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• Four disks - RAID 10 or two mirrored pairs?

  - by ewwhite

  I have this discussion with developers quite often. The context is an application running in Linux that has a medium amount of disk I/O. The servers are HP ProLiant DL3x0 G6 with four disks of equal size @ 15k rpm, backed with a P410 controller and 512MB of battery or flash-based cache. There are two schools of thought here, and I wanted some feedback... 1). I'm of the mind that it makes sense to create an array containing all four disks set up in a RAID 10 (1+0) and partition as necessary. This gives the greatest headroom for growth, has the benefit of leveraging the higher spindle count and better fault-tolerance without degradation. 2). The developers think that it's better to have multiple RAID 1 pairs. One for the OS and one for the application data, citing that the spindle separation would reduce resource contention. However, this limits throughput by halving the number of drives and in this case, the OS doesn't really do much other than regular system logging. Additionally, the fact that we have the battery RAID cache and substantial RAM seems to negate the impact of disk latency... What are your thoughts?

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• Destroyed user account on OS X with dscl; how to restore? [migrated]

  - by Sam Ritchie

  I was trying to create a new user on my OS X Lion machine, and somehow managed to destroy my own user's account. Here are the steps I took; hopefully someone here can recognize what I did, and maybe identify some way around this. First, I ran these commands: sudo dscl localhost -create /Local/Default/Users/elasticsearch sudo dscl localhost -create /Local/Default/Users/elasticsearch /bin/bash # mistake! sudo dscl localhost -create /Local/Default/Users/elasticsearch UserShell /bin/bash sudo dscl localhost -create /Local/Default/Users/elasticsearch RealName "Elastic Search" sudo dscl localhost -create /Local/Default/Users/elasticsearch UniqueID 503 # MY uniqueID sudo dscl localhost -create /Local/Default/Users/elasticsearch PrimaryGroupID 1000 sudo dscl localhost -create /Local/Default/Users/elasticsearch NFSHomeDirectory /Local/Users/elasticsearch The big mistake I made here was using "503", which was my user's UniqueID. Immediately my shell username changed to "elasticsearch". I fiddled around, tried to change the current user with sudo su -u sritchie, but this didn't work. On restart, only the "Elastic Search" user was available. I logged into the Lion Recovery partition and reset the root password. After logging in as root and checking on the terminal, I made the remarkable discovery that my home folder was totally empty. I deleted the elasticsearch user, but it made no difference. I don't see anything in Deleted Users either. The odd thing is that when I log in now as myself (sritchie) I can see desktop icons with previews. I can even open a few text files from the Downloads folder if I use the dock alias to Downloads. Could this data be hiding somewhere? Any help would be REALLY appreciated! Thanks, Sam

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• Expand disk space on Ubuntu 10.04 (VMWare Guest)

  - by Jason Clawson

  I need to resize the disk space of an ubuntu guest in VMWare Workstation. After using the expand disk utility in vmware workstation, I need to do some linux magic to resize the parition. I have searched and found a lot of posts about resizing it. Unfortunately I don't really understand it all that well. Can anyone help me out with this? df -h gives me: Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/ubuntu-root 19G 2.6G 16G 15% / none 496M 172K 495M 1% /dev none 500M 0 500M 0% /dev/shm none 500M 64K 500M 1% /var/run none 500M 0 500M 0% /var/lock none 500M 0 500M 0% /lib/init/rw none 19G 2.6G 16G 15% /var/lib/ureadahead/debugfs /dev/sda1 228M 36M 181M 17% /boot lvs says: LV VG Attr LSize Origin Snap% Move Log Copy% Convert root ubuntu -wi-ao 18.88g swap_1 ubuntu -wi-ao 884.00m fdisk -l says: Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00033718 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 32 248832 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 32 2611 20719617 5 Extended /dev/sda5 32 2611 20719616 8e Linux LVM I really appreciate the help.

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• Installing and running a guest OS on KVM-qemu with only serial console access

  - by nixnotwin

  I am trying to installing a bsd distro with virt-installer. With a Linux distro I used this: virt-install -n debian -r 1024 --vcpus=1 --accelerate -v --disk /var/kvm/installation-disks/debian.img,size=6--nographics --network=bridge:br0,model=ne2k_pci,mac=52:54:00:66:68:09 -l http://ftp.de.debian.org/debian/dists/squeeze/main/installer-amd64/current/images/ -x console=ttyS0,115200 This loads the installer directly from the online mirror. With Fedora I used this mirror: http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/mirrors/fedora.redhat.com/pub/fedora/linux/releases/16/Fedora/x86_64/os/ Are there such mirrors for freebsd or openbsd? The reason I want direct installable ftp/http mirrors is because I can access my physical server only via ssh, and it doesn't have a X server or a window manager to give me a VNC GUI. When I tried installing centos 6 with an online mirror I was able to finish the installation via serial console, but after I rebooted it, the serial console never worked for me. I tried everything possible---editing menu.lst, inttab and securtty files. Fedora 16 booted fine from serial console, but got stuck when it loaded anaconda installer. I tried editing freebsd iso installation media by adding serial console option to boot option. And installation was successful. But couldn't boot into it becuase it wasn't giving console acess. I couldn't edit any files as ufs partition cannot be loaded with write access on my Ubuntu server 10.04. Only debian squeeze worked well, it worked for me even without editing a single configuration file. I want to have CLI versions of fedora/centos and freebsd/openbsd. But, looks like there isn't any hope for me to have them, as I have to depend on a serial console to do everything.

