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  • vectorize is indeterminate

    - by telliott99
    I'm trying to vectorize a simple function in numpy and getting inconsistent behavior. I expect my code to return 0 for values < 0.5 and the unchanged value otherwise. Strangely, different runs of the script from the command line yield varying results: sometimes it works correctly, and sometimes I get all 0's. It doesn't matter which of the three lines I use for the case when d <= T. It does seem to be correlated with whether the first value to be returned is 0. Any ideas? Thanks. import numpy as np def my_func(d, T=0.5): if d > T: return d #if d <= T: return 0 else: return 0 #return 0 N = 4 A = np.random.uniform(size=N**2) A.shape = (N,N) print A f = np.vectorize(my_func) print f(A) $ python x.py [[ 0.86913815 0.96833127 0.54539153 0.46184594] [ 0.46550903 0.24645558 0.26988519 0.0959257 ] [ 0.73356391 0.69363161 0.57222389 0.98214089] [ 0.15789303 0.06803493 0.01601389 0.04735725]] [[ 0.86913815 0.96833127 0.54539153 0. ] [ 0. 0. 0. 0. ] [ 0.73356391 0.69363161 0.57222389 0.98214089] [ 0. 0. 0. 0. ]] $ python x.py [[ 0.37127366 0.77935622 0.74392301 0.92626644] [ 0.61639086 0.32584431 0.12345342 0.17392298] [ 0.03679475 0.00536863 0.60936931 0.12761859] [ 0.49091897 0.21261635 0.37063752 0.23578082]] [[0 0 0 0] [0 0 0 0] [0 0 0 0] [0 0 0 0]]

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  • how to install a file handle in perl class

    - by Haiyuan Zhang
    please looku up the following code first. #! /usr/bin/perl package foo; sub new { my $pkg = shift; my $self = {}; my $self->{_fd} = undef; bless $self, $pkg; return $self; } sub Setfd { my $self = shift; my $fd = shift; $self_->{_fd} = $fd; } sub write { my $self = shift; print $self->{_fd} "hello word"; } my $foo = new foo; My intention is to store a file handle within a class using hash. the file handle is undefined at first, but can be initilized afterwards by calling Setfd function. then write can be called to actually write string "hello word" to a file indicated by the file handle, supposed that the file handle is the result of a success "write" open. but, perl compiler just complains that there are syntax error in the "print" line. can anyone of you tells me what's wrong here? thanks in advance.

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  • declare decision structure inside of a System.out.println

    - by user2899249
    So I am working on an assignment where I have to have a print method in a constructor that displays a distance. I also have to have three separate get methods depending on what the input is in the demo class. My question is that I am trying to write the print method to contain a decision structure based on which get is used. public void prt() { DecimalFormat formatter = new DecimalFormat("#,##0.00"); System.out.println("The time it takes the sound to travel " + distance + " feet through air is " + if (getSpeedInAir() > 0) { formatter.format(getSpeedInAir()); } else if (getSpeedInWater() > 0) { formatter.format(getSpeedInWater()); } else if (getSpeedInSteel() > 0) { formatter.format(getSpeedInSteel()); } else "error";) } After trying to compile I am getting the following errors. Microsoft Windows [Version 6.1.7601] Copyright (c) 2009 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. C:\Users\GlaDOS\Desktop\JavaStuffj Speed C:\Users\GlaDOS\Desktop\JavaStuffdel *.class C:\Users\GlaDOS\Desktop\JavaStuffjavac Speed.java Speed.java:43: error: illegal start of expression " feet through air is " + if (getSpeedInAir() 0) ^ Speed.java:43: error: ';' expected " feet through air is " + if (getSpeedInAir() 0) ^ Speed.java:43: error: not a statement " feet through air is " + if (getSpeedInAir() 0) ^ Speed.java:43: error: ';' expected " feet through air is " + if (getSpeedInAir() 0) ^ Speed.java:47: error: 'else' without 'if' else if (getSpeedInWater() > 0) ^ Speed.java:56: error: not a statement "error";) ^ Speed.java:56: error: illegal start of expression "error";) ^ 7 errors C:\Users\GlaDOS\Desktop\JavaStuffjava Speed Error: Could not find or load main class Speed Any help on why this is happening would be greatly appreciated.

