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• Python mistaking float for string

  - by wrongusername

  I receive TypeError: Can't convert 'float' object to str implicitly while using Gambler.pot += round(self.bet + self.money * 0.1) where pot, bet, and money are all doubles (or at least are supposed to be). I'm not sure if this is yet another Eclipse thing, but how do I get the line to compile? Code where bet and money are initialized: money = 0 bet = 0

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• Operations on Python hashes

  - by cdecker

  I've got a rather strange problem. For a Distributed Hash Table I need to be able to do some simple math operations on MD5 hashes. These include a sum (numeric sum represented by the hash) and a modulo operation. Now I'm wondering what the best way to implement these operations is. I'm using hashlib to calculate the hashes, but since the hashes I get are then string, how do I calculate with them?

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• weakref list in python

  - by Dan

  I'm in need of a list of weak references that deletes items when they die. Currently the only way I have of doing this is to keep flushing the list (removing dead references manually). I'm aware there's a WeakKeyDictionary and a WeakValueDictionary, but I'm really after a WeakList, is there a way of doing this? Here's an example: import weakref class A(object): def __init__(self): pass class B(object): def __init__(self): self._references = [] def addReference(self, obj): self._references.append(weakref.ref(obj)) def flush(self): toRemove = [] for ref in self._references: if ref() is None: toRemove.append(ref) for item in toRemove: self._references.remove(item) b = B() a1 = A() b.addReference(a1) a2 = A() b.addReference(a2) del a1 b.flush() del a2 b.flush()

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• How to get the content of "Google Dictionary" by python script

  - by user313439

  Thank to the script, I've logged in google successfully. But I replaced the value of "gv_home_page_url" with http:// www.google.com.tw/dictionary/wordlist?hl=zh-TW, the error occured. The message is " urllib2.HTTPError: HTTP Error 500: Internal Server Error" Any idea will be appreciated, thanks.

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• finding the missing values in a range using any scripting language - perl, python or shell script

  - by manu

  Hi everyone I got stuck in one problem of finding the missing values in a range and the range is also variable for the successive rows. Ex. =================== inpt ==================== 673 673 673 676 676 680 2667 2667 2668 2670 2671 2674 ===================== output should be like this =================== 674 675 677 678 679 2669 2672 2673 ======================== This is just one part and the row values can be more also If there is any clarification plz let me know. thanx in advance manu

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• Python utf-8 decoding issue with hashlib.digest() method

  - by Sorw

  Hello StackOverflow community, Using Google App Engine, I wrote a keyToSha256() method within a model class (extending db.Model) : class Car(db.Model): def keyToSha256(self): keyhash = hashlib.sha256(str(self.key())).digest() return keyhash When displaying the output (ultimately within a Django template), I get garbled text, for example : ?????_??!`?I?!?;?QeqN??Al?'2 I was expecting something more in line with this : 9f86d081884c7d659a2feaa0c55ad015a3bf4f1b2b0b822cd15d6c15b0f00a08 Am I missing something important ? Despite reading several guides on ASCII, Unicode, utf-8 and the like, I think I'm still far from mastering the secrets of string encoding/decoding. After browsing StackOverflow and searching for insights via Google, I figured out I should ask the question here. Any idea ? Thanks !

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• Python Socket Getting Connection Reset

  - by Ian

  I created a threaded socket listener that stores newly accepted connections in a queue. The socket threads then read from the queue and respond. For some reason, when doing benchmarking with 'ab' (apache benchmark) using a concurrency of 2 or more, I always get a connection reset before it's able to complete the benchmark (this is taking place locally, so there's no external connection issue). class server: _ip = '' _port = 8888 def __init__(self, ip=None, port=None): if ip is not None: self._ip = ip if port is not None: self._port = port self.server_listener(self._ip, self._port) def now(self): return time.ctime(time.time()) def http_responder(self, conn, addr): httpobj = http_builder() httpobj.header('HTTP/1.1 200 OK') httpobj.header('Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8') httpobj.header('Connection: close') httpobj.body("Everything looks good") data = httpobj.generate() sent = conn.sendall(data) def http_thread(self, id): self.log("THREAD %d: Starting Up..." % id) while True: conn, addr = self.q.get() ip, port = addr self.log("THREAD %d: responding to request: %s:%s - %s" % (id, ip, port, self.now())) self.http_responder(conn, addr) self.q.task_done() conn.close() def server_listener(self, host, port): self.q = Queue.Queue(0) sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) sock.bind( (host, port) ) sock.listen(5) for i in xrange(4): #thread count thread.start_new(self.http_thread, (i+1, )) while True: self.q.put(sock.accept()) sock.close() server('', 9999) When running the benchmark, I get totally random numbers of good requests before it errors out, usually between 4 and 500. Edit: Took me a while to figure it out, but the problem was in sock.listen(5). Because I was using apache benchmark with a higher concurrency (5 and up) it was causing the backlog of connections to pile up, at which point the connections started getting dropped by the socket.

