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• Time gaps between host clEnqueue_xxx calls

  - by dialer

  Consider these OpenCL calls (3 memcpy DtoH, 4313 cl_float elements each): clEnqueueReadBuffer(CommandQueue, SpectrumAbsMem, CL_FALSE, 0, SpectrumMemSize, SpectrumAbs, 0, NULL, NULL); clEnqueueReadBuffer(CommandQueue, SpectrumReMem, CL_FALSE, 0, SpectrumMemSize, SpectrumRe, 0, NULL, NULL); clEnqueueReadBuffer(CommandQueue, SpectrumImMem, CL_FALSE, 0, SpectrumMemSize, SpectrumIm, 0, NULL, NULL); When I analyze these with the NVIDIA visual profiler, I see that the actual memcpy operation only takes 8 us, but there is a significant gap of around 130 us after each memcpy. I'm already using the supposedly asynchronous method (the CL_FALSE in the argument list). When I use only one operation, but with three times the size, the operation is way faster. Why is the time gap between the actual memcpy operations so huge, whereas the gap between the kernel execution (exactly before these three operations) and the first memcpy is only 7us? Can I get rid of it, or do I need to accumulate more data before starting a memcpy? If so, is there a convenient way how I could combine mutliple arrays into a single contiguous block of memory, but still have a cl_mem object as a separate device memory pointer to each section?

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• Write file need to optimised for heavy traffic part 2

  - by Clayton Leung

  For anyone interest to see where I come from you can refer to part 1, but it is not necessary. write file need to optimised for heavy traffic Below is a snippet of code I have written to capture some financial tick data from the broker API. The code will run without error. I need to optimize the code, because in peak hours the zf_TickEvent method will be call more than 10000 times a second. I use a memorystream to hold the data until it reaches a certain size, then I output it into a text file. The broker API is only single threaded. void zf_TickEvent(object sender, ZenFire.TickEventArgs e) { outputString = string.Format("{0},{1},{2},{3},{4}\r\n", e.TimeStamp.ToString(timeFmt), e.Product.ToString(), Enum.GetName(typeof(ZenFire.TickType), e.Type), e.Price, e.Volume); fillBuffer(outputString); } public class memoryStreamClass { public static MemoryStream ms = new MemoryStream(); } void fillBuffer(string outputString) { byte[] outputByte = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(outputString); memoryStreamClass.ms.Write(outputByte, 0, outputByte.Length); if (memoryStreamClass.ms.Length > 8192) { emptyBuffer(memoryStreamClass.ms); memoryStreamClass.ms.SetLength(0); memoryStreamClass.ms.Position = 0; } } void emptyBuffer(MemoryStream ms) { FileStream outStream = new FileStream("c:\\test.txt", FileMode.Append); ms.WriteTo(outStream); outStream.Flush(); outStream.Close(); } Question: Any suggestion to make this even faster? I will try to vary the buffer length but in terms of code structure, is this (almost) the fastest? When memorystream is filled up and I am emptying it to the file, what would happen to the new data coming in? Do I need to implement a second buffer to hold that data while I am emptying my first buffer? Or is c# smart enough to figure it out? Thanks for any advice

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• Ensure that my C# desktop application is making requests to my ASP .NET MVC action?

  - by Mathias Lykkegaard Lorenzen

  I've seen questions that are almost identical to this one, except minor but important differences that I would like to get detailed. Let's say that I have a controller and an action method in MVC which therefore accepts requests on the following URL: http://example.com/api/myapimethod?data=some-data-here. This URL is then being called regularly by 1000 clients or more spread out in the public. The reason for this is crowdsourcing. The clients around the globe help feed a global cache on my server, which makes it faster for the rest of the clients to fetch the data. Now, if I'm sneaky (and I am), I can go into Fiddler, Ethereal, Wireshark or any other packet sniffing tool and figure out which requests the program is making. By figuring that out, I can also replicate them, and fill the service with false corrupted data. What is the best approach to ensuring that the data received in my ASP .NET MVC action method is actually from the desktop client application, and not some falsely generated data that the user invented? Since it is all based on crowdsourcing, would it be a good idea for my users to be able to "vote" if some data is falsified, and then let an automatic cleanup commence if there are enough votes? I do not have access to a tool like SmartAssembly, so unfortunately my .NET program is fully decompilable. I realize this might be impossible to accomplish in an error-proof manner, but I would like to know where my best chances are.

