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• How to permanently change a variable in a Python game loop

  - by Wehrdo

  I have a game loop like this: #The velocity of the object velocity_x = 0.09 velocity_y = 0.03 #If the location of the object is over 5, bounce off. if loc_x > 5: velocity_x = (velocity_x * -1) if loc_y > 5: velocity_y = (velocity_y * -1) #Every frame set the object's position to the old position plus the velocity obj.setPosition([(loc_x + velocity_x),(loc_y + velocity_y),0]) Basically, my problem is that in the if loops, I change the variable from its original value to the inverse of its old value. But because I declare the variable's value at the beginning of the script, the velocity variables don't stay on what I change it to. I need a way to change the variable's value permanently. Thank you!

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• Python beautiful soup arguments

  - by scott

  Hi I have this code that fetches some text from a page using BeautifulSoup soup= BeautifulSoup(html) body = soup.find('div' , {'id':'body'}) print body I would like to make this as a reusable function that takes in some htmltext and the tags to match it like the following def parse(html, atrs): soup= BeautifulSoup(html) body = soup.find(atrs) return body But if i make a call like this parse(htmlpage, ('div' , {'id':'body'}")) or like parse(htmlpage, ['div' , {'id':'body'}"]) I get only the div element, the body attribute seems to get ignored. Is there a way to fix this?

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• Match HTML tags in two strings using regex in Python

  - by jack

  I want to verify that the HTML tags present in a source string are also present in a target string. For example: >> source = '<em>Hello</em><label>What's your name</label>' >> verify_target(’<em>Hi</em><label>My name is Jim</label>') True >> verify_target('<label>My name is Jim</label><em>Hi</em>') True >> verify_target('<em>Hi<label>My name is Jim</label></em>') False

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• How to Disassemble an object creation in Python?

  - by systempuntoout

  Having a class like this: class Spam(object): def __init__(self, name=''): self.name = name eggs = Spam('systempuntoout') using dis, is it possible to see how an instance of a class and the respective hex Identity are created?

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• Message queue proxy in Python + Twisted

  - by gasper_k

  Hi, I want to implement a lightweight Message Queue proxy. It's job is to receive messages from a web application (PHP) and send them to the Message Queue server asynchronously. The reason for this proxy is that the MQ isn't always avaliable and is sometimes lagging, or even down, but I want to make sure the messages are delivered, and the web application returns immediately. So, PHP would send the message to the MQ proxy running on the same host. That proxy would save the messages to SQLite for persistence, in case of crashes. At the same time it would send the messages from SQLite to the MQ in batches when the connection is available, and delete them from SQLite. Now, the way I understand, there are these components in this service: message listener (listens to the messages from PHP and writes them to a Incoming Queue) DB flusher (reads messages from the Incoming Queue and saves them to a database; due to SQLite single-threadedness) MQ connection handler (keeps the connection to the MQ server online by reconnecting) message sender (collects messages from SQlite db and sends them to the MQ server, then removes them from db) I was thinking of using Twisted for #1 (TCPServer), but I'm having problem with integrating it with other points, which aren't event-driven. Intuition tells me that each of these points should be running in a separate thread, because all are IO-bound and independent of each other, but I could easily put them in a single thread. Even though, I couldn't find any good and clear (to me) examples on how to implement this worker thread aside of Twisted's main loop. The example I've started with is the chatserver.py, which uses service.Application and internet.TCPServer objects. If I start my own thread prior to creating TCPServer service, it runs a few times, but the it stops and never runs again. I'm not sure, why this is happening, but it's probably because I don't use threads with Twisted correctly. Any suggestions on how to implement a separate worker thread and keep Twisted? Do you have any alternative architectures in mind?

