my client code: import sys, socket s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) host = 'localhost' port = input('Port: ') s.connect((host, port)) cmd = raw_input('$ ') s.send(cmd) file = s.makefile('r', 0) sys.stdout.writelines(file.readlines()) When I start the server I get the right output, saying the server is listening. But when I connect with my client and type a command the server exits with this error: Traceback (most recent call last): File "server.py", line 21, in <module> rc = conn.recv(2) File "/usr/lib/python2.6/socket.py", line 165, in _dummy raise error(EBADF, 'Bad file descriptor') socket.error: [Errno 9] Bad file descriptor On the client side, I get the output of ls but the server gets screwed up.

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• SCons and dependencies for python function generating source

  - by elmo

  I have an input file data, a python function parse and a template. What I am trying to do is use parse function to get dictionary out of data and use that to replace fields in template. Now to make this a bit more generic (I perform the same action in few places) I have defined a custom function to do so. Below is definition of custom builder and values is a dictionary with { 'name': (data_file, parse_function) } (you don't really need to read through this, I simply put it here for completeness). def TOOL_ADD_FILL_TEMPLATE(env): def FillTemplate(env, output, template, values): out = output[0] subs = {} for name, (node, process) in values.iteritems(): def Process(env, target, source): with open( env.GetBuildPath(target[0]), 'w') as out: out.write( process( source[0] ) ) builder = env.Builder( action = Process ) subs[name] = builder( env, env.GetBuildPath(output[0])+'_'+name+'_processed.cpp', node )[0] def Fill(env, target, source): values = dict( (name, n.get_contents()) for name, n in subs.iteritems() ) contents = template[0].get_contents().format( **values ) open( env.GetBuildPath(target[0]), 'w').write( contents ) builder = env.Builder( action = Fill ) builder( env, output[0], template + subs.values() ) return output env.Append(BUILDERS = {'FillTemplate': FillTemplate}) It works fine when it comes to checking if data or template changed. If it did it rebuilds the output. It even works if I edit process function directly. However if my process function looks like this: def process( node ): return subprocess(node) and I edit subprocess the change goes unnoticed. Is there any way to get correct builds without making process functions being always invoked?

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• OS-independent Inter-program communication between Python and C

  - by Gyppo

  I have very little idea what I'm doing here, I've never done anything like this before, but a friend and I are writing competing chess programs and they need to be able to communicate to each other. He'll be writing mainly in C, the bulk of mine will be in Python, and I can see a few options: Alternately write to a temp file, or successive temp files. As the communication won't be in any way bulky this could work, but seems like an ugly work-around to me, the programs will have to keep checking for change/new files, it just seems ugly. Find some way of manipulating pipes i.e. mine.py| ./his . This seems like a bit of a dead end. Use sockets. But I don't know what I'd be doing, so could someone give me a pointer to some reading material? I'm not sure if there are OS-independent, language independent methods. Would there have to be some kind of supervisor server program to administrate? Use some kind of HTML protocol, which seems like overkill. I don't mind the programs having to run on the same machine. What do people recommend, and where can I start reading?

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• Python threading question (Working with a method that blocks forever)

  - by Nix

  I am trying to wrap a thread around some receiving logic in python. Basically we have an app, that will have a thread in the background polling for messages, the problem I ran into is that piece that actually pulls the messages waits forever for a message. Making it impossible to terminate... I ended up wrapping the pull in another thread, but I wanted to make sure there wasn't a better way to do it. Original code: class Manager: def __init__(self): receiver = MessageReceiver() receiver.start() #do other stuff... class MessageReceiver(Thread): receiver = Receiver() def __init__(self): Thread.__init__(self) def run(self): #stop is a flag that i use to stop the thread... while(not stopped ): #can never stop because pull below blocks message = receiver.pull() print "Message" + message What I refectored to: class Manager: def __init__(self): receiver = MessageReceiver() receiver.start() class MessageReceiver(Thread): receiver = Receiver() def __init__(self): Thread.__init__(self) def run(self): pullThread = PullThread(self.receiver) pullThread.start() #stop is a flag that i use to stop the thread... while(not stopped and pullThread.last_message ==None): pass message = pullThread.last_message print "Message" + message class PullThread(Thread): last_message = None def __init__(self, receiver): Thread.__init(self, target=get_message, args=(receiver)) def get_message(self, receiver): self.last_message = None self.last_message = receiver.pull() return self.last_message I know the obvious locking issues exist, but is this the appropriate way to control a receive thread that waits forever for a message? One thing I did notice was this thing eats 100% cpu while waiting for a message... **If you need to see the stopping logic please let me know and I will post.

