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• Most efficient way to search the last x lines of a file in python

  - by Harley

  I have a file and I don't know how big it's going to be (it could be quite large, but the size will vary greatly). I want to search the last 10 lines or so to see if any of them match a string. I need to do this as quickly and efficiently as possible and was wondering if there's anything better than: s = "foo" last_bit = fileObj.readlines()[-10:] for line in last_bit: if line == s: print "FOUND"

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• getting expat to use .dtd for entity replacement in python

  - by nicolas78

  I'm trying to read in an xml file which looks like this <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> <!DOCTYPE dblp SYSTEM "dblp.dtd"> <dblp> <incollection> <author>Jos&eacute; A. Blakeley</author> </incollection> </dblp> The point that creates the problem looks is the Jos&eacute; A. Blakeley part: The parser calls its character handler twice, once with "Jos", once with " A. Blakeley". Now I understand this may be the correct behaviour if it doesn't know the eacute entity. However, this is defined in the dblp.dtd, which I have. I don't seem to be able to convince expat to use this file, though. All I can say is p = xml.parsers.expat.ParserCreate() # tried with and without following line p.SetParamEntityParsing(xml.parsers.expat.XML_PARAM_ENTITY_PARSING_ALWAYS) p.UseForeignDTD(True) f = open(dblp_file, "r") p.ParseFile(f) but expat still doesn't recognize my entity. Why is there no way to tell expat which DTD to use? I've tried putting the file into the same directory as the XML putting the file into the program's working directory replacing the reference in the xml file by an absolute path What am I missing? Thx.

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• what's faster: merging lists or dicts in python?

  - by tipu

  I'm working with an app that is cpu-bound more than memory bound, and I'm trying to merge two things whether they be sets or dicts. Now the thing is i can choose either one, but I'm wondering if merging dicts would be faster since it's all in memory? Or is it always going to be O(n), n being the size of the smaller set. The reason I asked about dicts rather than sets is because I can't convert a set to json, because that results in {key1, key2, key3} and json needs a key/value pair, so I am using a dict so json dumps returns {key1:1, key2:1, key3:1}. Yes this is wasteful, but if it proves to be faster then I'm okay with it.

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• Setting an class attribute with a given name in python while defining the class

  - by kaleidomedallion

  I am trying to do something like this: property = 'name' value = Thing() class A: setattr(A, property, value) other_thing = 'normal attribute' def __init__(self, etc) #etc.......... But I can't seem to find the reference to the class to get the setattr to work the same as just assigning a variable in the class definition. How can I do this?

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• Reading Python Documentation for 3rd party modules

  - by Shadyabhi

  I recently downloaded IMDbpy moduele.. When I do, import imdb help(imdb) i dont get the full documentation.. I have to do im = imdb.IMDb() help(im) to see the available methods. I dont like this console interface. Is there any better way of reading the doc. I mean all the doc related to module imdb in one page..

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• Download whole directories in Python SimpleHTTPServer

  - by awegawef

  I really like how I can easily share files on a network using the SimpleHTTPServer, but I wish there was an option like "download entire directory". Is there an easy (one liner) way to implement this? Thanks

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• writing header in csv python with DictWriter

  - by user248237

  assume I have a csv.DictReader object and I want to write it out as a csv file. How can I do this? I thought of the following: dr = csv.DictReader(open(f), delimiter='\t') # process my dr object # ... # write out object output = csv.DictWriter(open(f2, 'w'), delimiter='\t') for item in dr: output.writerow(item) Is that the best way? More importantly, how can I make it so a header is written out too, in this case the object "dr"s .fieldnames property? thanks.

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• Python - output without new line

  - by Ockonal

  Hello, how can I output text to the console without new line at the end? for example: print 'temp1' print 'temp2' - temp1 temp2 And I need: temp1temp2

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• how do i edit a running python program?

  - by Jeremiah Rose

  scenario: a modular app that loads .py modules on the fly as it works. programmer (me) wishes to edit the code of a module and and then re-load it into the program without halting execution. can this be done? i have tried running import a second time on an updated module.py, but the changes are not picked up

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• Parsing specific numeric data from csv file using python

  - by KJ Lim

  Good morning. I have series of data in cvs file like below, 1,,, 1,137.1,1198,1.6 2,159,300,0.4 3,176,253,0.3 4,197,231,0.3 5,198,525,0.7 6,199,326,0.4 7,215,183,0.2 8,217.1,178,0.2 9,244.2,416,0.5 10,245.1,316,0.4 I want to extract specific data from second column for example 217.1 and 245.1 and have them concatenated into a new file like, 8,217.1,178,0.2 10,245.1,316,0.4 I use cvs module to read my cvs file, but, I can't extract specific data as I desire. Could anyone kindly please help me. Thank you.