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• How to join multiple tables using LINQ-to-SQL?

  - by user603245

  Hi! I'm quite new to linq, so please bear with me. I'm working on a asp.net webpage and I want to add a "search function" (textbox where user inputs name or surname or both or just parts of it and gets back all related information). I have two tables ("Person" and "Application") and I want to display some columns from Person (name and surname) and some from Application (score, position,...). I know how I could do it using sql, but I want to learn more about linq and thus I want to do it using linq. For now I got two main ideas: 1.) var person = dataContext.GetTable<Person>(); var application = dataContext.GetTable<Application>(); var p1 = from p in Person where(p.Name.Contains(tokens[0]) || p.Surname.Contains(tokens[1])) select new {Id = p.Id, Name = p.Name, Surname = p.Surname}; //or maybe without this line //I don't know how to do the following properly var result = from a in Application where a.FK_Application.Equals(index) //just to get the "right" type of application //this is not right, but I don't know how to do it better join p1 on p1.Id == a.FK_Person 2.) The other idea is just to go through "Application" and instead of "join p1 ..." to use var result = from a in Application where a.FK_Application.Equals(index) //just to get the "right" type of application join p from Person on p.Id == a.FK_Person where p.Name.Contains(tokens[0]) || p.Surname.Contains(tokens[1]) I think that first idea is better for queries without the first "where" condition, which I also intended to use. Regardless of what is better (faster), I still don't know how to do it using linq. Also in the end I wanted to display / select just some parts (columns) of the result (joined tables + filtering conditions). I really want to know how to do such things using linq as I'll be dealing also with some similar problems with local data, where I can use only linq. Could somebody please explain me how to do it, I spent days trying to figure it out and searching on the internet for answers. Thank you for your time.

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• What hash algorithms are parallelizable? Optimizing the hashing of large files utilizing on multi-co

  - by DanO

  I'm interested in optimizing the hashing of some large files (optimizing wall clock time). The I/O has been optimized well enough already and the I/O device (local SSD) is only tapped at about 25% of capacity, while one of the CPU cores is completely maxed-out. I have more cores available, and in the future will likely have even more cores. So far I've only been able to tap into more cores if I happen to need multiple hashes of the same file, say an MD5 AND a SHA256 at the same time. I can use the same I/O stream to feed two or more hash algorithms, and I get the faster algorithms done for free (as far as wall clock time). As I understand most hash algorithms, each new bit changes the entire result, and it is inherently challenging/impossible to do in parallel. Are any of the mainstream hash algorithms parallelizable? Are there any non-mainstream hashes that are parallelizable (and that have at least a sample implementation available)? As future CPUs will trend toward more cores and a leveling off in clock speed, is there any way to improve the performance of file hashing? (other than liquid nitrogen cooled overclocking?) or is it inherently non-parallelizable?

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• optimize output value using a class and public member

  - by wiso

  Suppose you have a function, and you call it a lot of times, every time the function return a big object. I've optimized the problem using a functor that return void, and store the returning value in a public member: #include <vector> const int N = 100; std::vector<double> fun(const std::vector<double> & v, const int n) { std::vector<double> output = v; output[n] *= output[n]; return output; } class F { public: F() : output(N) {}; std::vector<double> output; void operator()(const std::vector<double> & v, const int n) { output = v; output[n] *= n; } }; int main() { std::vector<double> start(N,10.); std::vector<double> end(N); double a; // first solution for (unsigned long int i = 0; i != 10000000; ++i) a = fun(start, 2)[3]; // second solution F f; for (unsigned long int i = 0; i != 10000000; ++i) { f(start, 2); a = f.output[3]; } } Yes, I can use inline or optimize in an other way this problem, but here I want to stress on this problem: with the functor I declare and construct the output variable output only one time, using the function I do that every time it is called. The second solution is two time faster than the first with g++ -O1 or g++ -O2. What do you think about it, is it an ugly optimization?