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• Windows XP: How to delete files and folders that cannot be deleted?

  - by glenneroo

  I have a backup copy of a previous Windows' Documents and Settings folder which only contains my original user and within 2 more directories: Favorites and Local Settings. When I try to delete Local Settings I get this error: When I try to delete Favorites, I get this error: I ran this in a cmd shell: attrib *.* -r -a -s -h /s ...but it did not help, nor did it return any errors/warnings. I used Unlocker v1.8.5 and LockHunter repeatedly at multiple levels to see if any files are in use, but both always say: No Files Locked. Update #1: I was able to rename the directory, which now gives me this warning before (trying to) delete: If I press Yes (or Yes to All) then I get this error: Update #2: I let chkdsk /f run which required a reboot since it's on my primary system partition. During Stage 2 scanning, I received about 40 of these: Deleting an index entry from index $0 of file 25. ...followed by: Deleting index entry cookies in index $I30 of file 37576. ...but I still get the first error dialog above when trying to delete. Update #3: Digging deeper, the 99 is the name of one of many directories located deep in here: C:\Documents and Settings.OLD\User\Local Settings\Application Data\Microsoft\Messenger\[email protected]\SharingMetadata\[email protected]\DFSR\Staging\CS{D4E4AE55-B5E2-F03B-5189-6C4DA6E41788}\ Inside each of those directories were files with names such as: 2300-{C93D01AC-0739-4FD9-88C7-13D2F21A208E}-v2300-{C93D01AC-0739-4FD9-88C7-13D2F21A208E}-v2300-Downloaded.frx I noticed that, unlike all the directories, I couldn't rename any of these files. I also noticed that the file + dir names were extremely long: Original directory = 194 characters Filenames = 100+ characters Together the length exceeds the 255-char limit which is bad and would explain the error message I posted in Update #1. Partial Solution: Rename all directories until the total path length is less than 100. Afterwards I was able to rename the .frx files, not to mention delete everything inside the Local Settings directory. This is only a partial solution because this (empty) directory is still undeleteable: C:\1\2\Favorites\Wien\What To Do.. I'm guessing because of the ".." at the end, Windows (Explorer and cmd) can't deal with it: Here is what Explorer properties shows: Any ideas?

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• How to move Mdadm RAID drive (EBS based) to different AWS Instance

  - by Stanley

  We have a media-rich web application that is hosted on AWS. We have several Web Servers and we have an NFS server. On the NFS server (Linux server) we have several EBS volumes that are mounted and we've used mdadm to implement the different mounted volumes as a single RAID volume. The Web Servers simply access the NFS storage through a mount point. Amazon has now let us know that they will be performing power maintenance on this server in a couple of days time. Since all our media is on here it would render our site unusable for the hours while Amazon is working on it. We want to try and prevent this downtime. I was thinking that we can prevent server downtime by perhaps setting up a new server temporarily and attaching the EBS drives (raid volume) to that server and have our web servers point there during maintenance. This is a very high risk operation since this involves several terabytes of our production data. What would be the safe way to move over our logical raid drive (md0) to a new amazon instance? I was hoping that I could start with building the new server, mounting the ebs volumes and assembling the RAID partition using mdadm --assemble --scan before unmounting from the existing instance so that I can first test that everything works and thus having it mounted on two instances at the same time, but I don't believe that is possible with the way that filesystems work. How do I move a Linux software RAID to a new machine? suggests a way to move drives, but isn't really a cloud-based question. Perhaps there are simpler ways to prevent system downtime with our solution being hosted on the cloud? I have considered taking an EBS snapshot, but that tries to replicate all the many terabytes of mounted storage, so this is not a practical solution. Any ideas?