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• global variable and Python

  - by rejinacm

  A global variable created in one function cannot be used in another function directly. Instead I need to store the global variable in a local variable of the function which needs its access. Am I correct? Why is it so?

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• Python slicing a string using space characters and a maximum length

  - by chrism

  I'd like to slice a string up in a similar way to .split() (so resulting in a list) but in a more intelligent way: I'd like it to split it into chunks that are up to 15 characters, but are not split mid word so: string = 'A string with words' [splitting process takes place] list = ('A string with','words') The string in this example is split between 'with' and 'words' because that's the last place you can split it and the first bit be 15 characters or less.

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• problem plotting on logscale in matplotlib in python

  - by user248237

  I am trying to plot the following numbers on a log scale as a scatter plot in matplotlib. Both the quantities on the x and y axes have very different scales, and one of the variables has a huge dynamic range (nearly 0 to 12 million roughly) while the other is between nearly 0 and 2. I think it might be good to plot both on a log scale. I tried the following, for a subset of the values of the two variables: fig = plt.figure(figsize(8, 8)) ax = fig.add_subplot(1, 1, 1) ax.set_yscale('log') ax.set_xscale('log') plt.scatter([1.341, 0.1034, 0.6076, 1.4278, 0.0374], [0.37, 0.12, 0.22, 0.4, 0.08]) The x-axes appear log scaled but the points do not appear -- only two points appear. Any idea how to fix this? Also, how can I make this log scale appear on a square axes, so that the correlation between the two variables can be interpreted from the scatter plot? thanks.

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• Python optimization

  - by Rami Jarrar

  Hi, I do like this: f = open('wl4.txt', 'w') hh = 0 ###################################### for n in range(1,5): for l in range(33,127): if n==1: b = chr(l) + '\n' f.write(b) hh += 1 elif n==2: for s0 in range(33, 127): b = chr(l) + chr(s0) + '\n' f.write(b) hh += 1 elif n==3: for s0 in range(33, 127): for s1 in range(33, 127): b = chr(l) + chr(s0) + chr(s1) + '\n' f.write(b) hh += 1 elif n==4: for s0 in range(33, 127): for s1 in range(33, 127): for s2 in range(33,127): b = chr(l) + chr(s0) + chr(s1) + chr(s2) + '\n' f.write(b) hh += 1 ###################################### print "We Made %d Words." %(hh) ###################################### f.close() So, is there any method to make it faster?

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• How to log python exception ?

  - by Maxim Veksler

  Hi, Coming from java, being familiar with logback I used to do try { ... catch (Exception e) { log("Error at X", e); } I would like the same functionality of being able to log the exception and the stacktrace into a file. How would you recommend me implementing this? Currently using boto logging infrastructre, boto.log.info(...) I've looked at some options and found out I can access the actual exception details using this code: import sys try: 1/0 except: exc_type, exc_value, exc_traceback = sys.exc_info() traceback.print_exception(exc_type, exc_value, exc_traceback) I would like to somehow get the string print_exception() throws to stdout so that I can log it. Thank you, Maxim.