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  • how to get email id from google api response

    - by user1726508
    i am able to get user information from Google API response using oath2 . But i do't know how to get those responses individually . Response i am getting from Google Api: * Access token: ya29.AHES6ZQ3QxKxnfAzpZasdfd23423NuxJs29gMa39MXV551yMmyM5IgA { "id": "112361893525676437860", "name": "Ansuman Singh", "given_name": "Ansuman", "family_name": "Singh", "link": "https://plus.google.com/112361893525676437860", "gender": "male", "birthday": "0000-03-18", "locale": "en" } Original Token: ya29.AHES6ZQ3QxKxnfAzpZu0lYHYu8sdfsdafdgMa39MXV551yMmyM5IgA New Token: ya29.AHES6ZQ3QxKxnfdsfsdaYHYu8TNuxJs29gMa39MXV551yMmyM5IgA But i want only "id" & "name" indiviually to save in my Database table. How can i do this? I got those above response/output By using the below code. public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { ------------------------- ------------------------- ------------------------- String accessToken = authResponse.accessToken; GoogleAccessProtectedResource access = new GoogleAccessProtectedResource(accessToken, TRANSPORT, JSON_FACTORY, CLIENT_ID, CLIENT_SECRET, authResponse.refreshToken); HttpRequestFactory rf = TRANSPORT.createRequestFactory(access); System.out.println("Access token: " + authResponse.accessToken); String url = "https://www.googleapis.com/oauth2/v1/userinfo?alt=json&access_token=" + authResponse.accessToken; final StringBuffer r = new StringBuffer(); final URL u = new URL(url); final URLConnection uc = u.openConnection(); final int end = 1000; InputStreamReader isr = null; BufferedReader br = null; isr = new InputStreamReader(uc.getInputStream()); br = new BufferedReader(isr); final int chk = 0; while ((url = br.readLine()) != null) { if ((chk >= 0) && ((chk < end))) { r.append(url).append('\n'); } } System.out.print(""); System.out.println(); System.out.print(" "+ r ); //this is printing at once but i want them individually access.refreshToken(); System.out.println("Original Token: " + accessToken + " New Token: " + access.getAccessToken()); }

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  • Is there a way to prevent SQL Server silently truncating data in local variables and stored procedure parameters?

    - by Luke Woodward
    I recently encountered an issue while porting an app to SQL Server. It turned out that this issue was caused by a stored procedure parameter being declared too short for the data being passed to it: the parameter was declared as VARCHAR(100) but in one case was being passed more than 100 characters of data. What surprised me was that SQL Server didn't report any errors or warnings -- it just silently truncated the data to 100 characters. The following SQLCMD session demonstrates this: 1 create procedure WhereHasMyDataGone (@data varchar(5)) as 2 begin 3 print 'Your data is ''' + @data + '''.'; 4 end; 5 go 1 exec WhereHasMyDataGone '123456789'; 2 go Your data is '12345'. Local variables also exhibit the same behaviour: 1 declare @s varchar(5) = '123456789'; 2 print @s; 3 go 12345 Is there an option I can enable to have SQL Server report errors (or at least warnings) in such situations? Or should I just declare all local variables and stored procedure parameters as VARCHAR(MAX) or NVARCHAR(MAX)?

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  • Drupal: How to Render Results of Form on Same Page as Form

    - by Aaron
    How would I print the results of a form submission on the same page as the form itself? Relevant hook_menu: $items['admin/content/ncbi_subsites/paths'] = array( 'title' => 'Paths', 'description' => 'Paths for a particular subsite', 'page callback' => 'ncbi_subsites_show_path_page', 'access arguments' => array( 'administer site configuration' ), 'type' => MENU_LOCAL_TASK, ); page callback: function ncbi_subsites_show_path_page() { $f = drupal_get_form('_ncbi_subsites_show_paths_form'); return $f; } Form building function: function _ncbi_subsites_show_paths_form() { // bunch of code here $form['subsite'] = array( '#title' => t('Subsites'), '#type' => 'select', '#description' => 'Choose a subsite to get its paths', '#default_value' => 'Choose a subsite', '#options'=> $tmp, ); $form['showthem'] = array( '#type' => 'submit', '#value' => 'Show paths', '#submit' => array( 'ncbi_subsites_show_paths_submit'), ); return $form; } Submit function (skipped validate function for brevity) function ncbi_subsites_show_paths_submit( &$form, &$form_state ) { //dpm ( $form_state ); $subsite_name = $form_state['values']['subsite']; $subsite = new Subsite( $subsite_name ); //y own class that I use internally in this module $paths = $subsite->normalized_paths; // build list $list = theme_item_list( $paths ); } If I print that $list variable, it is exactly what I want, but I am not sure how to get it into the page with the original form page built from 'ncbi_subsites_show_path_page'. Any help is much appreciated!