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• Failing Windows Updates with Error Code 800719e4

  - by Kev

  On a number of Vista machines I have now come across the same error - when installing updates everything works fine, until it after it reboots and the rolls back during step 3. On all occasions (where a simple retry hasn't worked) the error code has been 800719e4. On my own laptop I have so far tried the following:- Installed the updates one by one manually - I started on the smallest and one by one have worked towards the largest one which has left me with "Security Update for Windows (KB2286198)" that refuses to install. Renamed all the files in "C:\Windows\Logs\CBS" to "xxx.old" where xxx was the original name with windows update turned off - no change Renamed all the folders in "C:\Windows\SoftwareDistribution" in the same manner - no change Attempted to install it manually "Windows6.0-KB2286198-x86.msu" - no change Tried to un-install IE8 - doesn't work, rolls back at the end (Installing the IE9 Beta when it launched was what alerted me to the issue on this laptop) Ran a "Fix It" thing from the Microsoft Website - no help (Can't find the link now). Tried to recover from the disk - but alas my laptop only has a recovery partition (and was unservice packed original). Ran with nothing running on startup, and only MS services - again no change. Google is being useless with a load of posts trying to get me to call a telephone number with letters in (presumably an American number) The error code appears to mean error log full but no one has any idea which log! The WinUpdate log does indicate the following is the error point though :- 2010-10-23 13:54:48:230 1240 738 Handler WARNING: Got extended error: "POQ Operation SetKeyValue OperationData \Registry\machine\Schema\wcm://Microsoft-Windows-shell32?version=6.0.6002.18287&language=neutral&processorArchitecture=x86&publicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35&versionScope=nonSxS&scope=allUsers\metadata\elements\HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT_lnkfile_shellex_DropHandler_defaultValue, @default, , ewAwADAAMAAyADEANAAwADEALQAwADAAMAAwAC0AMAAwADAAMAAtAEMAMAAwADAALQAwADAAMAAwADAAMAAwADAAMAAwADQANgB9AAAA" Has anyone any idea how to fix this once and for all - reinstalling laptop after laptop from scratch is mildly annoying at work where Office and Firefox are the only extras, but even more annoying at home - I don't fancy going through the palaver of reinstalling everything yet again.

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• Windows 7 boot issues

  - by Michael

  Ok, I tried to install linux and dual boot my laptop with 7 ultimate. I messed up. When I tried to boot to 7 it said no. Something along the lines of device not found. So I being young and stupid I uninstalled linux which I could boot into, and I still could not boot to windows. Next step was to run the startup fixes from the boot cd. Swing and a miss, I also ran the fixmbr and fixboot. Which brings us up to my current place. I installed 7 again on my blank partition in hopes I could access my other partion. No dice. So my question to yall is how can I fix my original filesystem or at least get to the stuff on it. In the new 7 install the old partion does not even have a drive letter. That is my sad story any help would be apreciated.

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• Adding third disk as a single disk in a server with an existing RAID1

  - by slowhandsolo

  I've got a ProLiant DL360 G5 server (Fedora 13) with two SAS disks in a hardware RAID 1, working fine. Now I hot plugged another SAS disk. I'd like to configure this new hard disk out of my RAID, as a single non-RAID disk (ex. /dev/sdb). Even after rebooting the server, I can't see the new disk with "fdisk -l". It displays only my hardware RAID, but not the new disk. [root@myserver]# fdisk -l Disco /dev/cciss/c0d0: 300.0 GB, 299966445568 bytes Disposit. Inicio Comienzo Fin Bloques Id Sistema /dev/cciss/c0d0p1 * 1 126 512000 83 Linux /dev/cciss/c0d0p2 126 71798 292422656 8e Linux LVM Disco /dev/dm-0: 234.9 GB, 234881024000 bytes Disco /dev/dm-1: 10.5 GB, 10536091648 bytes Disco /dev/dm-2: 21.0 GB, 20971520000 bytes Disco /dev/dm-3: 31.5 GB, 31474057216 bytes Disco /dev/dm-4: 1577 MB, 1577058304 bytes However, I can see the new disk using the HP Array Configuration Utility CLI for Linux "hpacucli": [root@myserver]# hpacucli => controller slot=0 physicaldrive all show status physicaldrive 1I:1:1 (port 1I:box 1:bay 1, 300 GB): OK physicaldrive 1I:1:2 (port 1I:box 1:bay 2, 300 GB): OK physicaldrive 1I:1:3 (port 1I:box 1:bay 3, 300 GB): OK => controller slot=0 pd all show detail Smart Array P400i in Slot 0 (Embedded) array A physicaldrive 1I:1:1 Port: 1I Box: 1 Bay: 1 physicaldrive 1I:1:2 Port: 1I Box: 1 Bay: 2 **unassigned** physicaldrive 1I:1:3 Port: 1I Box: 1 Bay: 3 Status: OK Drive Type: **Unassigned Drive** As you can see, I've got two SAS disks in a RAID 1 and the new disk as "unassigned". Is there any way to work with the new disk as another non-RAID single disk? If relevant, I want to create a new partition in my new disk, format it with mkfs and mount it, but as I can't see it with fdisk, I don't know how to do it. Thanks!