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• Better language or checking tool?

  - by rwallace

  This is primarily aimed at programmers who use unmanaged languages like C and C++ in preference to managed languages, forgoing some forms of error checking to obtain benefits like the ability to work in extremely resource constrained systems or the last increment of performance, though I would also be interested in answers from those who use managed languages. Which of the following would be of most value? A language that would optionally compile to CLR byte code or to machine code via C, and would provide things like optional array bounds checking, more support for memory management in environments where you can't use garbage collection, and faster compile times than typical C++ projects. (Think e.g. Ada or Eiffel with Python syntax.) A tool that would take existing C code and perform static analysis to look for things like potential null pointer dereferences and array overflows. (Think e.g. an open source equivalent to Coverity.) Something else I haven't thought of. Or put another way, when you're using C family languages, is the top of your wish list more expressiveness, better error checking or something else? The reason I'm asking is that I have a design and prototype parser for #1, and an outline design for #2, and I'm wondering which would be the better use of resources to work on after my current project is up and running; but I think the answers may be useful for other tools programmers also. (As usual with questions of this nature, if the answer you would give is already there, please upvote it.)

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• Division of text follow the cursor via Javascript/Jquery

  - by webzide

  Dear experts, I wanted have a dynamic division of content follow you with the cursor in the web browser space. I am not a pro at JS so I spent 2 hours to finally debugged a very stupid way to accomplish this. $(document).ready(function () { function func(evt) { var evt = (evt) ? evt : event; var div = document.createElement('div'); div.style.position = "absolute"; div.style.left = evt.clientX + "px"; div.style.top = evt.clientY + "px"; $(div).attr("id", "current") div.innerHTML = "CURSOR FOLLOW TEXT"; $(this).append($(div)); $(this).unbind() $(this).bind('mousemove', function () { $('div').remove("#current"); }); $(this).bind('mousemove', func); } $("body").bind('mousemove', func) }); As you can see this is pretty much Brute force and it slows down the browser quite a bit. I often experience a lag on the browser as a drag my mouse from one place to another. Is there a way to accomplish this easier and faster and more intuitive. I know you can use the cursor image technique but thats something I'm looking to avoid. Thanks in advance.

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• Best (Java) book for understanding 'under the bonnet' for programming?

  - by Ben

  What would you say is the best book to buy to understand exactly how programming works under the hood in order to increase performance? I've coded in assembly at university, I studied computer architecture and I obviously did high level programming, but what I really dont understand is things like: -what is happening when I perform a cast -whats the difference in performance if I declare something global as opposed to local? -How does the memory layout for an ArrayList compare with a Vector or LinkedList? -Whats the overhead with pointers? -Are locks more efficient than using synchronized? -Would creating my own array using int[] be faster than using ArrayList -Advantages/disadvantages of declaring a variable volatile I have got a copy of Java Performance Tuning but it doesnt go down very low and it contains rather obvious things like suggesting a hashmap instead of using an ArrayList as you can map the keys to memory addresses etc. I want something a bit more Computer Sciencey, linking the programming language to what happens with the assembler/hardware. The reason im asking is that I have an interview coming up for a job in High Frequency Trading and everything has to be as efficient as possible, yet I cant remember every single possible efficiency saving so i'd just like to learn the fundamentals. Thanks in advance

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• How Best to Replace Ugly Queries and Dynamic PL/SQL with C#?