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• python iterators and thread-safety

  - by Igor

  I have a class which is being operated on by two functions. One function creates a list of widgets and writes it into the class: def updateWidgets(self): widgets = self.generateWidgetList() self.widgets = widgets the other function deals with the widgets in some way: def workOnWidgets(self): for widget in self.widgets: self.workOnWidget(widget) each of these functions runs in it's own thread. the question is, what happens if the updateWidgets() thread executes while the workOnWidgets() thread is running? I am assuming that the iterator created as part of the for...in loop will keep some kind of reference to the old self.widgets object? So I will finish iterating over the old list... but I'd love to know for sure.

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• Python - Things one MUST avoid

  - by Anurag Uniyal

  Today I was bitten again by "Mutable default arguments" after many years. I usually don't use mutable default arguments unless needed but I think with time I forgot about that, and today in the application I added tocElements=[] in a pdf generation function's argument list and now 'Table of Content' gets longer and longer after each invocation of "generate pdf" :) My question is what other things should I add to my list of things to MUST avoid? 1 Mutable default arguments 2 import modules always same way e.g. 'from y import x' and 'import x' are totally different things actually they are treated as different modules see http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1459236/module-reimported-if-imported-from-different-path 3 Do not use range in place of lists because range() will become an iterator anyway, so things like this will fail, so wrap it by list myIndexList = [0,1,3] isListSorted = myIndexList == range(3) # will fail in 3.0 isListSorted = myIndexList == list(range(3)) # will not same thing can be mistakenly done with xrange e.g myIndexList == xrange(3). 4 Catching multiple exceptions try: raise KeyError("hmm bug") except KeyError,TypeError: print TypeError It prints "hmm bug", though it is not a bug, it looks like we are catching exceptions of type KeyError,TypeError but instead we are catching KeyError only as variable TypeError, instead use try: raise KeyError("hmm bug") except (KeyError,TypeError): print TypeError

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• Invalid syntax in this simple Python application.

  - by Sergio Boombastic

  Getting an invalid syntax when creating the template_value variable: class MainPage(webapp.RequestHandler): def get(self): blogPosts_query = BlogPost.all().order('-postDate') blogPosts = blogPosts_query.fetch(10) if users.get_current_user(): url = users.create_logout_url(self.request.uri) url_linktext = 'Logout' else: url = url = users.create_login_url(self.request.uri) url_linktext = 'Login' template_value = ( 'blogPosts': blogPosts, 'url': url, 'url_linktext': url_linktext, ) path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'index.html') self.response.out.write(template.render(path, template_values)) The error fires specifically on the 'blogPosts': blogPosts line. What am I doing wrong? Thanks!

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• Access static class variable of parent class in Python

  - by fuenfundachtzig

  I have someting like this class A: __a = 0 def __init__(self): A.__a = A.__a + 1 def a(self): return A.__a class B(A): def __init__(self): # how can I access / modify A.__a here? A.__a = A.__a + 1 # does not work def a(self): return A.__a Can I access the __astatic variable in B? It's possible writing a instead of __a, is this the only way? (I guess the answer might be rather short: yes :)

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• What are the steps taken with pip install in python

  - by Lawrence Chernin

  I am trying to install a package via pip, but there were missing files from the zip file. So I copy the files and then compile with gcc. But now I cannot continue with the installation by calling pip install because it sees a pre-existing directory and will not proceed. This is with pip version 1.5.6, but I thought that with earlier versions of pip that it was less fussy about this. What are the remaining steps to complete the package installation?

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• python / sets / dictionary / initialization

  - by Mario D

  Can someone explain help me understand how the this bit of code works? Particularly how the myHeap assignment works. I know the freq variable is assigned as a dictionary. But what about my myHeap? is it a Set? exe_Data = { 'e' : 0.124167, 't' : 0.0969225, 'a' : 0.0820011, 'i' : 0.0768052, } freq = exe_Data) myHeap = [[pct, [symbol, ""]] for symbol, pct in freq.items()]

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• Assign to a slice of a Python list from a lambda

  - by Bushman

  I know that there are certain "special" methods of various objects that represent operations that would normally be performed with operators (i.e. int.__add__ for +, object.__eq__ for ==, etc.), and that one of them is list.__setitem, which can assign a value to a list element. However, I need a function that can assign a list into a slice of another list. Basically, I'm looking for the expression equivalent of some_list[2:4] = [2, 3].