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• How to restore windows.old for windows 7

  - by Jim Thio

  I reinstall windows. Then I regret that and want to go back. Fortunately the old windows is stored at windows.old I follow the instruction in http://support.microsoft.com/kb/971760 I did it all with small catches When I insert the windows 7 installer, the drive for installer is X and my hard disk is D rather than C. However, on normal windows operation the drive is C. Only when I boot through CD the partition is assigned to the letter D. There is no file bootsect on my windows installer So I can't do **D:\boot\bootsect /nt60 c:** Which should be changed to X:\boot\bootsect /nt60 C: or X:\boot\bootsect /nt60 D: depending on what it really does. As I said if I boot through windows dvd my hard disk letter is D but normally it's C. I am not even sure what that bootsect does anyway. I also can't do this one Attrib –h –s –r boot.ini.saved Copy boot.ini.saved boot.ini There is no file boot.ini or boot.ini.saved It's hidden but I don't see it if I try to look unhidden files either. Because I simply switch from windows 7 to windows 7 and the directory for windows don't change c:\windows I thought it should still work. Well, it doesn't. When windows restart it only goes to the logo and then restart the computer.

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• My Boot order changed. Why?

  - by Chris

  I have a laptop running Windows XP SP3 with one internal hard drive partitioned into C: (system), D: (storage) and I have an external hard drive, F: (external drive). Yesterday the machine was running fine. Today, I go back to it and see that it's just showing a blinking cursor. Checked through the BIOS and the hard drive checked out fine. CTRL-ALT-DELETED the machine a few times, but I was never able to boot back into the operating system. I threw in a live CD and found out that the boot order of the drives has changed. The external drive is now C:, the system partiton is D:, and the storage partition is E:. Does anyone have any idea of how or why this would have occured? Auto system updates are turned off so there should have been no automatic reboot of the system overnight, and anti-virius runs on the machine and has found no infections before this occured. Edit When I was looking through the BIOS of the machine, I did see that the boot order was changed. But still the same question remains, what would have caused this to happen? I can't believe that a random reboot happened and totally changed my hard drive setup.

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• Cross OS data recover question, USB drive involved.

  - by Moshe

  Here's the story: A MacBook had OS X 10.4 and Windows XP dual booting using rEFIt. Then the Windows partition gets corrupted and it won't boot. Presumably a virus. There were sensitive files there and those were successfully copied to a USB drive and then 10.5 was installed on the hard drive, formatting the drive in the process. The USB drive's contacts cracked and he data is lost from there, unless it can be resoldered. The issues is that there is too much solder there already. So, how can the data in question be recovered? The files were Microsoft Money (not the latest version) files for the Windows version of the program. Right now, only OS X is installed on the MacBook. Is there Mac based program that can recover the Windows data or am I better off trying to resolder the drive? Does anyone know how to best resolder a USB drive more than once, where the first solder is ther, but detached from the silicon? Also, what format (extension) are Microsoft Money files? In need of help!

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• RAID6 mdraid -> LVM -> EXT4 root with GRUB2?

  - by Rotonen

  2012-03-31 Debian Wheezy daily build in VirtualBox 4.1.2, 6 disk devices. My steps to reproduce so far: Setup one partition, using the entire disk, as a physical volume for RAID, per disk Setup a single RAID6 mdraid array out of all of those Use the resulting md0 as the only physical volume for the volume group Setup your logical volumes, filesystems and mount points as you wish Install your system Both / and /boot will be in this stack. I've chosen EXT4 as my filesystem for this setup. I can get as far as GRUB2 rescue console, which can see the mdraid, the volume group and the LVM logical volumes (all named appropriately on all levels) on it, but I cannot ls the filesystem contents of any of those and I cannot boot from them. As far as I can see from the documentation the version of GRUB2 shipped there should handle all of this gracefully. http://packages.debian.org/wheezy/grub-pc (1.99-17 at the time of writing.) It is loading the ext2, raid, raid6rec, dosmbr (this one is in the list of modules once per disk) and lvm modules according to the generated grub.cfg file. Also it is defining the list of modules to be loaded twice in the generated grub.cfg file and according to quick Googling around this seems to be the norm and OK for GRUB2. How to get further by getting GRUB2 to actually be able to read the content of the filesystems and boot the system? What am I wrong about in my assumptions of functionality here? EDIT (2012-04-01) My generated grub.cfg: http://pastie.org/3708436 It seems it first makes my /usr logical volume the root and that might be source of the failure? A grub-mkconfig bug? Or is it supposed to get access to stuff from /usr before / and /boot? /boot is on / for me - no separate boot logical volume.

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• Problem restoring from tar backup: why are there /dev/disk/by-id/ symlinks and how can I avoid them?

  - by SK.