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• User input being limited to the alphabet in python

  - by Danger Cat

  I am SUPER new to programming and have my first assignment coming up in python. I am writing a hangman type game, where users are required to guess the word inputted from the other user. I have written most of the code, but the only problem I am having is when users have to input the word, making sure it is only limited to the alphabet. The code I have so far is : word = str.lower(raw_input("Type in your secret word! Shhhh... ")) answer = True while answer == True: for i in range(len(word)): if word[i] not in ("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"): word = raw_input("Sorry, words only contain letters. Please enter a word ") break else: answer = False This works while I input a few tries, but eventually will either exit the loop or displays an error. Is there any easier way to use this? We've really only covered topics up to loops in class, and break and continue are also very new to me. Thank you! (Pardon if the code is sloppy, but as I said I am very new to this....)

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• Python, web log data mining for frequent patterns

  - by descent

  Hello! I need to develop a tool for web log data mining. Having many sequences of urls, requested in a particular user session (retrieved from web-application logs), I need to figure out the patterns of usage and groups (clusters) of users of the website. I am new to Data Mining, and now examining Google a lot. Found some useful info, i.e. querying Frequent Pattern Mining in Web Log Data seems to point to almost exactly similar studies. So my questions are: Are there any python-based tools that do what I need or at least smth similar? Can Orange toolkit be of any help? Can reading the book Programming Collective Intelligence be of any help? What to Google for, what to read, which relatively simple algorithms to use best? I am very limited in time (to around a week), so any help would be extremely precious. What I need is to point me into the right direction and the advice of how to accomplish the task in the shortest time. Thanks in advance!

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• Python "callable" attribute (pseudo-property)

  - by mgilson

  In python, I can alter the state of an instance by directly assigning to attributes, or by making method calls which alter the state of the attributes: foo.thing = 'baz' or: foo.thing('baz') Is there a nice way to create a class which would accept both of the above forms which scales to large numbers of attributes that behave this way? (Shortly, I'll show an example of an implementation that I don't particularly like.) If you're thinking that this is a stupid API, let me know, but perhaps a more concrete example is in order. Say I have a Document class. Document could have an attribute title. However, title may want to have some state as well (font,fontsize,justification,...), but the average user might be happy enough just setting the title to a string and being done with it ... One way to accomplish this would be to: class Title(object): def __init__(self,text,font='times',size=12): self.text = text self.font = font self.size = size def __call__(self,*text,**kwargs): if(text): self.text = text[0] for k,v in kwargs.items(): setattr(self,k,v) def __str__(self): return '<title font={font}, size={size}>{text}</title>'.format(text=self.text,size=self.size,font=self.font) class Document(object): _special_attr = set(['title']) def __setattr__(self,k,v): if k in self._special_attr and hasattr(self,k): getattr(self,k)(v) else: object.__setattr__(self,k,v) def __init__(self,text="",title=""): self.title = Title(title) self.text = text def __str__(self): return str(self.title)+'<body>'+self.text+'</body>' Now I can use this as follows: doc = Document() doc.title = "Hello World" print (str(doc)) doc.title("Goodbye World",font="Helvetica") print (str(doc)) This implementation seems a little messy though (with __special_attr). Maybe that's because this is a messed up API. I'm not sure. Is there a better way to do this? Or did I leave the beaten path a little too far on this one? I realize I could use @property for this as well, but that wouldn't scale well at all if I had more than just one attribute which is to behave this way -- I'd need to write a getter and setter for each, yuck.

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• python extract from switch output

  - by household2

  I have some info back from a LAN switch as below Vlan 1 is administratively down, line protocol is down Vlan 2 is up, line protocol is up Helper address is 192.168.0.2 Vlan 3 is up, line protocol is up Helper address is not set Vlan 4 is up, line protocol is up Helper address is 192.168.0.2 Vlan 5 is down, line protocol is down Helper address is 192.168.0.2 Vlan 6 is down, line protocol is down Helper address is not set Helper address is not set And the output I'm trying for is Vlan 1,admin down,n/a Vlan 2,up/up, 192.168.0.2 Vlan 3, up/up, not set Vlan 4, up/up, 192.168.0.2 Vlan 5, down/down, 192.168.0.2 Vlan 6, down/down, not set So the helper isn't always there (line 1) sometimes it's set sometimes it isn't, sometimes there are two lines (last Vlan - I only need 1) and the Vlan can have states of admin down, up/up, up/down (not here) and down down. So using Python and pexpect I can get the above output, but I'm having difficulty parsing out the consecutive lines. I've tried enumerate and then use key+1 for the next line, but the fact that there can be 0,1 or 2 lines following the Vlan screws me. Any ideas please?

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• xml filtering with python

  - by saminny

  Hi, I have a following xml document: <node1> <node2 a1="x1"> ... </node2> <node2 a1="x2"> ... </node2> <node2 a1="x1"> ... </node2> </node1> I want to filter out node2 when a1 = x2. The user provides the xpath and attribute values that need to tested and filtered out. I looked at some solutions in python like BeautifulSoup but they are too complicated and dont preserve the case of text. I want to keep the document same as before with some stuff filtered out. Can you recommend a simple and succinct solution? This should not be too complicated from the looks of it. The actual xml document is not as simple as above but idea is the same.