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  • Python: Removing particular character (u"\u2610") from string

    - by duhaime
    I have been wrestling with decoding and encoding in Python, and I can't quite figure out how to resolve my problem. I am looping over xml text files (sample) that are apparently coded in utf-8, using Beautiful Soup to parse each file, then looking to see if any sentence in the file contains one or more words from two different list of words. Because the xml files are from the eighteenth century, I need to retain the em dashes that are in the xml. The code below does this just fine, but it also retains a pesky box character that I wish to remove. I believe the box character is this character. (You can find an example of the character I wish to remove in line 3682 of the sample file above. On this webpage, the character looks like an 'or' pipe, but when I read the xml file in Komodo, it looks like a box. When I try to copy and paste the box into a search engine, it looks like an 'or' pipe. When I print to console, though, the character looks like an empty box.) To sum up, the code below runs without errors, but it prints the empty box character that I would like to remove. for work in glob.glob(pathtofiles): openfile = open(work) readfile = openfile.read() stringfile = str(readfile) decodefile = stringfile.decode('utf-8', 'strict') #is this the dodgy line? soup = BeautifulSoup(decodefile) textwithtags = soup.findAll('text') textwithtagsasstring = str(textwithtags) #this method strips everything between anglebrackets as it should textwithouttags = stripTags(textwithtagsasstring) #clean text nonewlines = textwithouttags.replace("\n", " ") noextrawhitespace = re.sub(' +',' ', nonewlines) print noextrawhitespace #the boxes appear I tried to remove the boxes by using noboxes = noextrawhitespace.replace(u"\u2610", "") But Python threw an error flag: UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0xe2 in position 280: ordinal not in range(128) Does anyone know how I can remove the boxes from the xml files? I would be grateful for any help others can offer.

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  • How does Crystal Reports Runtime Licensing work?

    - by GluedHands
    I am designing an application in C# and I want to use some Crystal Reports in my application. I am selling this application as freelance to a small business. This is my first program that I have ever sold. I have Crystal Reports 2008 that I am using to design reports with. Do I need to get any kind of licensing from Business Objects to include the Crystal Reports Runtime for report printing in my application? Or do I not need to worry about it as long as I have a licensed version of Crystal Reports 2008 on my development machine. The client would only need be able to print the reports that I have designed on my machine, not design their own. The reports would be saved as a file. The application will load the saved report and print it with provided data. I did see this article which answers the most part of my question. However, it does not include whether it covers loading saved report documents? Any additional related information for a commercial product newbie is gladly appreciated.

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  • How do I capture Chinese input via SCIM with STDIN in Perl?

    - by KCArpe
    I use SCIM on Linux for Chinese and Japanese language input. Unfortunately, when I try to capture input using Perl's STDIN, the input is crazy. As roman characters are typed, SCIM tries to guess the correct final characters. ^H (backspace) codes are used to delete previously suggested chars on the command line. (As you type, SCIM tries to guess final Asian chars and displays them.) However, these backspace chars are shown literally as ^H and not interpreted correctly. Example one-liner: perl -e 'print "Chinese: "; my $s = <STDIN>; print $s' When I enable SCIM Chinese or Japanese language input, as I type, e.g., nihao = ??, here is the result: ?^H?^H?^H?^H?^H??^H^H??^H^H??^H^H??^H^H??^H^H??^H^H??^H^H??^H^H??^H^H?? At the very end of this string, you can see "??" (nihao/hello). At a normal bash prompt, if I type nihao (with Chinese enabled), the results is perfect. This has something to do with interpretation of backspace chars (or control chars) during Perl's STDIN. The same thing happens when using command 'read' in Bash. Witness: read -p 'Chinese: ' s && echo $s