  Hello, I'm trying to make a bare-bone backup system with the most basic tools available on openSUSE 11.3 (in this case: bash, fdisk, tar & grub legacy) Here's the workflow for my scripts: backup.sh: (Run from external system, e.g. LiveCD) make an fdisk script ($fscript) from fdisk -l's output [works] mount the partitions from the system's fstab [works] tar the crucial stuff in file.tgz [works] restore.sh: (Run from external system, e.g. LiveCD) run fdisk $dest < $fscript to restore partitioning [works] format and mount partitions from system's fstab [fails] extract from file.tgz [works when mounting manually] restore grub [fails] I have recently noticed that openSUSE (though I'm sure it has nothing to do with the distro) has different output in /etc/fstab and /boot/grub/menu.lst, more precisely the partition name is for example "/dev/disk/by-id/numbers-brandname-morenumbers-part2" instead of "/dev/sda2" -- but it basically is a simple symlink. My questions about this: what is the point of such symlinks, especially if we're restoring on a different disk? is there a way to cleanly prevent the creation of those symlinks and use the "true" /dev/sdx everywhere instead? if the previous is no, do you know a way to replace those symlinks on the fly in a text file? I tried this script but only works if the file starts with the symlink description (case of fstab, not menu.lst): ### search and replace /dev/disk/by-id/... to /dev/sdx while read oldVolume rest; do # get first element, ignore rest of line if [[ "$oldVolume" =~ ^/dev/disk/by-id/.*(-part[0-9]*$)? ]]; then newVolume=$(readlink $oldVolume) # replace pointer by pointee, returns "../../sdx" echo /dev/${newVolume##*/} $rest >> TMP # format to "/dev/sdx", write line else echo $oldVolume $rest >> TMP # nothing to do fi done < $file mv -f TMP $file # save changes I've had trouble finding a solution to this on google so I was hoping some of the members here could help me. Thank you.

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• Server Manager from Windows 2008 to Hyper-V 2008 R2?

  - by Roger Lipscombe

  My workstation is running Windows Server 2008. I do not have local admin privileges. I have a Hyper-V Server 2008 R2 (i.e. Core+Hyper-V) box. On that box, I do have local admin privileges. I can Remote Desktop to the box; Hyper-V Manager works fine (outside of Server Manager). It's just that there are some things that are easier to do in Server Manager (partition disks, etc.) than at the command line. I'd like to use Server Manager on my workstation to manage the Hyper-V box. However: When I run Server Manager on my workstation, it prompts for elevation, and won't then let me connect to another server. If I attempt to run MMC and then add "Server Manager" as a Snap-in, it doesn't prompt me for the server name. Then it complains that I'm not an Administrator. It doesn't provide for connecting to another server. The Remote Server Administration Tools (RSAT) are for Windows Vista and Windows 7 RC. These don't install on Windows 2008.

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• Resize a RAID 1 volume on OS X Snow Leopard - how? (Note: software raid)

  - by Emmel

  I've scoured the Internet in search of an answer to this question, and as usual with OSX-related topics, I often don't find any deep-dive technical explanations sufficient enough to feel confident doing dangerous things. Here is my question: I have a Mac Pro, running OS X 10.6.2. I have, as my main root/boot disk, a RAID 1 volume called "Mirror1". Mirror1 is comprised of two 1 TB disks. Mirror1, however, is fixed at 640 GB. That's because, I originally took a 640GB disk, bought a terabyte disk, mirrored it (using diskutil appleraid enable), when it synced I removed the 640GB and replaced it with a second 1 TB disk, and synced again. Voila! A single 640 GB replaced by two 1 TB disks in a mirror.. Actually, no. There's still something missing from the equation: Mirror1 needs to be expanded from 640GB to 1 TB to match the partition sizes on each of those disks. How do I do this? Perhaps the diskutil output will help: -> diskutil list /dev/disk0 #: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER 0: GUID_partition_scheme *1.0 TB disk0 1: EFI 209.7 MB disk0s1 2: Apple_RAID 999.9 GB disk0s2 3: Apple_Boot Boot OSX 134.2 MB disk0s3 /dev/disk1 #: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER 0: GUID_partition_scheme *1.0 TB disk1 1: EFI 209.7 MB disk1s1 2: Apple_RAID 999.9 GB disk1s2 3: Apple_Boot Boot OSX 134.2 MB disk1s3 /dev/disk2 #: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER 0: GUID_partition_scheme *640.1 GB disk2 1: EFI 209.7 MB disk2s1 2: Apple_HFS Mac Disk 2 536.7 GB disk2s2 3: Microsoft Basic Data BOOTCAMP 103.1 GB disk2s3 /dev/disk3 #: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER 0: Apple_HFS Mirror1 *639.8 GB disk3 -> diskutil appleraid list AppleRAID sets (1 found) =============================================================================== Name: Macintosh HD Unique ID: 1953F864-B474-4EB6-8E69-41834EBD0247 Type: Mirror Status: Online Size: 639.8 GB (639791038464 Bytes) Rebuild: manual Device Node: disk3 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- # Device Node UUID Status ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0 disk1s2 25109BAE-5697-40EA-B612-0217851444F7 Online 1 disk0s2 11B83AB0-8148-4DB6-8761-DEF08C855F8D Online =============================================================================== Thanks in advance.