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• Random Loss of precision in Python ReadLine()

  - by jackyouldon

  Hi all, We have a process which takes a very large csv (1.6GB) and breaks it down into pieces (in this case 3). This runs nightly and normally doesn't give us any problems. When it ran last night, however, the first of the output files had lost precision on the numeric fields in the data. The active ingredient in the script are the lines: while lineCounter <= chunk: oOutFile.write(oInFile.readline()) lineCounter = lineCounter + 1 and the normal output might be something like StringField1; StringField2; StringField3; StringField4; 1000000; StringField5; 0.000054454 etc. On this one occasion and in this one output file the numeric fields were all output with 6 zeros at the end i.e. StringField1; StringField2; StringField3; StringField4; 1000000.000000; StringField5; 0.000000 We are using Python v2.6 (and don't want to upgrade unless we really have to) but we can't afford to lose this data. Does anyone have any idea why this might have happened? If the readline is doing some kind of implicit conversion is there a way to do a binary read, because we really just want this data to pass through untouched? It is very wierd to us that this only affected one of the output files generated by the same script, and when it was rerun the output was as expected. thanks Jack

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• Python - creating a list with 2 characteristics bug

  - by user2733911

  The goal is to create a list of 99 elements. All elements must be 1s or 0s. The first element must be a 1. There must be 7 1s in total. import random import math import time # constants determined through testing generation_constant = 0.96 def generate_candidate(): coin_vector = [] coin_vector.append(1) for i in range(0, 99): random_value = random.random() if (random_value > generation_constant): coin_vector.append(1) else: coin_vector.append(0) return coin_vector def validate_candidate(vector): vector_sum = sum(vector) sum_test = False if (vector_sum == 7): sum_test = True first_slot = vector[0] first_test = False if (first_slot == 1): first_test = True return (sum_test and first_test) vector1 = generate_candidate() while (validate_candidate(vector1) == False): vector1 = generate_candidate() print vector1, sum(vector1), validate_candidate(vector1) Most of the time, the output is correct, saying something like [1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0] 7 True but sometimes, the output is: [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] 2 False What exactly am I doing wrong?

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• how to click on a button in python

  - by Ciobanu Alexandru

  Trying to build some bot for clicking "skip-ad" button on a page. So far, i manage to use Mechanize to load a web-driver browser and to connect to some page but Mechanize module do not support js directly so now i need something like Selenium if i understand correct. I am also a beginner in programming so please be specific. How can i use Selenium or if there is any other solution, please explain details. This is the inner html code for the button: <a id="skip-ad" class="btn btn-inverse" onclick="open_url('http://imgur.com/gallery/tDK9V68', 'go'); return false;" style="font-weight: bold; " target="_blank" href="http://imgur.com/gallery/tDK9V68"> … </a> And this is my source so far: #!/usr/bin/python # FILENAME: test.py import mechanize import os, time from random import choice, randrange prox_list = [] #list of common UAS to apply to each connection attempt to impersonate browsers user_agent_strings = [ 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/28.0.1468.0 Safari/537.36', 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux i686; en-US; rv:1.9.0.1) Gecko/2008071615 Fedora/3.0.1-1.fc9 Firefox/3.0.1', 'Opera/9.80 (Windows NT 6.0) Presto/2.12.388 Version/12.14', 'Opera/9.80 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.6.8; U; fr) Presto/2.9.168 Version/11.52', 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; rv:23.0) Gecko/20131011 Firefox/23.0', 'Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0; SLCC2; Media Center PC 6.0; InfoPath.3; MS-RTC LM 8; Zune 4.7', 'Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; Trident/5.0; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; SLCC2; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; Zune 4.0; Tablet PC 2.0; InfoPath.3; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E)', 'Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.6; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/5.0; InfoPath.2; SLCC1; .NET CLR 3.0.4506.2152; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 2.0.50727) 3gpp-gba UNTRUSTED/1.0', 'Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.0; Trident/5.0; chromeframe/11.0.696.57)', 'Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 6.0; Trident/4.0; InfoPath.1; SV1; .NET CLR 3.8.36217; WOW64; en-US)', 'Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 6.1; Trident/4.0; GTB7.4; InfoPath.2; SV1; .NET CLR 3.3.69573; WOW64; en-US)' ] def load_proxy_list(target): #loads and parses the proxy list file = open(target, 'r') count = 0 for line in file: prox_list.append(line) count += 1 print "Loaded " + str(count) + " proxies!" load_proxy_list('proxies.txt') #for i in range(1,(len(prox_list) - 1)): # depreceated for overloading for i in range(1,30): br = mechanize.Browser() #pick a random UAS to add some extra cover to the bot br.addheaders = [('User-agent', choice(user_agent_strings))] print "----------------------------------------------------" #This is bad internet ethics br.set_handle_robots(False) #choose a proxy proxy = choice(prox_list) br.set_proxies({"http": proxy}) br.set_debug_http(True) try: print "Trying connection with: " + str(proxy) #currently using: BTC CoinURL - Grooveshark Broadcast br.open("http://cur.lv/4czwj") print "Opened successfully!" #act like a nice little drone and view the ads sleep_time_on_link = randrange(17.0,34.0) time.sleep(sleep_time_on_link) except mechanize.HTTPError, e: print "Oops Request threw " + str(e.code) #future versions will handle codes properly, 404 most likely means # the ad-linker has noticed bot-traffic and removed the link # or the used proxy is terrible. We will either geo-locate # proxies beforehand and pick good hosts, or ditch the link # which is worse case scenario, account is closed because of botting except mechanize.URLError, e: print "Oops! Request was refused, blacklisting proxy!" + str(e) prox_list.remove(proxy) del br #close browser entirely #wait between 5-30 seconds like a good little human sleep_time = randrange(5.0, 30.0) print "Waiting for %.1f seconds like a good bot." % (sleep_time) time.sleep(sleep_time)