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• Simple noob python style question.

  - by Oscar Reyes

  Which is preferred def method(self): or def method( self ): With spaces in the parenthesis

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• python: how to terminate a thread when main program ends

  - by facha

  Hi, everyone If have a thread in infinite loop, is there a way to terminate it when main program ends (for example, when I press ctrl+C)?

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• Please explain this python behavior

  - by StackUnderflow

  class SomeClass(object): def __init__(self, key_text_pairs = None): ..... for key, text in key_text_pairs: ...... ...... x = SomeClass([1, 2, 3]) The value of key_text_pairs inside the init is None even if I pass a list as in the above statement. Why is it so?? I want to write a generic init which can take all iterator objects... Thanks

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• Common elements between two lists not using sets in Python

  - by Thomas

  I want count the same elements of two lists. Lists can have duplicate elements, so I can't convert this to sets and use & operator. a=[2,2,1,1] b=[1,1,3,3] set(a) & set(b) work a & b don't work It is possible to do it withoud set and dictonary?

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• Python Post Upload JPEG to Server?

  - by iJames

  It seems like this answer has been provided a bunch of times but in all of it, I'm still getting errors from the server and I'm sure it has to do with my code. I've tried HTTP, and HTTPConnection from httplib and both create quite different terminal outputs in terms of formatting/encoding so I'm not sure where the problem lies. Does anything stand out here? Or is there just a better way? Pieced together from an ancient article because I really needed to understand the basis of creating the post: http://code.activestate.com/recipes/146306-http-client-to-post-using-multipartform-data/ Note, the jpeg is supposed to be "unformatted". The pseudocode: boundary = "somerandomsetofchars" BOUNDARY = '--' + boundary CRLF = '\r\n' fields = [('aspecialkey','thevalueofthekey')] files = [('Image.Data','mypicture.jpg','/users/home/me/mypicture.jpg')] bodylines = [] for (key, value) in fields: bodylines.append(BOUNDARY) bodylines.append('Content-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"' % key) bodylines.append('') bodylines.append(value) for (key, filename, fileloc) in files: bodylines.append(BOUNDARY) bodylines.append('Content-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"; filename="%s"' % (key, filename)) bodylines.append('Content-Type: %s' % self.get_content_type(fileloc)) bodylines.append('') bodylines.append(open(fileloc,'r').read()) bodylines.append(BOUNDARY + '--') bodylines.append('') #print bodylines content_type = 'multipart/form-data; boundary=%s' % BOUNDARY body = CRLF.join(bodylines) #conn = httplib.HTTP("www.ahost.com") # In both this and below, the file part was garbling the rest of the body?!? conn = httplib.HTTPConnection("www.ahost.com") conn.putrequest('POST', "/myuploadlocation/uploadimage") headers = { 'content-length': str(len(body)), 'Content-Type' : content_type, 'User-Agent' : 'myagent' } for headerkey in headers: conn.putheader(headerkey, headers[headerkey]) conn.endheaders() conn.send(body) response = conn.getresponse() result = response.read() responseheaders = response.getheaders() It's interesting in that the real code I've implemented seems to work and is getting back valid responses, but the problem it it's telling me that it can't find the image data. Maybe this is particular to the server, but I'm just trying to rule out that I'm not doing some thing exceptionally stupid here. Or perhaps there's other methodologies for doing this more efficiently. I've not tried poster yet because I want to make sure I'm formatting the POST correctly first. I figure I can upgrade to poster after it's working yes?

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• Python Threading

  - by anteater7171

  I'm trying to make a simple program that continually displays and updates a label that displays the CPU usage, while having other unrelated things going on. I've done enough research to know that threading is likely going to be involved. However, I'm having trouble applying what I've seen in simple examples of threading to what I'm trying to do. What I currently have going: import Tkinter import psutil,time from PIL import Image, ImageTk class simpleapp_tk(Tkinter.Tk): def __init__(self,parent): Tkinter.Tk.__init__(self,parent) self.parent = parent self.initialize() def initialize(self): self.labelVariable = Tkinter.StringVar() self.label = Tkinter.Label(self,textvariable=self.labelVariable) self.label.pack() self.button = Tkinter.Button(self,text='button',command=self.A) self.button.pack() def A (self): G = str(round(psutil.cpu_percent(), 1)) + '%' print G self.labelVariable.set(G) def B (self): print "hello" if __name__ == "__main__": app = simpleapp_tk(None) app.mainloop() In the above code I'm basically trying to get command A continually running, while allowing command B to be done when the users presses the button.