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• MD RAID 1 with external bitmap doesn't fully resync

  - by user64744

  I have an interesting configuration: dual boot system with a RAID 1 that needs to be visible in both Windows and Linux. The Windows install is Win 7 Enterprise, and the Linux install is Kubuntu 10.04. To get the RAID to work, I set it up using Windows's "Dynamic Disks" RAID 1, and brought it up in Linux using MD with no persistent superblock, and a write-intent bitmap on another partition. (Without this bitmap, MD had no way of knowing that the array was in sync, and would do a complete resync every time the array started.) The array is assembled like so: mdadm --build /dev/md1 -l 1 -n 2 -b /var/local/md1.bitmap /dev/sdb2 /dev/sdc2 I expected that the first time I ran this command, it would resync the array, write out a bitmap with no dirty chunks, and all would be good. This wasn't the case: after completing the resync, the bitmap was mostly clean, but about 5% dirty blocks remained, as revealed by mdadm -X /var/local/md1.bitmap I didn't mount the filesystem on /dev/md1 or touch it in any other way. I then found that stopping and restarting the array: mdadm --stop /dev/md1 mdadm --build /dev/md1 -l 1 -n 2 -b /var/local/md1.bitmap /dev/sdb2 /dev/sdc2 did indeed read in the bitmap, with an ensuing resync that went quickly because most of the blocks were marked clean. The confusing part is that this resync further reduced the number of dirty blocks, but still did not remove all of them. By repeatedly stopping and restarting I could slowly bring the dirty block count down to around 0.6%, where it seemed to level out. Any ideas what could be causing this? It smells to me of a race condition somewhere that leads to blocks either being skipped over during synchronization or not properly cleared from the bitmap, but I really have no evidence to prove this. It doesn't look like hardware issues since both drives are new and have zero read errors and reallocated sectors reported by smartctl -a.

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• Error during Time Machine backups on OS X Lion

  - by user92401

  After I turn on my machine, the first couple of Time Machine backups seem to go OK, but after about an hour I get this error: Unable to complete backup. An error occurred while creating the backup folder. Latest successful backup: 7/31/11 at 12:32 PM I'm running 10.7. Time Machine is backing up an internal HD to an external USB HD. I've already run Disk Utility to repair the Time Machine partition. It's a relatively new hard drive and didn't have any issues. Here's what I've found in the Console's log filtered for backupd: 7/31/11 12:31:21.223 PM com.apple.backupd: Starting standard backup 7/31/11 12:31:21.447 PM com.apple.backupd: Backing up to: /Volumes/MyMac TM Backup/Backups.backupdb 7/31/11 12:31:29.146 PM com.apple.backupd: 983.7 MB required (including padding), 391.90 GB available 7/31/11 12:32:19.471 PM com.apple.backupd: Copied 3156 files (36.0 MB) from volume Macintosh HD. 7/31/11 12:32:20.017 PM com.apple.backupd: Copied 3173 files (36.0 MB) from volume LI. 7/31/11 12:32:20.136 PM com.apple.backupd: 934.8 MB required (including padding), 391.86 GB available 7/31/11 12:32:54.755 PM com.apple.backupd: Copied 916 files (117.8 MB) from volume Macintosh HD. 7/31/11 12:32:54.894 PM com.apple.backupd: Copied 933 files (117.8 MB) from volume LI. 7/31/11 12:32:55.937 PM com.apple.backupd: Starting post-backup thinning 7/31/11 12:32:55.937 PM com.apple.backupd: No post-back up thinning needed: no expired backups exist 7/31/11 12:32:55.960 PM com.apple.backupd: Backup completed successfully. 7/31/11 1:21:28.624 PM com.apple.backupd: Starting standard backup 7/31/11 1:21:28.631 PM com.apple.backupd: Backing up to: /Volumes/MyMac TM Backup/Backups.backupdb 7/31/11 1:21:28.682 PM com.apple.backupd: Error: (22) setxattr for key:com.apple.backupd.HostUUID path:/Volumes/MyMac TM Backup/Backups.backupdb/Will’s Mac Pro size:37 7/31/11 1:21:28.683 PM com.apple.backupd: Error: (22) setxattr for key:com.apple.backupd.HostUUID path:/Volumes/MyMac TM Backup/Backups.backupdb/Will’s Mac Pro size:37 7/31/11 1:21:38.694 PM com.apple.backupd: Backup failed with error: 2

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• Why does hiberfil.sys come back from the dead on Windows 7?

  - by Corey White

  I have Windows 7 running on a small (40GB) partition, with 4GB ram. This means that the hiberfil.sys file created by Hibernate takes up a significant portion of the available diskspace. I would like to remove it. I am aware that I can disable Hibernate and remove hiberfil.sys by entering powercfg -h off in an elevated command prompt. This works -- the file is immediately removed, and after doing so, the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\ControlSet001\Control\Power\HibernateEnabled key is (correctly) set to 0. However, the next time I reboot the PC, hiberfil.sys returns from the dead, Hibernate is reenabled, and that registry key has returned to 1. I'm pretty much at my wits' end with this. Almost everything I can find online related to removing the hiberfil.sys file simply suggests using powercfg to turn off hibernation, and that appears to work for just about everyone. But it just keeps coming back for me! (Like a vampire, sucking up my disk space.) I did find one other thread from someone who seems to have had the same issue, but none of the suggestions there worked for the original poster (or for me). Still, I have tried everything listed there, including: Disabling hybrid sleep Disabling Hibernate through the command prompt, through the Power Options GUI, and through both (in both orders) Manually changing the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\ControlSet001\Control\Power\HibernateEnabled key Pretty much everything else I can think of! I do want to reiterate that I have no problem removing the file -- that works great. It just comes back after every reboot. I'm about ready to throw in the towel and just run a script on login to disable Hibernate each time, even though that seems like a crazily hacky "solution" . . . but I was hoping someone here could suggest something else, first. Thanks!

