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• How to do relative imports in Python?

  - by Joril

  Imagine this directory structure: app/ __init__.py sub1/ __init__.py mod1.py sub2/ __init__.py mod2.py I'm coding mod1, and I need to import something from mod2. How should I do it? I tried from ..sub2 import mod2 but I'm getting an "Attempted relative import in non-package". I googled around but found only "sys.path manipulation" hacks. Isn't there a clean way? Edit: all my __init__.py's are currently empty Edit2: I'm trying to do this because sub2 contains classes that are shared across sub packages (sub1, subX, etc.). Edit3: The behaviour I'm looking for is the same as described in PEP 366 (thanks John B)

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• Obfuscate strings in Python

  - by Caedis

  I have a password string that must be passed to a method. Everything works fine but I don't feel comfortable storing the password in clear text. Is there a way to obfuscate the string or to truly encrypt it? I'm aware that obfuscation can be reverse engineered, but I think I should at least try to cover up the password a bit. At the very least it wont be visible to a indexing program, or a stray eye giving a quick look at my code. I am aware of pyobfuscate but I don't want the whole program obfuscated, just one string and possibly the whole line itself where the variable is defined. Target platform is GNU Linux Generic (If that makes a difference)

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• Comparing a time delta in python

  - by Alpesh Patel

  I have a variable which is <type 'datetime.timedelta'> and I would like to compare it against certain values. Lets say d produces this datetime.timedelta value 0:00:01.782000 I would like to compare it like this: #if d is greater than 1 minute if d>1:00: print "elapsed time is greater than 1 minute" I have tried converting datetime.timedelta.strptime() but that does seem to work. Is there an easier way to compare this value?

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• python regex of a date in some text, enclosed by two keywords

  - by Horace Ho

  This is Part 2 of this question and thanks very much for David's answer. What if I need to extract dates which are bounded by two keywords? Example: text = "One 09 Jun 2011 Two 10 Dec 2012 Three 15 Jan 2015 End" Case 1 bounding keyboards: "One" and "Three" Result expected: ['09 Jun 2011', '10 Dec 2012'] Case 2 bounding keyboards: "Two" and "End" Result expected: ['10 Dec 2012', '15 Jan 2015'] Thanks!

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• remove from a list of tuples according to the second part of the tuples in python

  - by sia

  contacts.remove((name,ip)) i have the ip and its unique, i want to remove this tuple from contacts according to the ip and no need to name, i just tried this "contacts.remove((pass,ip))", but i encountered an error.

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• Python: writing a program to compute the area of a circle and square

  - by user1672504

  I have a question with an assignment. I'm not sure how to write this program and I really need help! Could someone help me with this? This is the assignment: Write a program that asks the user to enter two values: an integer choice and a real number x. If choice is 1, compute and display the area of a circle of radius x. If choice is 2, compute and display the are of a square with sides of length x. If choice is neither 1, nor 2, will display the text Invalid choice. Sample run: Enter choice: 2 Enter x: 8 The area is: 64.0 Sample run: Enter choice: 1 Enter x: 8 The area is: 201.06176 My attempt: choice = input ('Enter Choice:') choice_1 = int (choice) if (choice_1==1): radius = (int) print('Enter x:',radius) pi = 3.14159 area = ( radius ** 2 ) * pi print ( 'The Area is=' , area )

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• Recognizing language of a short text? - Python

  - by RadiantHex

  Hi folks, I'm have a list of articles, each article has its own title and description. Unfortunately, from the sources I am using, there is no way to know what language they are written. Also, text is not entirely written in 1 language; almost always English words are present. I reckon I would need dictionary databases stored on my machine, but it feels a bit unpractical. What would you suggest I do?

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• Python/YACC: Resolving a shift/reduce conflict

  - by Rosarch

  I'm using PLY. Here is one of my states from parser.out: state 3 (5) course_data -> course . (6) course_data -> course . course_list_tail (3) or_phrase -> course . OR_CONJ COURSE_NUMBER (7) course_list_tail -> . , COURSE_NUMBER (8) course_list_tail -> . , COURSE_NUMBER course_list_tail ! shift/reduce conflict for OR_CONJ resolved as shift $end reduce using rule 5 (course_data -> course .) OR_CONJ shift and go to state 7 , shift and go to state 8 ! OR_CONJ [ reduce using rule 5 (course_data -> course .) ] course_list_tail shift and go to state 9 I want to resolve this as: if OR_CONJ is followed by COURSE_NUMBER: shift and go to state 7 else: reduce using rule 5 (course_data -> course .) How can I fix my parser file to reflect this? Do I need to handle a syntax error by backtracking and trying a different rule?