  - by Mike

  Hi, I write a lot of one-off Oracle SQL queries (in Toad), and sometimes they can get complex, involving lots of unions, joins, and subqueries, and sometimes requiring dynamic SQL. That is, sometimes SQL queries require set based processing along with significant procedural processing. This is what PL/SQL is custom made for, but as a language it does not begin to compare to C#. Now and then I convert a PL/SQL procedure to C#, and am always amazed at how much cleaner and easier to both read and write the C# version is. The C# program might for example construct a SQL query string piece by piece and/or run several queries and process them as needed. The C# version is usually much faster as well, which must mean that I'm not very good at PL/SQL either. I do not currently have access to LINQ. My question is, how best to package all these little C# programs, which are really just mini reports, that is, replacements for ugly SQL queries? Right now I'm actually using NUnit to hold them, and calling each report a [Test], even though they aren't really tests. NUnit just happens to provide a convenient packaging framework.

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• Computation overhead in C# - Using getters/setters vs. modifying arrays directly and casting speeds

  - by Jeffrey Kern

  I was going to write a long-winded post, but I'll boil it down here: I'm trying to emulate the graphical old-school style of the NES via XNA. However, my FPS is SLOW, trying to modify 65K pixels per frame. If I just loop through all 65K pixels and set them to some arbitrary color, I get 64FPS. The code I made to look-up what colors should be placed where, I get 1FPS. I think it is because of my object-orented code. Right now, I have things divided into about six classes, with getters/setters. I'm guessing that I'm at least calling 360K getters per frame, which I think is a lot of overhead. Each class contains either/and-or 1D or 2D arrays containing custom enumerations, int, Color, or Vector2D, bytes. What if I combined all of the classes into just one, and accessed the contents of each array directly? The code would look a mess, and ditch the concepts of object-oriented coding, but the speed might be much faster. I'm also not concerned about access violations, as any attempts to get/set the data in the arrays will done in blocks. E.g., all writing to arrays will take place before any data is accessed from them. As for casting, I stated that I'm using custom enumerations, int, Color, and Vector2D, bytes. Which data types are fastest to use and access in the .net Framework, XNA, XBox, C#? I think that constant casting might be a cause of slowdown here. Also, instead of using math to figure out which indexes data should be placed in, I've used precomputed lookup tables so I don't have to use constant multiplication, addition, subtraction, division per frame. :)

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• lapply slower than for-loop when used for a BiomaRt query. Is that expected?

  - by ptocquin

  I would like to query a database using BiomaRt package. I have loci and want to retrieve some related information, let say description. I first try to use lapply but was surprise by the time needed for the task to be performed. I thus tried a more basic for-loop and get a faster result. Is that expected or is something wrong with my code or with my understanding of apply ? I read other posts dealing with *apply vs for-loop performance (Here, for example) and I was aware that improved performance should not be expected but I don't understand why performance here is actually lower. Here is a reproducible example. 1) Loading the library and selecting the database : library("biomaRt") athaliana <- useMart("plants_mart_14") athaliana <- useDataset("athaliana_eg_gene",mart=athaliana) 2) Querying the database : loci <- c("at1g01300", "at1g01800", "at1g01900", "at1g02335", "at1g02790", "at1g03220", "at1g03230", "at1g04040", "at1g04110", "at1g05240" ) I create a function for the use in lapply : foo <- function(loci) { getBM("description","tair_locus",loci,athaliana) } When I use this function on the first element : > system.time(foo(cwp_loci[1])) utilisateur système écoulé 0.020 0.004 1.599 When I use lapply to retrieve the data for all values : > system.time(lapply(loci, foo)) utilisateur système écoulé 0.220 0.000 16.376 I then created a new function, adding a for-loop : foo2 <- function(loci) { for (i in loci) { getBM("description","tair_locus",loci[i],athaliana) } } Here is the result : > system.time(foo2(loci)) utilisateur système écoulé 0.204 0.004 10.919 Of course, this will be applied to a big list of loci, so the best performing option is needed. I thank you for assistance. EDIT Following recommendation of @MartinMorgan Simply passing the vector loci to getBM greatly improves the query efficiency. Simpler is better. > system.time(lapply(loci, foo)) utilisateur système écoulé 0.236 0.024 110.512 > system.time(foo2(loci)) utilisateur système écoulé 0.208 0.040 116.099 > system.time(foo(loci)) utilisateur système écoulé 0.028 0.000 6.193

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• Optimize SQL connection?