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• Can someone here explain constructors and destructors in python - simple explanation required - new

  - by rgolwalkar

  i will try to see if it makes sense :- class Person: '''Represnts a person ''' population = 0 def __init__(self,name): //some statements and population += 1 def __del__(self): //some statements and population -= 1 def sayHi(self): '''grettings from person''' print 'Hi My name is %s' % self.name def howMany(self): '''Prints the current population''' if Person.population == 1: print 'i am the only one here' else: print 'There are still %d guyz left ' % Person.population rohan = Person('Rohan') rohan.sayHi() rohan.howMany() sanju = Person('Sanjivi') sanju.howMany() del rohan # am i doing this correctly --- ? i need to get an explanation for this del - destructor O/P:- Initializing person data ****************************************** Initializing Rohan ****************************************** Population now is: 1 Hi My name is Rohan i am the only one here Initializing person data ****************************************** Initializing Sanjivi ****************************************** Population now is: 2 In case Person dies: ****************************************** Sanjivi Bye Bye world there are still 1 people left i am the only one here In case Person dies: ****************************************** Rohan Bye Bye world i am the last person on earth Population now is: 0 If required i can paste the whole lesson as well --- learning from :- http://www.ibiblio.org/swaroopch/byteofpython/read/

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• Python datetime not including DST when using pytz timezone

  - by Jesper

  If I convert a UTC datetime to swedish format, summertime is included (CEST). However, while creating a datetime with sweden as the timezone, it gets CET instead of CEST. Why is this? >>> # Modified for readability >>> import pytz >>> import datetime >>> sweden = pytz.timezone('Europe/Stockholm') >>> >>> datetime.datetime(2010, 4, 20, 16, 20, tzinfo=pytz.utc).astimezone(sweden) datetime(2010, 4, 20, 18, 20, tzinfo=<... 'Europe/Stockholm' CEST+2:00:00 DST>) >>> >>> datetime.datetime(2010, 4, 20, 18, 20, tzinfo=sweden) datetime(2010, 4, 20, 18, 20, tzinfo=<... 'Europe/Stockholm' CET+1:00:00 STD>) >>>

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• [Python]Xml add a node from another xml document

  - by michele

  Hi, I have two xml file: 1)model.xml 2)projectionParametersTemplate.xml I want to extract from 1) Algorithm Node with his child and put it in 2) I have wrote this code but it doesn't function. from xml.dom.minidom import Document from xml.dom import minidom xmlmodel=minidom.parse("/home/michele/Scrivania/d/model.xml") xmltemplate=minidom.parse("/home/michele/Scrivania/d/projectionParametersTemplate.xml") for Node in xmlmodel.getElementsByTagName("Algorithm"): print "\nNode: "+str(Node) for Node2 in xmltemplate.getElementsByTagName("ProjectionParameters"): print "\nNode2: "+str(Node2) Node2.appendChild(Node) This is model.xml link text This is projectionParametersTemplate.xml link text Thanks a lot.

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• Remove certain filetypes in Python

  - by Gareth

  Hello. I am running a script that walks a directory structure and generates new files in each folder in the directory. I want to delete some of the files right after creation. This is my idea, but it is quite wrong I imagine: directory = os.path.dirname(obj) m = MeshExporterApplication(directory) os.remove(os.path.join(directory,"*.mesh.xml")) How to you put wildcards in a path? I guess not like /home/me/*.txt, but that is what I am trying. Thanks, Gareth

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• Dynamic/runtime method creation (code generation) in Python

  - by Eli Bendersky

  Hello, I need to generate code for a method at runtime. It's important to be able to run arbitrary code and have a docstring. I came up with a solution combining exec and setattr, here's a dummy example: class Viking(object): def __init__(self): code = ''' def dynamo(self, arg): """ dynamo's a dynamic method! """ self.weight += 1 return arg * self.weight ''' self.weight = 50 d = {} exec code.strip() in d setattr(self.__class__, 'dynamo', d['dynamo']) if __name__ == "__main__": v = Viking() print v.dynamo(10) print v.dynamo(10) print v.dynamo.__doc__ Is there a better / safer / more idiomatic way of achieving the same result?