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• Adjective Nominalization in Python NLTK

  - by Abhishek

  Hi, Is there a way to obtain Wordnet adjective nominalizations using NLTK? For example, for 'happy' the desired output would be 'happiness'. I tried to dig around, but couldn't find anything. Thanks!

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• python unittest howto

  - by zubin71

  I`d like to know how I could unit-test the following module. def download_distribution(url, tempdir): """ Method which downloads the distribution from PyPI """ print "Attempting to download from %s" % (url,) try: url_handler = urllib2.urlopen(url) distribution_contents = url_handler.read() url_handler.close() filename = get_file_name(url) file_handler = open(os.path.join(tempdir, filename), "w") file_handler.write(distribution_contents) file_handler.close() return True except ValueError, IOError: return False

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• Compute divergence of vector field using python

  - by nyvltak

  Is there a function that could be used for calculation of the divergence of the vectorial field? (in matlab http://www.mathworks.ch/help/techdoc/ref/divergence.html) I would expect it exists in numpy/scipy but I can not find it using google :(. # I need to calculate div[A * grad(F)], where F = np.array([[1,2,3,4],[5,6,7,8]]) (2D numpy ndarray) A = np.array([[1,2,3,4],[1,2,3,4]]) (2D numpy ndarray) so grad(F) is a set of 2D ndarrays # I know, I can calculate divergence like this: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divergence#Application_in_Cartesian_coordinates but do not want to reinvent the wheel. (and also I expent there is some optimized function)

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• Which Python XML library should I use?

  - by PulpFiction

  Hello. I am going to handle XML files for a project. I had earlier decided to use lxml but after reading the requirements, I think ElemenTree would be better for my purpose. The XML files that have to be processed are: Small in size. Typically < 10 KB. No namespaces. Simple XML structure. Given the small XML size, memory is not an issue. My only concern is fast parsing. What should I go with? Mostly I have seen people recommend lxml, but given my parsing requirements, do I really stand to benefit from it or would ElementTree serve my purpose better?

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• python appengine form-posted utf8 file issue

  - by khany

  hi, i am trying to form-post a sql file that consists on many INSERTS, eg. INSERT INTO `TABLE` VALUES ('abcdé', 2759); then i use re.search to parse it and extract the fields to put into my own datastore. The problem is that, although the file contains accented characters (see the e is a é), once uploaded it loses it and either errors or stores a bytestring representation of it. Heres what i am currently using (and I have tried loads of alternatives): form = cgi.FieldStorage() uFile = form['sql'] uSql = uFile.file.read() lineX = uSql.split("\n") # to get each line and so on. has anyone got a robust way of making this work? remember i am on appengine so access to some libraries is restricted/forbidden

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• Multiple levels of 'collection.defaultdict' in Python

  - by Morlock

  Thanks to some great folks on SO, I discovered the possibilities offered by collections.defaultdict, notably in readability and speed. I have put them to use with success. Now I would like to implement three levels of dictionaries, the two top ones being defaultdict and the lowest one being int. I don't find the appropriate way to do this. Here is my attempt: from collections import defaultdict d = defaultdict(defaultdict) a = [("key1", {"a1":22, "a2":33}), ("key2", {"a1":32, "a2":55}), ("key3", {"a1":43, "a2":44})] for i in a: d[i[0]] = i[1] Now this works, but the following, which is the desired behavior, doesn't: d["key4"]["a1"] + 1 I suspect that I should have declared somewhere that the second level defaultdict is of type int, but I didn't find where or how to do so. The reason I am using defaultdict in the first place is to avoid having to initialize the dictionary for each new key. Any more elegant suggestion? Thanks pythoneers!

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• Copy string - Python

  - by Francisco Aleixo

  Ok guys I imagine this is easy but I can't seem to find how to copy a string. Simply COPY to the system like CTRL+C on a text. Basically I want to copy a string so I can for example, lets say, paste(ctrl+v). Sorry for such a trivial question, haha.

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• [Python]String and integer concatenation

  - by michele

  Hi, I want to create string in a for. # Create string0, string1 ..... string10 for i in range [1,10]: string="string"+i But I have returned an error because i is not a string but integer. How I can do it? Thanks.

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• Python: Figure out local timezone

  - by Adam Matan

  I want to compare UTC timestamps from a log file with local timestamps. When creating the local datetime object, I use something like: >>> local_time=datetime.datetime(2010, 4, 27, 12, 0, 0, 0, tzinfo=pytz.timezone('Israel')) I want to find an automatic tool that would replace thetzinfo=pytz.timezone('Israel') with the current local time zone. Any ideas?

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