  - by user1484035

  I am building a multi-page web project in HTML and Javascript that is constantly reading from AND writing to an SQL database. I can connect to the database and successfully run my project with this type of connection. var connection = new ActiveXObject("ADODB.Connection") ; var connectionstring="Data Source=<server>;Initial Catalog=<catalog>;User ID=<user>; Password=<password>;Provider=SQLOLEDB"; connection.Open(connectionstring); var rs = new ActiveXObject("ADODB.Recordset"); rs.Open("SELECT * FROM table", connection); rs.MoveFirst while(!rs.eof) { document.write(rs.fields(1)); rs.movenext; } rs.close; connection.close; Works great and runs fine. BUT, the first 5 lines (from var connection = to var rs =) causes the whole browser to freeze for a few seconds while it establishes the connection. I need to speed that up since I am constantly connecting to the database throughout my project. Is there a more effective way of connecting to a SQL database? or is my computer just bad and this should run faster?

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• Most efficient way of checking if Date object and Calendar object are in the same month

  - by Indigenuity

  I am working on a project that will run many thousands of comparisons between dates to see if they are in the same month, and I am wondering what the most efficient way of doing it would be. This isn't exactly what my code looks like, but here's the gist: List<Date> dates = getABunchOfDates(); Calendar month = Calendar.getInstance(); for(int i = 0; i < numMonths; i++) { for(Date date : dates) { if(sameMonth(month, date) .. doSomething } month.add(Calendar.MONTH, -1); } Creating a new Calendar object for every date seems like a pretty hefty overhead when this comparison will happen thousands of times, soI kind of want to cheat a bit and use the deprecated method Date.getMonth() and Date.getYear() public static boolean sameMonth(Calendar month, Date date) { return month.get(Calendar.YEAR) == date.getYear() && month.get(Calendar.MONTH) == date.getMonth(); } I'm pretty close to just using this method, since it seems to be the fastest, but is there a faster way? And is this a foolish way, since the Date methods are deprecated? Note: This project will always run with Java 7

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• Most efficient way to LIMIT results in a JOIN?

  - by johnnietheblack

  I have a fairly simple one-to-many type join in a MySQL query. In this case, I'd like to LIMIT my results by the left table. For example, let's say I have an accounts table and a comments table, and I'd like to pull 100 rows from accounts and all the associated comments rows for each. Thy only way I can think to do this is with a sub-select in in the FROM clause instead of simply selecting FROM accounts. Here is my current idea: SELECT a.*, c.* FROM (SELECT * FROM accounts LIMIT 100) a LEFT JOIN `comments` c on c.account_id = a.id ORDER BY a.id However, whenever I need to do a sub-select of some sort, my intermediate level SQL knowledge feels like it's doing something wrong. Is there a more efficient, or faster, way to do this, or is this pretty good? By the way... This might be the absolute simplest way to do this, which I'm okay with as an answer. I'm simply trying to figure out if there IS another way to do this that could potentially compete with the above statement in terms of speed.

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• Very simple python functions takes spends long time in function and not subfunctions

  - by John Salvatier

  I have spent many hours trying to figure what is going on here. The function 'grad_logp' in the code below is called many times in my program, and cProfile and runsnakerun the visualize the results reveals that the function grad_logp spends about .00004s 'locally' every call not in any functions it calls and the function 'n' spends about .00006s locally every call. Together these two times make up about 30% of program time that I care about. It doesn't seem like this is function overhead as other python functions spend far less time 'locally' and merging 'grad_logp' and 'n' does not make my program faster, but the operations that these two functions do seem rather trivial. Does anyone have any suggestions on what might be happening? Have I done something obviously inefficient? Am I misunderstanding how cProfile works? def grad_logp(self, variable, calculation_set ): p = params(self.p,self.parents) return self.n(variable, self.p) def n (self, variable, p ): gradient = self.gg(variable, p) return np.reshape(gradient, np.shape(variable.value)) def gg(self, variable, p): if variable is self: gradient = self._grad_logps['x']( x = self.value, **p) else: gradient = __builtin__.sum([self._pgradient(variable, parameter, value, p) for parameter, value in self.parents.iteritems()]) return gradient

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• byte + byte = int... why?