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• python: can't terminate a thread hung in socket.recvfrom() call

  - by Dihlofos

  Hello, everyone I cannot get a way to terminate a thread that is hung in a socket.recvfrom() call. For example, ctrl+c that should trigger KeyboardInterrupt exception can't be caught. Here is a script I've used for testing: from socket import * from threading import Thread from sys import exit class TestThread(Thread): def __init__(self,host="localhost",port=9999): self.sock = socket(AF_INET,SOCK_DGRAM) self.sock.bind((host,port)) super(TestThread,self).__init__() def run(self): while True: try: recv_data,addr = self.sock.recvfrom(1024) except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit): sys.exit() if __name__ == "__main__": server_thread = TestThread() server_thread.start() while True: pass The main thread (the one that executes infinite loop) exits. However the thread that I explicitly create, keeps hanging in recvfrom(). Please, help me resolve this.

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• sorting in python

  - by tipu

  I have a hashmap like so: results[tweet_id] = {"score" : float(dot(query,doc) / (norm(query) * norm(doc))), "tweet" : tweet} What I'd like to do is to sort results by the innser "score" key. I don't know how possible this is, I saw many sorting tutorials but they were for simple (not nested) data structures.

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• XML library similar to simplejson/json? - Python

  - by RadiantHex

  Hi folks, is there a similar library to simplejson, which would enable quick serialization of data to and from XML. e.g. json.loads('{vol:'III', title:'Magical Unicorn'}') e.g. json.dumps([1,2,3,4,5]) Any ideas?

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• Key word extraction in Python

  - by oliland

  I'm building a website in django that needs to extract key words from short (twitter-like) messages. I've looked at packages like topia.textextract and nltk - but both seem to be overkill for what I need to do. All I need to do is filter words like "and", "or", "not" while keeping nouns and verbs that aren't conjunctives or other parts of speech. Are there any "simpler" packages out there that can do this? EDIT: This needs to be done in near real-time on a production website, so using a keyword extraction service seems out of the question, based on their response times and request throttling.

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• Python Script to check website for a tag

  - by LinuxGnut

  Hello all. I'm trying to figure out how to go about writing a website monitoring script (cron job in the end) to open up a given URL, check to see if a tag exists, and if the tag does not exist, or doesn't contain the expected data, then to write some to a log file, or to send an e-mail. The tag would be something like or something relatively similar. Anyone have any ideas?

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• python file manipulation

  - by lakshmipathi

  I have a directory /tmp/dir with two types of file names /tmp/dir/abc-something-server.log /tmp/dir/xyz-something-server.log .. .. and /tmp/dir/something-client.log I need append a few lines (these lines are constant) to files end with "client.log" line 1 line 2 line 3 line 4 append these four lines to files end with "client.log" and For files end with "server.log" I needed to append after a keyword say "After-this". "server.log " file has multiple entries of "After-this" I need to find the first entry of "After-this" and append above said four lines keep the remaining file as it is. Any help will be great appreciated :) Thanks in advance.

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• Python ctypes argument errors

  - by Patrick Moriarty

  Hello. I wrote a test dll in C++ to make sure things work before I start using a more important dll that I need. Basically it takes two doubles and adds them, then returns the result. I've been playing around and with other test functions I've gotten returns to work, I just can't pass an argument due to errors. My code is: import ctypes import string nDLL = ctypes.WinDLL('test.dll') func = nDLL['haloshg_add'] func.restype = ctypes.c_double func.argtypes = (ctypes.c_double,ctypes.c_double) print(func(5.0,5.0)) It returns the error for the line that called "func": ValueError: Procedure probably called with too many arguments (8 bytes in excess) What am I doing wrong? Thanks.