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  • find, excluding dir, not descending into dir, AND using maxdepth and mindepth

    - by user1680819
    This is RHEL 5.6 and GNU find 4.2.27. I am trying to exclude a directory from find, and want to make sure that directory isn't descended into. I've seen plenty of posts saying -prune will do this - and it does. I can run this command: find . -type d -name "./.snapshot*" -prune -o -print and it works. I run it through strace and verify it is NOT descending into .snapshot. I also want to find directories ONLY at a certain level. I can use mindepth and maxdepth to do this: find . -maxdepth 8 -mindepth 8 -type d and it gives me all the dirs 8 levels down, including what's in .snapshot. If I combine the prune and mindepth and maxdepth options: find . -maxdepth 8 -mindepth 8 -type d \( -path "./.snapshot/*" -prune -o -print \) the output is right - I see all the dirs 8 levels down except for what's in .snapshot, but if I run that find through strace, I see that .snapshot is still being descended into - to levels 1 through 8. I've tried a variety of different combinations, moving the precedence parens around, reording expression components - everything that yields the right output still descends into .snapshot. I see in the man page that -prune doesn't work with -depth, but doesn't say anything about mindepth and maxdepth. Can anyone offer any advice? Thanks... Bill

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  • Porting Perl to C++ `print "\x{2501}" x 12;`

    - by jippie
    I am porting a program from Perl to C++ as a learning objective. I arrived at a routine that draws a table with commands like the following: Perl: print "\x{2501}" x 12; And it draws 12 times a '?' ("box drawings heavy horizontal"). Now I figured out part of the problem already: Perl: \x{}, \x00 Hexadecimal escape sequence; C++: \unnnn To print a single Unicode character: C++: printf( "\u250f\n" ); But does C++ have a smart equivalent for the 'x' operator or would it come down to a for loop? UPDATE Let me include the full source code I am trying to compile with the proposed solution. The compiler does throw an errors: g++ -Wall -Werror project.cpp -o project project.cpp: In function ‘int main(int, char**)’: project.cpp:38:3: error: ‘string’ is not a member of ‘std’ project.cpp:38:15: error: expected ‘;’ before ‘s’ project.cpp:39:3: error: ‘cout’ is not a member of ‘std’ project.cpp:39:16: error: ‘s’ was not declared in this scope #include <stdlib.h> #include <stdint.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> int main ( int argc, char *argv[] ) { if ( argc != 2 ) { fprintf( stderr , "usage: %s matrix\n", argv[0] ); exit( 2 ); } else { //std::string s(12, "\u250f" ); std::string s(12, "u" ); std::cout << s; } }

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  • Return the exact ID using fetch_assoc

    - by Selom
    Hi, I have a small problem in my code and I need your help. Well Im using fetch_assoc to get data from database and I need to get the ID number of each of returned values. the issue is that my code only return the ID number of the last data. Here's my code: <form method="post" action="action.php"> <select name="album" style="border:1px solid #CCC; font-size:11px; padding:1px"> <?php $sql = "SELECT * FROM table"; $stmt = $dbh -> prepare($sql); $stmt -> execute(); while($row = $stmt -> fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC)) { $album_ID = $row['album_ID']; $value = $row['album_name']; print "<option value ='". $value ."'>". $value. "</option>"; } ?> </select> <input type="hidden" name="album_ID" value="<?php print $album_ID?>"/> </form> I would like the hidden input type holds the selected album id, but it always holds the album id of the last data. Please help.

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  • Paginating requests to an API