  - by Robert C. Cartaino

  Looking at this C# code... byte x = 1; byte y = 2; byte z = x + y; // ERROR: Cannot implicitly convert type 'int' to 'byte' The result of any math performed on byte (or short) types is implicitly cast back to an integer. The solution is to explicitly cast the result back to a byte, so... byte z = (byte)(x + y); // works What I am wondering is why? Is it architectural? Philosophical? We have: int + int = int long + long = long float + float = float double + double = double So why not: byte + byte = byte short + short = short ? A bit of background: I am performing a long list of calculations on "small numbers" (i.e. < 8) and storing the intermediate results in a large array. Using a byte array (instead of an int array) is faster (because of cache hits). But the extensive byte-casts spread through the code make it that much more unreadable.

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• Is this linear search implementation actually useful?

  - by Helper Method

  In Matters Computational I found this interesting linear search implementation (it's actually my Java implementation ;-)): public static int linearSearch(int[] a, int key) { int high = a.length - 1; int tmp = a[high]; // put a sentinel at the end of the array a[high] = key; int i = 0; while (a[i] != key) { i++; } // restore original value a[high] = tmp; if (i == high && key != tmp) { return NOT_CONTAINED; } return i; } It basically uses a sentinel, which is the searched for value, so that you always find the value and don't have to check for array boundaries. The last element is stored in a temp variable, and then the sentinel is placed at the last position. When the value is found (remember, it is always found due to the sentinel), the original element is restored and the index is checked if it represents the last index and is unequal to the searched for value. If that's the case, -1 (NOT_CONTAINED) is returned, otherwise the index. While I found this implementation really clever, I wonder if it is actually useful. For small arrays, it seems to be always slower, and for large arrays it only seems to be faster when the value is not found. Any ideas?

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• How to speed up a slow UPDATE query

  - by Mike Christensen

  I have the following UPDATE query: UPDATE Indexer.Pages SET LastError=NULL where LastError is not null; Right now, this query takes about 93 minutes to complete. I'd like to find ways to make this a bit faster. The Indexer.Pages table has around 506,000 rows, and about 490,000 of them contain a value for LastError, so I doubt I can take advantage of any indexes here. The table (when uncompressed) has about 46 gigs of data in it, however the majority of that data is in a text field called html. I believe simply loading and unloading that many pages is causing the slowdown. One idea would be to make a new table with just the Id and the html field, and keep Indexer.Pages as small as possible. However, testing this theory would be a decent amount of work since I actually don't have the hard disk space to create a copy of the table. I'd have to copy it over to another machine, drop the table, then copy the data back which would probably take all evening. Ideas? I'm using Postgres 9.0.0. UPDATE: Here's the schema: CREATE TABLE indexer.pages ( id uuid NOT NULL, url character varying(1024) NOT NULL, firstcrawled timestamp with time zone NOT NULL, lastcrawled timestamp with time zone NOT NULL, recipeid uuid, html text NOT NULL, lasterror character varying(1024), missingings smallint, CONSTRAINT pages_pkey PRIMARY KEY (id ), CONSTRAINT indexer_pages_uniqueurl UNIQUE (url ) ); I also have two indexes: CREATE INDEX idx_indexer_pages_missingings ON indexer.pages USING btree (missingings ) WHERE missingings > 0; and CREATE INDEX idx_indexer_pages_null ON indexer.pages USING btree (recipeid ) WHERE NULL::boolean; There are no triggers on this table, and there is one other table that has a FK constraint on Pages.PageId.