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• Python: nonblocking read from stdout of threaded subprocess

  - by sberry2A

  I have a script (worker.py) that prints unbuffered output in the form... 1 2 3 . . . n where n is some constant number of iterations a loop in this script will make. In another script (service_controller.py) I start a number of threads, each of which starts a subprocess using subprocess.Popen(stdout=subprocess.PIPE, ...); Now, in my main thread (service_controller.py) I want to read the output of each thread's worker.py subprocess and use it to calculate an estimate for the time remaining till completion. I have all of the logic working that reads the stdout from worker.py and determines the last printed number. The problem is that I can not figure out how to do this in a non-blocking way. If I read a constant bufsize then each read will end up waiting for the same data from each of the workers. I have tried numerous ways including using fcntl, select + os.read, etc. What is my best option here? I can post my source if needed, but I figured the explanation describes the problem well enough. Thanks for any help here. EDIT Adding sample code I have a worker that starts a subprocess. class WorkerThread(threading.Thread): def __init__(self): self.completed = 0 self.process = None self.lock = threading.RLock() threading.Thread.__init__(self) def run(self): cmd = ["/path/to/script", "arg1", "arg2"] self.process = subprocess.Popen(cmd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, bufsize=1, shell=False) #flags = fcntl.fcntl(self.process.stdout, fcntl.F_GETFL) #fcntl.fcntl(self.process.stdout.fileno(), fcntl.F_SETFL, flags | os.O_NONBLOCK) def get_completed(self): self.lock.acquire(); fd = select.select([self.process.stdout.fileno()], [], [], 5)[0] if fd: self.data += os.read(fd, 1) try: self.completed = int(self.data.split("\n")[-2]) except IndexError: pass self.lock.release() return self.completed I then have a ThreadManager. class ThreadManager(): def __init__(self): self.pool = [] self.running = [] self.lock = threading.Lock() def clean_pool(self, pool): for worker in [x for x in pool is not x.isAlive()]: worker.join() pool.remove(worker) del worker return pool def run(self, concurrent=5): while len(self.running) + len(self.pool) > 0: self.clean_pool(self.running) n = min(max(concurrent - len(self.running), 0), len(self.pool)) if n > 0: for worker in self.pool[0:n]: worker.start() self.running.extend(self.pool[0:n]) del self.pool[0:n] time.sleep(.01) for worker in self.running + self.pool: worker.join() and some code to run it. threadManager = ThreadManager() for i in xrange(0, 5): threadManager.pool.append(WorkerThread()) threadManager.run() I have stripped out a log of the other code in hopes to try to pinpoint the issue.

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• Python Memory leak - Solved, but still puzzled