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• logical operators evaluation in return statemnet in python

  - by table

  hi, how does this execute: **def f(x): return x0 and (x%2)+f(x/2) or 0** x is an array ,for instanse,[1, 1, 1, 3] thank u

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• Running a Python script outside of Django

  - by geejay

  I have a script which uses the Django ORM features, amongst other external libraries, that I want to run outside of Django (that is, executed from the command-line). Edit: At the moment, I can launch it by navigating to a URL... How do I setup the environment for this?

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• Drawing a Dragons curve in Python

  - by Connor Franzoni

  I am trying to work out how to draw the dragons curve, with pythons turtle using the An L-System or Lindenmayer system. I no the code is something like the Dragon curve; initial state = ‘F’, replacement rule – replace ‘F’ with ‘F+F-F’, number of replacements = 8, length = 5, angle = 60 But have no idea how to put that into code.

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• How to do cleanup reliably in python?

  - by Cheery

  I have some ctypes bindings, and for each body.New I should call body.Free. The library I'm binding doesn't have allocation routines insulated out from the rest of the code (they can be called about anywhere there), and to use couple of useful features I need to make cyclic references. I think It'd solve if I'd find a reliable way to hook destructor to an object. (weakrefs would help if they'd give me the callback just before the data is dropped. So obviously this code megafails when I put in velocity_func: class Body(object): def __init__(self, mass, inertia): self._body = body.New(mass, inertia) def __del__(self): print '__del__ %r' % self if body: body.Free(self._body) ... def set_velocity_func(self, func): self._body.contents.velocity_func = ctypes_wrapping(func) I also tried to solve it through weakrefs, with those the things seem getting just worse, just only largely more unpredictable. Even if I don't put in the velocity_func, there will appear cycles at least then when I do this: class Toy(object): def __init__(self, body): self.body.owner = self ... def collision(a, b, contacts): whatever(a.body.owner) So how to make sure Structures will get garbage collected, even if they are allocated/freed by the shared library? There's repository if you are interested about more details: http://bitbucket.org/cheery/ctypes-chipmunk/

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• Python/PyParsing: Difficulty with setResultsName

  - by Rosarch

  I think I'm making a mistake in how I call setResultsName(): from pyparsing import * DEPT_CODE = Regex(r'[A-Z]{2,}').setResultsName("Dept Code") COURSE_NUMBER = Regex(r'[0-9]{4}').setResultsName("Course Number") COURSE_NUMBER.setParseAction(lambda s, l, toks : int(toks[0])) course = DEPT_CODE + COURSE_NUMBER course.setResultsName("course") statement = course From IDLE: >>> myparser import * >>> statement.parseString("CS 2110") (['CS', 2110], {'Dept Code': [('CS', 0)], 'Course Number': [(2110, 1)]}) The output I hope for: >>> myparser import * >>> statement.parseString("CS 2110") (['CS', 2110], {'Course': ['CS', 2110], 'Dept Code': [('CS', 0)], 'Course Number': [(2110, 1)]}) Does setResultsName() only work for terminals?

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• Use of infix operator hack in production code (Python)

  - by Casebash

  What is your opinion of using the infix operator hack in production code? Issues: The effect this will have on speed. The potential for a clashes with an object with these operators already defined. This seems particularly dangerous with generic code that is intended to handle objects of any type. It is a shame that this isn't built in - it really does improve readability

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• Generate and merge data with python multiprocessing

  - by Bobby

  I have a list of starting data. I want to apply a function to the starting data that creates a few pieces of new data for each element in the starting data. Some pieces of the new data are the same and I want to remove them. The sequential version is essentially: def create_new_data_for(datum): """make a list of new data from some old datum""" return [datum.modified_copy(k) for k in datum.k_list] data = [some list of data] #some data to start with #generate a list of new data from the old data, we'll reduce it next newdata = [] for d in data: newdata.extend(create_new_data_for(d)) #now reduce the data under ".matches(other)" reduced = [] for d in newdata: for seen in reduced: if d.matches(seen): break #so we haven't seen anything like d yet seen.append(d) #now reduced is finished and is what we want! I want to speed this up with multiprocessing. I was thinking that I could use a multiprocessing.Queue for the generation. Each process would just put the stuff it creates on, and when the processes are reducing the data, they can just get the data from the Queue. But I'm not sure how to have the different process loop over reduced and modify it without any race conditions or other issues. What is the best way to do this safely? or is there a different way to accomplish this goal better?