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• Progressbar behaves strangely

  - by wanderameise

  I just created an application in C# that uses a thread which polls the UART for a receive event. If data is received an event is triggered in my main thread (GUI) and a progress bar is controlled via PerformStep() method (of course, I previously set the Max value accordingly). PerformStep is invoked using the following expression to handle cross threading this.Invoke((Action)delegate{progressBar2.PerformStep();}) When running this application the progressbar never hits its final value. It stops at 80%. When debugging and stopping at the line mentioned above, everything works fine using single steps. I have no idea what is going one! Start read thread on main thread: pThreadWrite = new Thread(new ThreadStart(ReadThread)); pThreadWrite.Start(); Read Thread: private void ReadThread() { while(1) { if (ReceiveEvent) { FlashProgressBar(); } } } Event that is triggered in main thread: private void FlashProgressBar() { this.Invoke((Action)delegate { progressBar2.PerformStep();}); } (It's a simplified representation of my code) It seems as if the internal progress is faster than the visual one.

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• Time complexity of a powerset generating function

  - by Lirik

  I'm trying to figure out the time complexity of a function that I wrote (it generates a power set for a given string): public static HashSet<string> GeneratePowerSet(string input) { HashSet<string> powerSet = new HashSet<string>(); if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(input)) return powerSet; int powSetSize = (int)Math.Pow(2.0, (double)input.Length); // Start at 1 to skip the empty string case for (int i = 1; i < powSetSize; i++) { string str = Convert.ToString(i, 2); string pset = str; for (int k = str.Length; k < input.Length; k++) { pset = "0" + pset; } string set = string.Empty; for (int j = 0; j < pset.Length; j++) { if (pset[j] == '1') { set = string.Concat(set, input[j].ToString()); } } powerSet.Add(set); } return powerSet; } So my attempt is this: let the size of the input string be n in the outer for loop, must iterate 2^n times (because the set size is 2^n). in the inner for loop, we must iterate 2*n times (at worst). 1. So Big-O would be O((2^n)*n) (since we drop the constant 2)... is that correct? And n*(2^n) is worse than n^2. if n = 4 then (4*(2^4)) = 64 (4^2) = 16 if n = 100 then (10*(2^10)) = 10240 (10^2) = 100 2. Is there a faster way to generate a power set, or is this about optimal?

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• Optimizing a "set in a string list" to a "set as a matrix" operation

  - by Eric Fournier

  I have a set of strings which contain space-separated elements. I want to build a matrix which will tell me which elements were part of which strings. For example: "" "A B C" "D" "B D" Should give something like: A B C D 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 4 1 1 Now I've got a solution, but it runs slow as molasse, and I've run out of ideas on how to make it faster: reverseIn <- function(vector, value) { return(value %in% vector) } buildCategoryMatrix <- function(valueVector) { allClasses <- c() for(classVec in unique(valueVector)) { allClasses <- unique(c(allClasses, strsplit(classVec, " ", fixed=TRUE)[[1]])) } resMatrix <- matrix(ncol=0, nrow=length(valueVector)) splitValues <- strsplit(valueVector, " ", fixed=TRUE) for(cat in allClasses) { if(cat=="") { catIsPart <- (valueVector == "") } else { catIsPart <- sapply(splitValues, reverseIn, cat) } resMatrix <- cbind(resMatrix, catIsPart) } colnames(resMatrix) <- allClasses return(resMatrix) } Profiling the function gives me this: $by.self self.time self.pct total.time total.pct "match" 31.20 34.74 31.24 34.79 "FUN" 30.26 33.70 74.30 82.74 "lapply" 13.56 15.10 87.86 97.84 "%in%" 12.92 14.39 44.10 49.11 So my actual questions would be: - Where are the 33% spent in "FUN" coming from? - Would there be any way to speed up the %in% call? I tried turning the strings into factors prior to going into the loop so that I'd be matching numbers instead of strings, but that actually makes R crash. I've also tried going for partial matrix assignment (IE, resMatrix[i,x] <- 1) where i is the number of the string and x is the vector of factors. No dice there either, as it seems to keep on running infinitely.

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• How to perform a Depth First Search iteratively using async/parallel processing?