  - by disappearedng

  Dear everyone, I have successfully debugged my own memory leak problems. However, I have noticed some very strange occurence. for fid, fv in freqDic.iteritems(): outf.write(fid+"\t") #ID for i, term in enumerate(domain): #Vector tfidf = self.tf(term, fv) * self.idf( term, docFreqDic) if i == len(domain) - 1: outf.write("%f\n" % tfidf) else: outf.write("%f\t" % tfidf) outf.flush() print "Memory increased by", int(self.memory_mon.usage()) - startMemory outf.close() def tf(self, term, freqVector): total = freqVector[TOTAL] if total == 0: return 0 if term not in freqVector: ## When you don't have these lines memory leaks occurs return 0 ## return float(freqVector[term]) / freqVector[TOTAL] def idf(self, term, docFrequencyPerTerm): if term not in docFrequencyPerTerm: return 0 return math.log( float(docFrequencyPerTerm[TOTAL])/docFrequencyPerTerm[term]) Basically let me describe my problem: 1) I am doing tfidf calculations 2) I traced that the source of memory leaks is coming from defaultdict. 3) I am using the memory_mon from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/276052/how-to-get-current-cpu-and-ram-usage-in-python 4) The reason for my memory leaks is as follows: a) in self.tf, if the lines: if term not in freqVector: return 0 are not added that will cause the memory leak. (I verified this myself using memory_mon and noticed a sharp increase in memory that kept on increasing) The solution to my problem was 1) since fv is a defaultdict, any reference to it that are not found in fv will create an entry. Over a very large domain, this will cause memory leaks. I decided to use dict instead of default dict and the memory problem did go away. My only puzzle is: since fv is created in "for fid, fv in freqDic.iteritems():" shouldn't fv be destroyed at the end of every for loop? I tried putting gc.collect() at the end of the for loop but gc was not able to collect everything (returns 0). Yes, the hypothesis is right, but the memory should stay fairly consistent with ever for loop if for loops do destroy all temp variables. This is what it looks like with that two line in self.tf: Memory increased by 12 Memory increased by 948 Memory increased by 28 Memory increased by 36 Memory increased by 36 Memory increased by 32 Memory increased by 28 Memory increased by 32 Memory increased by 32 Memory increased by 32 Memory increased by 40 Memory increased by 32 Memory increased by 32 Memory increased by 28 and without the the two line: Memory increased by 1652 Memory increased by 3576 Memory increased by 4220 Memory increased by 5760 Memory increased by 7296 Memory increased by 8840 Memory increased by 10456 Memory increased by 12824 Memory increased by 13460 Memory increased by 15000 Memory increased by 17448 Memory increased by 18084 Memory increased by 19628 Memory increased by 22080 Memory increased by 22708 Memory increased by 24248 Memory increased by 26704 Memory increased by 27332 Memory increased by 28864 Memory increased by 30404 Memory increased by 32856 Memory increased by 33552 Memory increased by 35024 Memory increased by 36564 Memory increased by 39016 Memory increased by 39924 Memory increased by 42104 Memory increased by 42724 Memory increased by 44268 Memory increased by 46720 Memory increased by 47352 Memory increased by 48952 Memory increased by 50428 Memory increased by 51964 Memory increased by 53508 Memory increased by 55960 Memory increased by 56584 Memory increased by 58404 Memory increased by 59668 Memory increased by 61208 Memory increased by 62744 Memory increased by 64400 I look forward to your answer

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• How much customization can you do with djangoforms.ModelForm?

  - by Randell

  I've just started playing with The Django Form Validation Framework on Google App Engine (from google.appengine.ext.db import djangoforms) and I got stuck googling how to customize forms using it. I was wondering whether the following are possible using the package: Add help texts beside/below input/select fields and textareas (e.g. "This field is required", "Example: qwerty123") Add/modify attributes for the input/select fields and textareas (e.g. adding the following attributes: class, id, name, maxlength, minlength, etc.) Add custom validations like checking whether a particular field should be unique or checking a value against a regular expression Modify the error messages Add another column to the table generated by the form Also note that djangoforms.ModelForm is different from django.forms.Form.

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• PostgreSQL to Data-Warehouse: Best approach for near-real-time ETL / extraction of data

  - by belvoir

  Background: I have a PostgreSQL (v8.3) database that is heavily optimized for OLTP. I need to extract data from it on a semi real-time basis (some-one is bound to ask what semi real-time means and the answer is as frequently as I reasonably can but I will be pragmatic, as a benchmark lets say we are hoping for every 15min) and feed it into a data-warehouse. How much data? At peak times we are talking approx 80-100k rows per min hitting the OLTP side, off-peak this will drop significantly to 15-20k. The most frequently updated rows are ~64 bytes each but there are various tables etc so the data is quite diverse and can range up to 4000 bytes per row. The OLTP is active 24x5.5. Best Solution? From what I can piece together the most practical solution is as follows: Create a TRIGGER to write all DML activity to a rotating CSV log file Perform whatever transformations are required Use the native DW data pump tool to efficiently pump the transformed CSV into the DW Why this approach? TRIGGERS allow selective tables to be targeted rather than being system wide + output is configurable (i.e. into a CSV) and are relatively easy to write and deploy. SLONY uses similar approach and overhead is acceptable CSV easy and fast to transform Easy to pump CSV into the DW Alternatives considered .... Using native logging (http://www.postgresql.org/docs/8.3/static/runtime-config-logging.html). Problem with this is it looked very verbose relative to what I needed and was a little trickier to parse and transform. However it could be faster as I presume there is less overhead compared to a TRIGGER. Certainly it would make the admin easier as it is system wide but again, I don't need some of the tables (some are used for persistent storage of JMS messages which I do not want to log) Querying the data directly via an ETL tool such as Talend and pumping it into the DW ... problem is the OLTP schema would need tweaked to support this and that has many negative side-effects Using a tweaked/hacked SLONY - SLONY does a good job of logging and migrating changes to a slave so the conceptual framework is there but the proposed solution just seems easier and cleaner Using the WAL Has anyone done this before? Want to share your thoughts?