    - by user332912
    I'm consuming (via urllib/urllib2) an API that returns XML results. The API always returns the total_hit_count for my query, but only allows me to retrieve results in batches of, say, 100 or 1000. The API stipulates I need to specify a start_pos and end_pos for offsetting this, in order to walk through the results. Say the urllib request looks like "http://someservice?query='test'&start_pos=X&end_pos=Y". If I send an initial 'taster' query with lowest data transfer such as http://someservice?query='test'&start_pos=1&end_pos=1 in order to get back a result of, for conjecture, total_hits = 1234, I'd like to work out an approach to most cleanly request those 1234 results in batches of, again say, 100 or 1000 or... This is what I came up with so far, and it seems to work, but I'd like to know if you would have done things differently or if I could improve upon this: hits_per_page=1000 # or 1000 or 200 or whatever, adjustable total_hits = 1234 # retreived with BSoup from 'taster query' base_url = "http://someservice?query='test'" startdoc_positions = [n for n in range(1, total_hits, hits_per_page)] enddoc_positions = [startdoc_position + hits_per_page - 1 for startdoc_position in startdoc_positions] for start, end in zip(startdoc_positions, enddoc_positions): if end total_hits: end = total_hits print "url to request is:\n ", print "%s&start_pos=%s&end_pos=%s" % (base_url, start, end) p.s. I'm a long time consumer of StackOverflow, especially the Python questions, but this is my first question posted. You guys are just brilliant.

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  • Functions and arrays

    - by Ordo
    Hello! My little program below shall take 5 numbers from the user, store them into an array of integers and use a function to print them out. Sincerly it doesn't work and nothing is printed out. I can't find a mistake, so i would be glad about any advice. Thanks. #include <stdio.h> void printarray(int intarray[], int n) { int i; for(i = 0; i < n; i ++) { printf("%d", intarray[i]); } } int main () { const int n = 5; int temp = 0; int i; int intarray [n]; char check; printf("Please type in your numbers!\n"); for(i = 0; i < n; i ++) { printf(""); scanf("%d", &temp); intarray[i] = temp; } printf("Do you want to print them out? (yes/no): "); scanf("%c", &check); if (check == 'y') printarray(intarray, n); getchar(); getchar(); getchar(); getchar(); return 0; }

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  • sed script to remove file name duplicates

    - by dma_k
    Dear community, I hope the below task will be very easy for sed lovers. I am not sed-guru, but I need to express the following task in sed, as sed is more popular on Linux systems. The input text stream is something which is produced by "make depends" and looks like following: pgm2asc.o: pgm2asc.c ../include/config.h amiga.h list.h pgm2asc.h pnm.h \ output.h gocr.h unicode.h ocr1.h ocr0.h otsu.h barcode.h progress.h box.o: box.c gocr.h pnm.h ../include/config.h unicode.h list.h pgm2asc.h \ output.h database.o: database.c gocr.h pnm.h ../include/config.h unicode.h list.h \ pgm2asc.h output.h detect.o: detect.c pgm2asc.h pnm.h ../include/config.h output.h gocr.h \ unicode.h list.h I need to catch only C++ header files (i.e. ending with .h), make the list unique and print as space-separated list prepending src/ as a path-prefix. This is achieved by the following perl script: make libs-depends | perl -e 'while (<>) { while (/ ([\w\.\/]+?\.h)/g) { $a{$1} = 1; } } print join " ", map { "src/$_" } keys %a;' The output is: src/unicode.h src/pnm.h src/progress.h src/amiga.h src/ocr0.h src/ocr1.h src/otsu.h src/barcode.h src/gocr.h src/../include/config.h src/list.h src/pgm2asc.h src/output.h Please, help to express this in sed.

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  • How can I store and access a filehandle in a Perl class?

    - by Haiyuan Zhang
    please look at the following code first. #! /usr/bin/perl package foo; sub new { my $pkg = shift; my $self = {}; my $self->{_fd} = undef; bless $self, $pkg; return $self; } sub Setfd { my $self = shift; my $fd = shift; $self_->{_fd} = $fd; } sub write { my $self = shift; print $self->{_fd} "hello word"; } my $foo = new foo; My intention is to store a file handle within a class using hash. the file handle is undefined at first, but can be initilized afterwards by calling Setfd function. then write can be called to actually write string "hello word" to a file indicated by the file handle, supposed that the file handle is the result of a success "write" open. but, perl compiler just complains that there are syntax error in the "print" line. can anyone of you tells me what's wrong here? thanks in advance.