  - by Prabhu

  Here is a method that does a DFS search and returns a list of all items given a top level item id. How could I modify this to take advantage of parallel processing? Currently, the call to get the sub items is made one by one for each item in the stack. It would be nice if I could get the sub items for multiple items in the stack at the same time, and populate my return list faster. How could I do this (either using async/await or TPL, or anything else) in a thread safe manner? private async Task<IList<Item>> GetItemsAsync(string topItemId) { var items = new List<Item>(); var topItem = await GetItemAsync(topItemId); Stack<Item> stack = new Stack<Item>(); stack.Push(topItem); while (stack.Count > 0) { var item = stack.Pop(); items.Add(item); var subItems = await GetSubItemsAsync(item.SubId); foreach (var subItem in subItems) { stack.Push(subItem); } } return items; } EDIT: I was thinking of something along these lines, but it's not coming together: var tasks = stack.Select(async item => { items.Add(item); var subItems = await GetSubItemsAsync(item.SubId); foreach (var subItem in subItems) { stack.Push(subItem); } }).ToList(); if (tasks.Any()) await Task.WhenAll(tasks); UPDATE: If I wanted to chunk the tasks, would something like this work? foreach (var batch in items.BatchesOf(100)) { var tasks = batch.Select(async item => { await DoSomething(item); }).ToList(); if (tasks.Any()) { await Task.WhenAll(tasks); } } The language I'm using is C#.

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• Speed comparison - Template specialization vs. Virtual Function vs. If-Statement

  - by Person

  Just to get it out of the way... Premature optimization is the root of all evil Make use of OOP etc. I understand. Just looking for some advice regarding the speed of certain operations that I can store in my grey matter for future reference. Say you have an Animation class. An animation can be looped (plays over and over) or not looped (plays once), it may have unique frame times or not, etc. Let's say there are 3 of these "either or" attributes. Note that any method of the Animation class will at most check for one of these (i.e. this isn't a case of a giant branch of if-elseif). Here are some options. 1) Give it boolean members for the attributes given above, and use an if statement to check against them when playing the animation to perform the appropriate action. Problem: Conditional checked every single time the animation is played. 2) Make a base animation class, and derive other animations classes such as LoopedAnimation and AnimationUniqueFrames, etc. Problem: Vtable check upon every call to play the animation given that you have something like a vector<Animation>. Also, making a separate class for all of the possible combinations seems code bloaty. 3) Use template specialization, and specialize those functions that depend on those attributes. Like template<bool looped, bool uniqueFrameTimes> class Animation. Problem: The problem with this is that you couldn't just have a vector<Animation> for something's animations. Could also be bloaty. I'm wondering what kind of speed each of these options offer? I'm particularly interested in the 1st and 2nd option because the 3rd doesn't allow one to iterate through a general container of Animations. In short, what is faster - a vtable fetch or a conditional?

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• Preloading Image Bug in IE6-8

  - by Kevin C.

  Page in question: http://phwsinc.com/our-work/one-rincon-hill.asp In IE6-8, when you click the left-most thumbnail in the gallery, the image never loads. If you click the thumbnail a second time, then it will load. I'm using jQuery, and here's my code that's powering the gallery: $(document).ready(function() { // PROJECT PHOTO GALLERY var thumbs = $('.thumbs li a'); var photoWrapper = $('div.photoWrapper'); if (thumbs.length) { thumbs.click( function(){ photoWrapper.addClass('loading'); var img_src = $(this).attr('href'); // The two lines below are what cause the bug in IE. They make the gallery run much faster in other browsers, though. var new_img = new Image(); new_img.src = img_src; var photo = $('#photo'); photo.fadeOut('slow', function() { photo.attr('src', img_src); photo.load(function() { photoWrapper.removeClass('loading'); photo.fadeIn('slow'); }); }); return false; }); } }); A coworker told me that he's always had problems with the js Image() object, and advised me to just append an <img /> element inside of a div set to display:none;, but that's a little messy for my tastes--I liked using the Image() object, it kept things nice and clean, no unnecessary added HTML markup. Any help would be appreciated. It still works without the image preloading, so if all else fails I'll just wrap the preloading in an if !($.browser.msie){ } and call it a day.

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