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• how to make a function recursive

  - by tom smith

  i have this huge function and i am wondering how to make it recursive. i have the base case which should never come true, so it should always go to else and keep calling itself with the variable t increases. any help would be great thanks def draw(x, y, t, planets): if 'Satellites' in planets["Moon"]: print ("fillcircle", x, y, planets["Moon"]['Radius']*scale) else: while True: print("refresh") print("colour 0 0 0") print("clear") print("colour 255 255 255") print("fillcircle",x,y,planets['Sun']['Radius']*scale) print("text ", "\"Sun\"",x+planets['Sun']['Radius']*scale,y) if "Mercury" in planets: r_Mercury=planets['Mercury']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",x,y,r_Mercury) r_Xmer=x+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Mercury']['Period'])*r_Mercury r_Ymer=y+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Mercury']['Period'])*r_Mercury print("fillcircle",r_Xmer,r_Ymer,3) print("text ", "\"Mercury\"",r_Xmer+planets['Mercury']['Radius']*scale,r_Ymer) if "Venus" in planets: r_Venus=planets['Venus']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",x,y,r_Venus) r_Xven=x+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Venus']['Period'])*r_Venus r_Yven=y+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Venus']['Period'])*r_Venus print("fillcircle",r_Xven,r_Yven,3) print("text ", "\"Venus\"",r_Xven+planets['Venus']['Radius']*scale,r_Yven) if "Earth" in planets: r_Earth=planets['Earth']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",x,y,r_Earth) r_Xe=x+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Earth']['Period'])*r_Earth r_Ye=y+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Earth']['Period'])*r_Earth print("fillcircle",r_Xe,r_Ye,3) print("text ", "\"Earth\"",r_Xe+planets['Earth']['Radius']*scale,r_Ye) if "Moon" in planets: r_Moon=planets['Moon']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",r_Xe,r_Ye,r_Moon) r_Xm=r_Xe+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Moon']['Period'])*r_Moon r_Ym=r_Ye+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Moon']['Period'])*r_Moon print("fillcircle",r_Xm,r_Ym,3) print("text ", "\"Moon\"",r_Xm+planets['Moon']['Radius']*scale,r_Ym) if "Mars" in planets: r_Mars=planets['Mars']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",x,y,r_Mars) r_Xmar=x+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Mars']['Period'])*r_Mars r_Ymar=y+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Mars']['Period'])*r_Mars print("fillcircle",r_Xmar,r_Ymar,3) print("text ", "\"Mars\"",r_Xmar+planets['Mars']['Radius']*scale,r_Ymar) if "Phobos" in planets: r_Phobos=planets['Phobos']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",r_Xmar,r_Ymar,r_Phobos) r_Xpho=r_Xmar+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Phobos']['Period'])*r_Phobos r_Ypho=r_Ymar+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Phobos']['Period'])*r_Phobos print("fillcircle",r_Xpho,r_Ypho,3) print("text ", "\"Phobos\"",r_Xpho+planets['Phobos']['Radius']*scale,r_Ypho) if "Deimos" in planets: r_Deimos=planets['Deimos']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",r_Xmar,r_Ymar,r_Deimos) r_Xdei=r_Xmar+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Deimos']['Period'])*r_Deimos r_Ydei=r_Ymar+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Deimos']['Period'])*r_Deimos print("fillcircle",r_Xdei,r_Ydei,3) print("text ", "\"Deimos\"",r_Xpho+planets['Deimos']['Radius']*scale,r_Ydei) if "Ceres" in planets: r_Ceres=planets['Ceres']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",x,y,r_Ceres) r_Xcer=x+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Ceres']['Period'])*r_Ceres r_Ycer=y+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Ceres']['Period'])*r_Ceres print("fillcircle",r_Xcer,r_Ycer,3) print("text ", "\"Ceres\"",r_Xcer+planets['Ceres']['Radius']*scale,r_Ycer) if "Jupiter" in planets: r_Jupiter=planets['Jupiter']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",x,y,r_Jupiter) r_Xjup=x+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Jupiter']['Period'])*r_Jupiter r_Yjup=y+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Jupiter']['Period'])*r_Jupiter print("fillcircle",r_Xjup,r_Yjup,3) print("text ", "\"Jupiter\"",r_Xjup+planets['Jupiter']['Radius']*scale,r_Yjup) if "Io" in planets: r_Io=planets['Io']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",r_Xjup,r_Yjup,r_Io) r_Xio=r_Xjup+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Io']['Period'])*r_Io r_Yio=r_Yjup+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Io']['Period'])*r_Io