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• Resize a RAID 1 volume on OS X Snow Leopard - how? (Note: software raid)

  - by Emmel

  I've scoured the Internet in search of an answer to this question, and as usual with OSX-related topics, I often don't find any deep-dive technical explanations sufficient enough to feel confident doing dangerous things. Here is my question: I have a Mac Pro, running OS X 10.6.2. I have, as my main root/boot disk, a RAID 1 volume called "Mirror1". Mirror1 is comprised of two 1 TB disks. Mirror1, however, is fixed at 640 GB. That's because, I originally took a 640GB disk, bought a terabyte disk, mirrored it (using diskutil appleraid enable), when it synced I removed the 640GB and replaced it with a second 1 TB disk, and synced again. Voila! A single 640 GB replaced by two 1 TB disks in a mirror.. Actually, no. There's still something missing from the equation: Mirror1 needs to be expanded from 640GB to 1 TB to match the partition sizes on each of those disks. How do I do this? Perhaps the diskutil output will help: -> diskutil list /dev/disk0 #: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER 0: GUID_partition_scheme *1.0 TB disk0 1: EFI 209.7 MB disk0s1 2: Apple_RAID 999.9 GB disk0s2 3: Apple_Boot Boot OSX 134.2 MB disk0s3 /dev/disk1 #: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER 0: GUID_partition_scheme *1.0 TB disk1 1: EFI 209.7 MB disk1s1 2: Apple_RAID 999.9 GB disk1s2 3: Apple_Boot Boot OSX 134.2 MB disk1s3 /dev/disk2 #: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER 0: GUID_partition_scheme *640.1 GB disk2 1: EFI 209.7 MB disk2s1 2: Apple_HFS Mac Disk 2 536.7 GB disk2s2 3: Microsoft Basic Data BOOTCAMP 103.1 GB disk2s3 /dev/disk3 #: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER 0: Apple_HFS Mirror1 *639.8 GB disk3 -> diskutil appleraid list AppleRAID sets (1 found) =============================================================================== Name: Macintosh HD Unique ID: 1953F864-B474-4EB6-8E69-41834EBD0247 Type: Mirror Status: Online Size: 639.8 GB (639791038464 Bytes) Rebuild: manual Device Node: disk3 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- # Device Node UUID Status ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0 disk1s2 25109BAE-5697-40EA-B612-0217851444F7 Online 1 disk0s2 11B83AB0-8148-4DB6-8761-DEF08C855F8D Online =============================================================================== Thanks in advance.

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• Dual-booting Ubuntu and Pardus with GRUB2...Pardus no show?

  - by Ibn Ali al-Turki

  I have Ubuntu 10.10 installed and used to dual-boot Fedora, but I replaced Fedora with Pardus. After the install, I went into ubuntu, and did a sudo update-grub. It detected my Pardus 2011 install there. When I rebooted, it did not show up in my grub2 menu however. I went back to Ubuntu and did it again...then checked the grub.cfg, and it is not there. I have read that Pardus uses a grub legacy. How can I get Pardus into my grub2 menu? Thanks! sudo fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0xd9b3496e Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 15197 122067968 83 Linux /dev/sda2 36394 60802 196059757 5 Extended /dev/sda3 15197 30394 122067968 83 Linux /dev/sda5 36394 59434 185075308 7 HPFS/NTFS /dev/sda6 59434 60802 10983424 82 Linux swap / Solaris Partition table entries are not in disk order and update-grub Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.35-25-generic Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-2.6.35-25-generic Found memtest86+ image: /boot/memtest86+.bin Found Pardus 2011 (2011) on /dev/sda3 Yet after this, I go to grub.cfg, and Pardus is not there.