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  • Socket stops communicating

    - by user1392992
    I'm running python 2.7 code on a Raspberry Pi that receives serial data from an Arduino, processes it, and sends it to a Windows box over a wifi link. The Pi is wired to a Linksys router running in client bridge mode and that router connects over wifi to another Linksys router to which the Windows box is wired. The code in the Pi runs fine for some (apparently) random interval, and then the Pi becomes unreachable from the Windows box. I'm running PUTTY on the the Windows machine to connect to the Pi and when the fail occurs I get a message saying there's been a network error and the Pi is not reachable. Pinging the Pi from the Windows machine works fine until the error, at which time it produces "Reply from 192.168.0.129: Destination host unreachable." The client bridge router to which the Pi is connected remains reachable. I've got the networking code on the Pi wrapped in an exception handler, and when it fails it shows the following: Ethernet problem: Traceback (most recent call last): File "garage.py", line 108, in module s.connect((host, port)) File "/usr/lib/python2.7/socket.py", line 224, in meth return getattr(self._sock,name)(*args) error: [Errno 113] No route to host None The relevant python code looks like: import socket import traceback host = '192.168.0.129' port = 31415 in the setup, and after serial data has been processed: try: bline = strline.encode('utf-8') s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) s.connect((host, port)) s.send(bline) s.close() except: print "Ethernet problem: " print traceback.print_exc() Where strline contains the processed data. As I said, this runs fine for a few hours more or less before failing. Any ideas? EDIT: When PUTTY fails its error message is :Network Error: Software caused connection abort."

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  • Why aren't my threads start at the same time? Java

    - by Ada
    Hi, I have variable number of threads which are used for parallel downloading. I used this, for(int i = 0; i< sth; i++){ thrList.add(new myThread (parameters)); thrList.get(i).start(); thrList.get(i).join(); } I don't know why but they wait for each other to complete. When using threads, I am supposed get mixed print outs, since right then there are several threads running that code. However, when I print them out, they are always in order and one thread waits for the previous one to finish first. I only want them to join the main thread, not wait for each other. I noticed that when I measured time while downloading in parallel. How can I fix this? Why are they doing it in order? In my .java, there is MyThread class with run and there is Downloader class with static methods and variables. Would they be the cause of this? The static methods and variables? How can I fix this problem?

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  • printing out dictionnaires

    - by kyril
    I have a rather specific question: I want to print out characters at a specific place using the \033[ syntax. This is what the code below should do: (the dict cells has the same keys as coords but with either '*' or '-' as value.) coords = {'x'+str(x)+'y'+str(y) : (x,y) for x,y, in itertools.product(range(60), range(20))} for key, value in coords.items(): char = cells[key] x,y = value HORIZ=str(x) VERT=str(y) char = str(char) print('\033['+VERT+';'+HORIZ+'f'+char) However, I noticed that if I put this into a infinite while loop, it does not always prints the same characters at the same position. There are only slight changes, but it deletes some and puts them back in after some loops. I already tried it with lists, and there it seems to behave just fine, so I tend to think it has something todo with the dict, but I can not figure out what it could be. You can see the Problem in a console here: SharedConsole.I am happy for every tip on this matter. On a related topic: After the printing, some changes should be made at the values of the cells dict, but for reason unknown to me, the only the first two rules are executed and the rest is ignored. The rules should test how many neighbours (which is in population) are around the cell and apply the according rule. In my implemention of this I have some kind of weird tumor growth (which should not happen, as if there more than three around they should the cell should die) (see FreakingTumor): if cells_copy [coord] == '-': if population == 3: cells [coord] = '*' if cells_copy [coord] == '*': if population > 3: cells [coord] = '-' elif population <= 1: cells [coord] = '-' elif population == 2 or 3: cells [coord] = '*' I checked the population variable several times, so I am quite sure that is not the matter. I am sorry for the slow consoles. Thanks in advance! Kyril

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  • How to differentiate between method and function in a decorator?

    - by defnull
    I want to write a decorator that acts differently depending on whether it is applied to a function or to a method. def some_decorator(func): if the_magic_happens_here(func): # <---- Point of interest print 'Yay, found a method ^_^ (unbound jet)' else: print 'Meh, just an ordinary function :/' return func class MyClass(object): @some_decorator def method(self): pass @some_decorator def function(): pass I tried inspect.ismethod(), inspect.ismethoddescriptor() and inspect.isfunction() but no luck. The problem is that a method actually is neither a bound nor an unbound method but an ordinary function as long as it is accessed from within the class body. What I really want to do is to delay the actions of the decorator to the point the class is actually instantiated because I need the methods to be callable in their instance scope. For this, I want to mark methods with an attribute and later search for these attributes when the .__new__() method of MyClass is called. The classes for which this decorator should work are required to inherit from a class that is under my control. You can use that fact for your solution. In the case of a normal function the delay is not necessary and the decorator should take action immediately. That is why I wand to differentiate these two cases.