print("fillcircle",r_Xio,r_Yio,3) print("text ", "\"Io\"",r_Xio+planets['Io']['Radius']*scale,r_Yio) if "Europa" in planets: r_Europa=planets['Europa']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",r_Xjup,r_Yjup,r_Europa) r_Xeur=r_Xjup+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Europa']['Period'])*r_Europa r_Yeur=r_Yjup+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Europa']['Period'])*r_Europa print("fillcircle",r_Xeur,r_Yeur,3) print("text ", "\"Europa\"",r_Xeur+planets['Europa']['Radius']*scale,r_Yeur) if "Ganymede" in planets: r_Ganymede=planets['Ganymede']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",r_Xjup,r_Yjup,r_Ganymede) r_Xgan=r_Xjup+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Ganymede']['Period'])*r_Ganymede r_Ygan=r_Yjup+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Ganymede']['Period'])*r_Ganymede print("fillcircle",r_Xgan,r_Ygan,3) print("text ", "\"Ganymede\"",r_Xgan+planets['Ganymede']['Radius']*scale,r_Ygan) if "Callisto" in planets: r_Callisto=planets['Callisto']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",r_Xjup,r_Yjup,r_Callisto) r_Xcal=r_Xjup+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Callisto']['Period'])*r_Callisto r_Ycal=r_Yjup+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Callisto']['Period'])*r_Callisto print("fillcircle",r_Xcal,r_Ycal,3) print("text ", "\"Callisto\"",r_Xcal+planets['Callisto']['Radius']*scale,r_Ycal) if "Saturn" in planets: r_Saturn=planets['Saturn']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",x,y,r_Saturn) r_Xsat=x+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Saturn']['Period'])*r_Saturn r_Ysat=y+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Saturn']['Period'])*r_Saturn print("fillcircle",r_Xsat,r_Ysat,3) print("text ", "\"Saturn\"",r_Xsat+planets['Saturn']['Radius']*scale,r_Ysat) if "Mimas" in planets: r_Mimas=planets['Mimas']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",r_Xsat,r_Ysat,r_Mimas) r_Xmim=r_Xsat+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Mimas']['Period'])*r_Mimas r_Ymim=r_Ysat+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Mimas']['Period'])*r_Mimas print("fillcircle",r_Xmim,r_Ymim,3) print("text ", "\"Mimas\"",r_Xmim+planets['Mimas']['Radius']*scale,r_Ymim) if "Enceladus" in planets: r_Enceladus=planets['Enceladus']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",r_Xsat,r_Ysat,r_Enceladus) r_Xenc=r_Xsat+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Enceladus']['Period'])*r_Enceladus r_Yenc=r_Ysat+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Enceladus']['Period'])*r_Enceladus print("fillcircle",r_Xenc,r_Yenc,3) print("text ", "\"Enceladus\"",r_Xenc+planets['Enceladus']['Radius']*scale,r_Yenc) if "Tethys" in planets: r_Tethys=planets['Tethys']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",r_Xsat,r_Ysat,r_Tethys) r_Xtet=r_Xsat+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Tethys']['Period'])*r_Tethys r_Ytet=r_Ysat+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Tethys']['Period'])*r_Tethys print("fillcircle",r_Xtet,r_Ytet,3) print("text ", "\"Tethys\"",r_Xtet+planets['Tethys']['Radius']*scale,r_Ytet) if "Dione" in planets: r_Dione=planets['Dione']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",r_Xsat,r_Ysat,r_Dione) r_Xdio=r_Xsat+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Dione']['Period'])*r_Dione r_Ydio=r_Ysat+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Dione']['Period'])*r_Dione print("fillcircle",r_Xdio,r_Ydio,3) print("text ", "\"Dione\"",r_Xdio+planets['Dione']['Radius']*scale,r_Ydio) if "Rhea" in planets: r_Rhea=planets['Rhea']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",r_Xsat,r_Ysat,r_Rhea) r_Xrhe=r_Xsat+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Rhea']['Period'])*r_Rhea r_Yrhe=r_Ysat+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Rhea']['Period'])*r_Rhea print("fillcircle",r_Xrhe,r_Yrhe,3) print("text ", "\"Rhea\"",r_Xrhe+planets['Rhea']['Radius']*scale,r_Yrhe) if "Titan" in planets: r_Titan=planets['Titan']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",r_Xsat,r_Ysat,r_Titan) r_Xtit=r_Xsat+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Titan']['Period'])*r_Titan r_Ytit=r_Ysat+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Titan']['Period'])*r_Titan print("fillcircle",r_Xtit,r_Ytit,3) print("text ", "\"Titan\"",r_Xtit+planets['Titan']['Radius']*scale,r_Ytit) if "Iapetus" in planets: r_Iapetus=planets['Iapetus']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",r_Xsat,r_Ysat,r_Iapetus) r_Xiap=r_Xsat+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Iapetus']['Period'])*r_Iapetus