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• VMWare Setup with 2 Servers and a DAS (DELL MD3220)

  - by Kumala

  I am planning to use a VMWare based setup consisting of two VMWare servers (2 CPU, 256GB Memory) and a DAS (DELL MD3220 with 24x900GB disks). The virtual machines will be half running MS SQL databases (Application, Sharepoint, BI) and the other half of the VM will be file services, IIS. To enhance the capacity of the storage, we'll be adding a MD1220 enclosure with another 24x900GB to the MD3220. Both DAS will have 2 controllers. Our current measured IOPS is 1000 IOPS average, 7000 IOPS peak (those happen maybe twice per hour). We are in the planning phase now and are looking at the proper setup of the disks. The intention is to setup up both DAS one of the DAS with RAID 10 only and the other DAS with RAID 5. That will allow us to put the applications on the DAS that supports the application performance needs best. Question is how best to partition the two DASs to get best possible IOPS/MBps, each DAS will have to have 2 hot spares? For the RAID 5 Setup: Generally speaking, would it be better to have one single disk group across all 22 disks (24 - 2 hot spares) with both controllers assigned to the one disk group or is it better to have 2 disk groups each 11 disks, assigned to one of the two controllers? Same question for the RAID 10 setup: The plan is: 2 disks for logs (Raid 1), 2 Hotspare and 20 disks for RAID 10. Option 1: 5 * 4 disks (RAID 10), with two groups assigned to 1 controller and 3 groups to the other controller Option 2: One large RAID 10 across all the disks and have both controllers assigned to the same group? I would assume that there is no right or wrong, but it all depends very much on the specific application behaviour, so I am looking for some general ideas what the pros and cons are of the different options. IF there are other meaningful options, feel free to propose them.

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• What's the best way to completely remove everything from a computer, without re-installing?

  - by Connor W

  I have a friend who wants to sell their computer, but obviously all personal information and software that it is on it needs to be removed before doing so. Usually I would format and reinstall it, but I cannot easily get hold of the required XP DVDs and I'm not 100% sure the serial number is stuck on the case as usual so getting hold of it will probably require more effort than I'm prepared to spend. So, what's the best and quickest way to remove and uninstall everything from the PC without reinstalling it? Thanks. EDITS: I'm looking to remove things like Internet History and all installed programs, too. I know how to remove the history and each individual program, but that could take hours. The machine is not branded and therefore there is no website I can go to download recovery software. There is no recovery partition on the computer and I'm not aware of any recovery DVDs for it either. I can only assume it was installed from a retail copy, and therefore there is no way to recover it to factory settings. It needs to have XP installed, not any distribution of Linux. Like most average people, the person getting the computer will not understand what to do with a computer that doesn't have Windows installed, and software like Office does not work on Linux either. Buying another licence is not really an option either. She has just brought a laptop to replace the computer, so buying another licence for a computer that she's getting rid of doesn't really make sense. Thanks for all the help so far!

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• Understanding the Mounting of a Filesystem

  - by Tom H.

  I'm new to linux and want to check my understanding of how mounting/filesystems work. I read related manpages, but just want to be sure. I have a partition say /dev/sda5 that is currently mounted to /home with various subdirs. It is my understanding that this means /dev/sda5 has its own portable filesystem that can be moved anywhere in the main filesystem. Questions: If I unmount /dev/sda5 from /home (# umount /home) and then mount it to /var/www/ (which is empty) (# mount -t ext3 /dev/sda5 /var/www) and replace the fstab entry, with /dev/sda5 /var/www ext3 defaults,noatime,nodev 1 2 and # mount -a, Q1) are all of the contents of /home now accessible under /var/www/ (i.e. /home/username -> /var/www/username)? Q2) Are all of the permissions from the /home filesystem kept intact in this new location? Anything else I should be concerned with? Just want to make sure I don't go wipe/corrupt anything. Coming from Windows the filesystem architecture takes getting used to (though I'm loving the flexibility!).

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• trouble shooting ntfs-loop-xen combination in wubi based grub of Ubuntu

  - by Registered User

  Here is a situation I installed Ubuntu on a laptop using Wubi in Windows 7 drive.*The laptop is not mine.*I have installed and things worked by now perfectly without any problem.We are trying to set up a Xen (virtualization)environment in this laptop. After setting up every thing cleanly.When I needed to boot with following grub entries menuentry "Xen Linux 2.6.32.27" { insmod ntfs set root='(hd0,2)' loopback loop0 /ubuntu/disks/root.disk set root=(loop0) multiboot /boot/xen.gz module /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.32.27 dummy=dummy root=/dev/sda2 loop=/ubuntu/disks/root.disk ro console=tty0 module /boot/initrd.img-2.6.32.27 } I got error file not found error unknown command 'multiboot' error unknown command 'module' error unknown command 'module' Now to dig this issue further I reboot the machine and go to grub command prompt and manually pass on each of the above parameters which you see in the grub entry when I reached grub> insmod multiboot then I got following message on screen error:file not found. It looks like this wubi+ grub setup has just enough modules to use loopback file on ntfs, but the ACTUAL /boot directory is on the loopback NOT ntfs (hd0,2). Therefore any attempt to read any files from (hd0,2) simply wont work, cause there's no file there.I need to use insmod multiboot and command multiboot and module which are available in grub on a normal install without Wubi.But since the laptop is not mine so I am not allowed to partition it and have to make it work in this situation only. While a normal Kernel is still booting? How can I get module multiboot in this Wubi based install.

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