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  • How to make buttons in python/pygame?

    - by user1334014
    I'm making a game in pygame and on the first screen I want there to be buttons that you can press to (i) start the game, (ii) load a new screen with instructions, and (iii) exit the program. I've found this code online for button making, but I don't really understand it (I'm not that good at object oriented programming). If I could get some explanation as to what it's doing that would be great. Also, when I use it and try to open a file on my computer using the file path, I get the error sh: filepath :Permission denied, which I don't know how to solve. #load_image is used in most pygame programs for loading images def load_image(name, colorkey=None): fullname = os.path.join('data', name) try: image = pygame.image.load(fullname) except pygame.error, message: print 'Cannot load image:', fullname raise SystemExit, message image = image.convert() if colorkey is not None: if colorkey is -1: colorkey = image.get_at((0,0)) image.set_colorkey(colorkey, RLEACCEL) return image, image.get_rect() class Button(pygame.sprite.Sprite): """Class used to create a button, use setCords to set position of topleft corner. Method pressed() returns a boolean and should be called inside the input loop.""" def __init__(self): pygame.sprite.Sprite.__init__(self) self.image, self.rect = load_image('button.png', -1) def setCords(self,x,y): self.rect.topleft = x,y def pressed(self,mouse): if mouse[0] > self.rect.topleft[0]: if mouse[1] > self.rect.topleft[1]: if mouse[0] < self.rect.bottomright[0]: if mouse[1] < self.rect.bottomright[1]: return True else: return False else: return False else: return False else: return False def main(): button = Button() #Button class is created button.setCords(200,200) #Button is displayed at 200,200 while 1: for event in pygame.event.get(): if event.type == MOUSEBUTTONDOWN: mouse = pygame.mouse.get_pos() if button.pressed(mouse): #Button's pressed method is called print ('button hit') if __name__ == '__main__': main() Thank you to anyone who can help me.

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  • Call 32-bit or 64-bit program from bootloader

    - by user1002358
    There seems to be quite a lot of identical information on the Internet about writing the following 3 bootloaders: Infinite loop jmp $ Print a single character Print "Hello World". This is fantastic, and I've gone through these 3 variations with very little trouble. I'd like to write some 32- or 64-bit code in C and compile it, and call that code from the bootloader... basically a bootloader that, for example, sets the computer up to run some simple numerical simulation. I'll start by listing primes, for example, and then maybe some input/output from the user to maybe compute a Fourier transform. I don't know. I haven't found any information on how to do this, but I can already foresee some problems before I even begin. First of all, compiling a C program compiles it into one of several different files, depending on the target. For Windows, it's a PE file. For Linux, it's a .out file. These files are both quite different. In my instance, the target isn't Windows or Linux, it's just whatever I have written in the bootloader. Secondly, where would the actual code reside? The bootloader is exactly 512 bytes, but the program I write in C will certainly compile to something much larger. It will need to sit on my (virtual) hard disk, probably in some sort of file system (which I haven't even defined!) and I will need to load the information from this file into memory before I can even think about executing it. But from my understanding, all this is many, many orders of magnitude more complex than a 12-line "Hello World" bootloader. So my question is: How do I call a large 32- or 64-bit program (written in C/C++) from my 16-bit bootloader.

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  • how do I remove rows/columns from this matrix using python