r_Yiap=r_Ysat+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Iapetus']['Period'])*r_Iapetus print("fillcircle",r_Xiap,r_Yiap,3) print("text ", "\"Iapetus\"",r_Xiap+planets['Iapetus']['Radius']*scale,r_Yiap) if "Uranus" in planets: r_Uranus=planets['Uranus']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",x,y,r_Uranus) r_Xura=x+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Uranus']['Period'])*r_Uranus r_Yura=y+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Uranus']['Period'])*r_Uranus print("fillcircle",r_Xura,r_Yura,3) print("text ", "\"Uranus\"",r_Xura+planets['Uranus']['Radius']*scale,r_Yura) if "Puck" in planets: r_Puck=planets['Puck']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",r_Xura,r_Yura,r_Puck) r_Xpuc=r_Xura+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Puck']['Period'])*r_Puck r_Ypuc=r_Yura+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Puck']['Period'])*r_Puck print("fillcircle",r_Xpuc,r_Ypuc,3) print("text ", "\"Puck\"",r_Xpuc+planets['Puck']['Radius']*scale,r_Ypuc) if "Miranda" in planets: r_Miranda=planets['Miranda']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",r_Xura,r_Yura,r_Miranda) r_Xmira=r_Xura+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Miranda']['Period'])*r_Miranda r_Ymira=r_Yura+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Miranda']['Period'])*r_Miranda print("fillcircle",r_Xmira,r_Ymira,3) print("text ", "\"Miranda\"",r_Xmira+planets['Miranda']['Radius']*scale,r_Ymira) if "Ariel" in planets: r_Ariel=planets['Ariel']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",r_Xura,r_Yura,r_Ariel) r_Xari=r_Xura+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Ariel']['Period'])*r_Ariel r_Yari=r_Yura+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Ariel']['Period'])*r_Ariel print("fillcircle",r_Xari,r_Yari,3) print("text ", "\"Ariel\"",r_Xari+planets['Ariel']['Radius']*scale,r_Yari) if "Umbriel" in planets: r_Umbriel=planets['Umbriel']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",r_Xura,r_Yura,r_Umbriel) r_Xumb=r_Xura+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Umbriel']['Period'])*r_Umbriel r_Yumb=r_Yura+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Umbriel']['Period'])*r_Umbriel print("fillcircle",r_Xumb,r_Yumb,3) print("text ", "\"Umbriel\"",r_Xumb+planets['Umbriel']['Radius']*scale,r_Yumb) if "Titania" in planets: r_Titania=planets['Titania']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",r_Xura,r_Yura,r_Titania) r_Xtita=r_Xura+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Titania']['Period'])*r_Titania r_Ytita=r_Yura+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Titania']['Period'])*r_Titania print("fillcircle",r_Xtita,r_Ytita,3) print("text ", "\"Titania\"",r_Xtita+planets['Titania']['Radius']*scale,r_Ytita) if "Oberon" in planets: r_Oberon=planets['Oberon']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",r_Xura,r_Yura,r_Oberon) r_Xober=r_Xura+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Oberon']['Period'])*r_Oberon r_Yober=r_Yura+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Oberon']['Period'])*r_Oberon print("fillcircle",r_Xober,r_Yober,3) print("text ", "\"Oberon\"",r_Xober+planets['Oberon']['Radius']*scale,r_Yober) if "Neptune" in planets: r_Neptune=planets['Neptune']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",x,y,r_Neptune) r_Xnep=x+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Neptune']['Period'])*r_Neptune r_Ynep=y+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Neptune']['Period'])*r_Neptune print("fillcircle",r_Xnep,r_Ynep,3) print("text ", "\"Neptune\"",r_Xnep+planets['Neptune']['Radius']*scale,r_Ynep) if "Titan" in planets: r_Titan=planets['Titan']['Orbital Radius']*scale; print("circle",r_Xnep,r_Ynep,r_Titan) r_Xtita=r_Xnep+math.sin(t*2*math.pi/planets['Titan']['Period'])*r_Titan r_Ytita=r_Ynep+math.cos(t*2*math.pi/planets['Titan']['Period'])*r_Titan print("fillcircle",r_Xtita,r_Ytita,3) print("text ", "\"Titan\"",r_Xtita+planets['Titan']['Radius']*scale,r_Ytita) t += 0.003 print(draw(x, y, t, planets))

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• How to convert strings into integers in python?

  - by elfuego1

  Hello there, I have a tuple of tuples from MySQL query like this: T1 = (('13', '17', '18', '21', '32'), ('07', '11', '13', '14', '28'), ('01', '05', '06', '08', '15', '16')) I'd like to convert all the string elements into integers and put it back nicely to list of lists this time: T2 = [[13, 17, 18, 21, 32], [7, 11, 13, 14, 28], [1, 5, 6, 8, 15, 16]] I tried to achieve it with "eval" but didn't get any decent result yet.

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