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• Regex in Python

  - by newToProgramming

  SO, I am trying create a simple regex that matches the following string: ..."chrX:33267175-33267784 610bp TGATGTTTGGCGAGGAACTC GCAGAGTTTGAAGAGCTCGG\nTGATGTTTGGCGAGGAACTCtactattgttacacttaggaaaataatcta\natccaaaggctttgcatctgtacagaagagcgagtagatactgaaagaga\ntttgcagatccactgttttttaggcaggaagaatgctcgttaaatgcaaa\ncgctgctctggctcatgtgtttgctccgaggtataggttttgttcgactg\nacgtatcagatagtcagagtggttaccacaccgacgttgtagcagctgca\ntaataaatgactgaaagaatcatgttaggcatgcccacctaacctaactt\ngaatcatgcgaaaggggagctgttggaattcaaatagactttctggttcc\ncagcagtcggcagtaatagaatgctttcaggaagatgacagaatcaggag\naaagatgctgttttgcactatcttgatttgttacagcagccaacttattg\ngcatgatggagtgacaggaaaaacagctggcatggaaggtaggattatta\naagctattacatcattacaaatacaattagaagctggccatgacaaagca\ntatgtttgaacaagcagctgttggtagctggggtttgttgCCGAGCTCTT\nCAAACTCTGC\n"... I have created the following regex: <PRE>[.|[\n]]*</PRE>' yet it won't match the string above. Does anyone have a solution to this conundrum and perhaps a reasoning as toward why this doesn't work.

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• Joining the previous and next sentence using python

  - by JudoWill

  I'm trying to join a set of sentences contained in a list. I have a function which determines whether a sentence in worth saving. However, in order to keep the context of the sentence I need to also keep the sentence before and after it. In the edge cases, where its either the first or last sentence then, I'll just keep the sentence and its only neighbor. An example is best: ex_paragraph = ['The quick brown fox jumps over the fence.', 'Where there is another red fox.', 'They run off together.', 'They live hapily ever after.'] t1 = lambda x: x.startswith('Where') t2 = lambda x: x'startswith('The ') The result for t1 should be: ['The quick brown fox jumps over the fence. Where there is another red fox. They run off together.'] The result for t2 should be: ['The quick brown fox jumps over the fence. Where there is another red fox.'] My solution is: def YieldContext(sent_list, cont_fun): def JoinSent(sent_list, ind): if ind == 0: return sent_list[ind]+sent_list[ind+1] elif ind == len(sent_list)-1: return sent_list[ind-1]+sent_list[ind] else: return ' '.join(sent_list[ind-1:ind+1]) for sent, sentnum in izip(sent_list, count(0)): if cont_fun(sent): yield JoinSent(sent_list, sent_num) Does anyone know a "cleaner" or more pythonic way to do something like this. The if-elif-else seems a little forced. Thanks, Will PS. I'm obviously doing this with a more complicated "context-function" but this is just for a simple example.

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• Python class decorator and maximum recursion depth exceeded

  - by Michal Lula

  I try define class decorator. I have problem with __init__ method in decorated class. If __init__ method invokes super the RuntimeError maximum recursion depth exceeded is raised. Code example: def decorate(cls): class NewClass(cls): pass return NewClass @decorate class Foo(object): def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): super(Foo, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs) What I doing wrong? Thanks, Michal

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• Python: Decent config file format

  - by miracle2k

  I'd like to use a configuration file format which supports key value pairs and nestable, repeatable structures, and which is as light on syntax as possible. I'm imagining something along the lines of: cachedir = /var/cache mail_to = [email protected] job { name = my-media frequency = 1 day source { from = /home/michael/Images source { } source { } } job { } I'd be happy with something using significant-whitespace as well. JSON requires too many explicit syntax rules (quoting, commas, etc.). YAML is actually pretty good, but would require the jobs to be defined as a YAML list, which I find slightly awkward to use.

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• A Python Wrapper for Shutterfly. Uploading an Image