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• how to build good python web application

  - by Moayyad Yaghi

  hello i never worked with web programming and i've been asked lately to write a web-based software to manage assets and tasks. to be used by more than 900 persons what are the recommended modules , frameworks , libraries for this task. and it will be highly appreciated if you guyz recommend some books and articles that might help me. thanks in advance

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• python threading and performace?

  - by kumar

  I had to do heavy I/o bound operation, i.e Parsing large files and converting from one format to other format. Initially I used to do it serially, i.e parsing one after another..! Performance was very poor ( it used take 90+ seconds). So I decided to use threading to improve the performance. I created one thread for each file. ( 4 threads) for file in file_list: t=threading.Thread(target = self.convertfile,args = file) t.start() ts.append(t) for t in ts: t.join() But for my astonishment, there is no performance improvement whatsoever. Now also it takes around 90+ seconds to complete the task. As this is I/o bound operation , I had expected to improve the performance. What am I doing wrong?

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• Python File Search Line And Return Specific Number of Lines after Match

  - by Simos Anderson

  I have a text file that has lines representing some data sets. The file itself is fairly long but it contains certain sections of the following format: Series_Name INFO Number of teams : n1 | Team | # | wins | | TeamName1 | x | y | . . . | TeamNamen1 | numn | numn | Some Irrelevant lines Series_Name2 INFO Number of teams : n1 | Team | # | wins | | TeamName1 | num1 | num2 | . where each section has a header that begins with the Series_Name. Each Series_Name is different. The line with the header also includes the number of teams in that series, n1. Following the header line is a set of lines that represents a table of data. For each series there are n1+1 rows in the table, where each row shows an individual team name and associated stats. I have been trying to implement a function that will allow the user to search for a Team name and then print out the line in the table associated with that team. However, certain team names show up under multiple series. To resolve this, I am currently trying to write my code so that the user can search for the header line with series name first and then print out just the following n1+1 lines that represent the data associated with the series. Here's what I have come up with so far: import re print fname = raw_input("Enter filename: ") seriesname = raw_input("Enter series: ") def findcounter(fname, seriesname): logfile = open(fname, "r") pat = 'INFO Number of teams :' for line in logfile: if seriesname in line: if pat in line: s=line pattern = re.compile(r"""(?P<name>.*?) #starting name \s*INFO #whitespace and success \s*Number\s*of\s*teams #whitespace and strings \s*\:\s*(?P<n1>.*)""",re.VERBOSE) match = pattern.match(s) name = match.group("name") n1 = int(match.group("n1")) print name + " has " + str(n1) + " teams" lcount = 0 for line in logfile: if line.startswith(name): if pat in line: while lcount <= n1: s.append(line) lcount += 1 return result The first part of my code works; it matches the header line that the person searches for, parses the line, and then prints out how many teams are in that series. Since the header line basically tells me how many lines are in the table, I thought that I could use that information to construct a loop that would continue printing each line until a set counter reached n1. But I've tried running it, and I realize that the way I've set it up so far isn't correct. So here's my question: How do you return a number of lines after a matched line when given the number of desired lines that follow the match? I'm new to programming, and I apologize if this question seems silly. I have been working on this quite diligently with no luck and would appreciate any help.

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• Are there any alternatives to Mechanize in Python?

  - by user319723

  Could someone point me to some?

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• How do I calculate percentiles with python/numpy?

  - by Uri

  Is there a convenient way to calculate percentiles for a sequence or single-dimensional numpy array? I am looking for something similar to Excel's percentile function. I looked in NumPy's statistics reference, and couldn't find this. All I could find is the median (50th percentile), but not something more specific.

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• How to override built-in getattr in Python?

  - by Stephen Gross

  I know how to override an object's getattr() to handle calls to undefined object functions. However, I would like to achieve the same behavior for the builtin getattr() function. For instance, consider code like this: call_some_undefined_function() Normally, that simply produces an error: Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> NameError: name 'call_some_undefined_function' is not defined I want to override getattr() so that I can intercept the call to "call_some_undefined_function()" and figure out what to do. Is this possible? Thanks, --Steve

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