    - by banditKing
    My matrix looks like this. ['Hotel', ' "excellent"', ' "very good"', ' "average"', ' "poor"', ' "terrible"', ' "cheapest"', ' "rank"', ' "total reviews"'] ['westin', ' 390', ' 291', ' 70', ' 43', ' 19', ' 215', ' 27', ' 813'] ['ramada', ' 136', ' 67', ' 53', ' 30', ' 24', ' 149', ' 49', ' 310 '] ['sutton place', '489', ' 293', ' 106', ' 39', ' 20', ' 299', ' 24', ' 947'] ['loden', ' 681', ' 134', ' 17', ' 5', ' 0', ' 199', ' 4', ' 837'] ['hampton inn downtown', ' 241', ' 166', ' 26', ' 5', ' 1', ' 159', ' 21', ' 439'] ['shangri la', ' 332', ' 45', ' 20', ' 8', ' 2', ' 325', ' 8', ' 407'] ['residence inn marriott', ' 22', ' 15', ' 5', ' 0', ' 0', ' 179', ' 35', ' 42'] ['pan pacific', ' 475', ' 262', ' 86', ' 29', ' 16', ' 249', ' 15', ' 868'] ['sheraton wall center', ' 277', ' 346', ' 150', ' 80', ' 26', ' 249', ' 45', ' 879'] ['westin bayshore', ' 390', ' 291', ' 70', ' 43', ' 19', ' 199', ' 813'] I want to remove the top row and the 0th column from this and create a new matrix. How do I do this? Normally in java or so Id use the following code: for (int y; y< matrix[x].length; y++) for(int x; x < matrix[Y].length; x++) { if(x == 0 || y == 0) { continue } else { new_matrix[x][y] = matrix[x][y]; } } Is there a way such as this in python to iterate and selectively copy elements? Thanks EDIT Im also trying to convert each matrix element from a string to a float as I iterate over the matrix. This my updated modified code based on the answer below. A = [] f = open("csv_test.csv",'rt') try: reader = csv.reader(f) for row in reader: A.append(row) finally: f.close() new_list = [row[1:] for row in A[1:]] l = np.array(new_list) l.astype(np.float32) print l However Im getting an error --> l.astype(np.float32) print l ValueError: setting an array element with a sequence.

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  • Python "callable" attribute (pseudo-property)

    - by mgilson
    In python, I can alter the state of an instance by directly assigning to attributes, or by making method calls which alter the state of the attributes: foo.thing = 'baz' or: foo.thing('baz') Is there a nice way to create a class which would accept both of the above forms which scales to large numbers of attributes that behave this way? (Shortly, I'll show an example of an implementation that I don't particularly like.) If you're thinking that this is a stupid API, let me know, but perhaps a more concrete example is in order. Say I have a Document class. Document could have an attribute title. However, title may want to have some state as well (font,fontsize,justification,...), but the average user might be happy enough just setting the title to a string and being done with it ... One way to accomplish this would be to: class Title(object): def __init__(self,text,font='times',size=12): self.text = text self.font = font self.size = size def __call__(self,*text,**kwargs): if(text): self.text = text[0] for k,v in kwargs.items(): setattr(self,k,v) def __str__(self): return '<title font={font}, size={size}>{text}</title>'.format(text=self.text,size=self.size,font=self.font) class Document(object): _special_attr = set(['title']) def __setattr__(self,k,v): if k in self._special_attr and hasattr(self,k): getattr(self,k)(v) else: object.__setattr__(self,k,v) def __init__(self,text="",title=""): self.title = Title(title) self.text = text def __str__(self): return str(self.title)+'<body>'+self.text+'</body>' Now I can use this as follows: doc = Document() doc.title = "Hello World" print (str(doc)) doc.title("Goodbye World",font="Helvetica") print (str(doc)) This implementation seems a little messy though (with __special_attr). Maybe that's because this is a messed up API. I'm not sure. Is there a better way to do this? Or did I leave the beaten path a little too far on this one? I realize I could use @property for this as well, but that wouldn't scale well at all if I had more than just one attribute which is to behave this way -- I'd need to write a getter and setter for each, yuck.

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  • Using functions and arrays

    - by Ordo
    Hello! My little program below shall take 5 numbers from the user, store them into an array of integers and use a function to print them out. Sincerly it doesn't work and my output is always "00000". I can't find a mistake, so i would be glad about any advice. Thanks. #include <stdio.h> void printarray(int intarray[], int n) { int i; for(i = 0; i < n; i ++) { printf("%d", intarray[i]); } } int main () { const int n = 5; int temp = 0; int i; int intarray [n]; char check; printf("Please type in your numbers!\n"); for(i = 0; i < n; i ++) { printf(""); scanf("&d", &temp); intarray[i] = temp; getchar(); getchar(); } printf("Do you want to print them out? (yes/no): "); scanf("%c", &check); if (check == 'y') printarray(intarray, n); getchar(); getchar(); return 0; }

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