  - by iJames

  I'm working on a Django app in which I want to order prints through Shutterfly's Open API: http://www.shutterfly.com/documentation/start.sfly So far I've been able to build the appropriate POSTs and GETs using the modules and suggested code snippets including httplib, httplib2, urllib, urllib2, mimetype, etc. But I'm stuck on the image uploading when placing an order (the ordering process is not the same process as uploading images to albums which I haven't tried.) From what I can tell, I'm supposed to basically create the multipart form data by concatenating the HTTP request body together with the binary data of the image. I take the strings: --myuniqueboundary1273149960.175.1 Content-Disposition: form-data; name="AuthenticationID" auniqueauthenticationid --myuniqueboundary1273149960.175.1 Content-Disposition: file; name="Image.Data"; filename="1_41_orig.jpg" Content-Type: image/jpeg and I put this data into it and end with the final boundary: ...\xb5|\xf88\x1dj\t@\xd9\'\x1f\xc6j\x88{\x8a\xc0\x18\x8eGaJG\x03\xe9J-\xd8\x96[\x91T\xc3\x0eTu\xf4\xaa\xa5Ty\x80\x01\x8c\x9f\xe9Z\xad\x8cg\xba# g\x18\xe2\xaa:\x829\x02\xb4["\x17Q\xe7\x801\xea?\xad7j\xfd\xa2\xdf\x81\xd2\x84D\xb6)\xa8\xcb\xc8O\\\x9a\xaf(\x1cqM\x98\x8d*\xb8\'h\xc8+\x8e:u\xaa\xf3*\x9b\x95\x05F8\xedN%\xcb\xe1B2\xa9~Tw\xedF\xc4\xfe\xe8\xfc\xa9\x983\xff\xd9... That ends up making it look like this (when I use print to debug): ... --myuniqueboundary1273149960.175.1 Content-Disposition: file; name="Image.Data"; filename="1_41_orig.jpg" Content-Type: image/jpeg ????q?ExifMM* ? ??(1?2?<??i?b?NIKON CORPORATIONNIKON D40HHQuickTime 7.62009:02:17 13:05:25Mac OS X 10.5.6%??????"?'??0220?????? ???? ? ?|_???,b???50??5 ... --myuniqueboundary1273149960.175.1-- My code for grabbing the binary data is pretty much this: filedata = open('myjpegfile.jpeg','rb').read() Which I then add to the rest of the body. I've see something like this code everywhere. I'm then using this to post the full request (with the headers too): response = urllib2.urlopen(request).read() This seems to me to be the standard way that form POSTS with files happens. Am I missing something here? At some point I might be able to make this into a library worth posting up on github, but this problem has stopped me cold in my tracks. Thanks for any insight!

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• Python port forwarding/multiplexing server

  - by Ib33X

  I would like to make server that listen on UDP port 162 (SNMP trap) and then forwards this traffic to multiple clients. Also important is that the source port & address stays same (address spoofing). I guess that best tool for this would be Twisted or Scapy or mybe vanilla sockets, only I can't find anything in the documentation for Twisted about source address spoofing/forging. What would you recommend me to do? Edit:added bounty

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• Get last n lines of a file with Python, similar to tail

  - by Armin Ronacher

  I'm writing a log file viewer for a web application and for that I want to paginate through the lines of the log file. The items in the file are line based with the newest item on the bottom. So I need a tail() method that can read n lines from the bottom and supports an offset. What I came up with looks like this: def tail(f, n, offset=0): """Reads a n lines from f with an offset of offset lines.""" avg_line_length = 74 to_read = n + offset while 1: try: f.seek(-(avg_line_length * to_read), 2) except IOError: # woops. apparently file is smaller than what we want # to step back, go to the beginning instead f.seek(0) pos = f.tell() lines = f.read().splitlines() if len(lines) >= to_read or pos == 0: return lines[-to_read:offset and -offset or None] avg_line_length *= 1.3 Is this a reasonable approach? What is the recommended way to tail log files with offsets?

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• Python Django Global Variables

  - by Joe J

  Hi all, I'm looking for simple but recommended way in Django to store a variable in memory only. When Apache restarts or the Django development server restarts, the variable is reset back to 0. More specifically, I want to count how many times a particular action takes place on each model instance (database record), but for performance reasons, I don't want to store these counts in the database. I don't care if the counts disappear after a server restart. But as long as the server is up, I want these counts to be consistent between the Django shell and the web interface, and I want to be able to return how many times the action has taken place on each model instance. I don't want the variables to be associated with a user or session because I might want to return these counts without being logged in (and I want the counts to be consistent no matter what user is logged in). Am I describing a global variable? If so, how do I use one in Django? I've noticed the files like the urls.py, settings.py and models.py seems to be parsed only once per server startup (by contrast to the views.py which seems to be parsed eache time a request is made). Does this mean I should declare my variables in one of those files? Or should I store it in a model attribute somehow (as long as it sticks around for as long as the server is running)? This is probably an easy question, but I'm just not sure how it's done in Django. Any comments or advice is much appreciated. Thanks, Joe

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