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• Python - List of Lists Slicing Behavior

  - by Dan Dobint

  When I define a list and try to change a single item like this: list_of_lists = [['a', 'a', 'a'], ['a', 'a', 'a'], ['a', 'a', 'a']] list_of_lists[1][1] = 'b' for row in list_of_lists: print row It works as intended. But when I try to use list comprehension to create the list: row = ['a' for range in xrange(3)] list_of_lists = [row for range in xrange(3)] list_of_lists[1][1] = 'b' for row in list_of_lists: print row It results in an entire column of items in the list being changed. Why is this? How can I achieve the desired effect with list comprehension?

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• Types in Python - Google Appengine

  - by Chris M

  Getting a bit peeved now; I have a model and a class thats just storing a get request in the database; basic tracking. class SearchRec(db.Model): WebSite = db.StringProperty()#required=True WebPage = db.StringProperty() CountryNM = db.StringProperty() PrefMailing = db.BooleanProperty() DateStamp = db.DateTimeProperty(auto_now_add=True) IP = db.StringProperty() class AddSearch(webapp.RequestHandler): def get(self): searchRec = SearchRec() searchRec.WebSite = self.request.get('WEBSITE') searchRec.WebPage = self.request.get('WEBPAGE') searchRec.CountryNM = self.request.get('COUNTRY') searchRec.PrefMailing = bool(self.request.get('MAIL')) searchRec.IP = self.request.get('IP') Bool has my biscuit; I thought that setting bool(self.reque....) would set the type of the string but no matter what I pass it it still stores it as TRUE in the database. I had the same issue with using required=True on strings for the model; the damn thing kept saying that nothing was being passed... but it had. Ta

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• Plotting 3D Polygons in python-matplotlib

  - by Developer

  I was unsuccessful browsing web for a solution for the following simple question: How to draw 3D polygon (say a filled rectangle or triangle) using vertices values? I have tried many ideas but all failed, see: from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D from matplotlib.collections import PolyCollection import matplotlib.pyplot as plt fig = plt.figure() ax = Axes3D(fig) x = [0,1,1,0] y = [0,0,1,1] z = [0,1,0,1] verts = [zip(x, y,z)] ax.add_collection3d(PolyCollection(verts),zs=z) plt.show() I appreciate in advance any idea/comment. Updates based on the accepted answer: import mpl_toolkits.mplot3d as a3 import matplotlib.colors as colors import pylab as pl import scipy as sp ax = a3.Axes3D(pl.figure()) for i in range(10000): vtx = sp.rand(3,3) tri = a3.art3d.Poly3DCollection([vtx]) tri.set_color(colors.rgb2hex(sp.rand(3))) tri.set_edgecolor('k') ax.add_collection3d(tri) pl.show() Here is the result:

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• python to display the special characters

  - by Suhail

  Hi, I am facing issues with the special characters like ° and ® which represent the degreee Farenheit sign and the ® represent the registered sign, when i print the string the contains the special characters, it gives output like this: Preheat oven to 350&deg F Welcome to Lorem Ipsum Inc&reg is there a way i can output the exact characters and not their codes ? please let me know.

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• Python re.IGNORECASE being dynamic

  - by Adam Nelson

  I'd like to do something like this: re.findall(r"(?:(?:\A|\W)" + 'Hello' + r"(?:\Z|\W))", 'hello world',re.I) And have re.I be dynamic, so I can do case-sensitive or insensitive comparisons on the fly. This works but is undocumented: re.findall(r"(?:(?:\A|\W)" + 'Hello' + r"(?:\Z|\W))", 'hello world',1) To set it to sensitive. Is there a Pythonic way to do this? My best thought so far is: if case_sensitive: regex_senstive = 1 else: regex_sensitive = re.I re.findall(r"(?:(?:\A|\W)" + 'Hello' + r"(?:\Z|\W))", 'hello world',regex_sensitive)

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• Python Script to backup a directory

  - by rgolwalkar

  Filename:backup_ver1 import os import time 1 Using list to specify the files and directory to be backed up source = r'C:\Documents and Settings\rgolwalkar\Desktop\Desktop\Dr Py\Final_Py' 2 define backup directory destination = r'C:\Documents and Settings\rgolwalkar\Desktop\Desktop\PyDevResourse' 3 Setting the backup name targetBackup = destination + time.strftime('%Y%m%d%H%M%S') + '.rar' rar_command = "rar.exe a -ag '%s' %s" % (targetBackup, ''.join(source)) i am sure i am doing something wrong here - rar command please let me know if os.system(rar_command) == 0: print 'Successful backup to', targetBackup else: print 'Backup FAILED' O/P:- Backup FAILED winrar is added to Path and CLASSPATH under Environment variables as well - anyone else with a suggestion for backing up the directory is most welcome

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• Python beginner confused by a complex line of code

  - by Protean

  I understand the gist of the code, that it forms permutations; however, I was wondering if someone could explain exactly what is going on in the return statement. def perm(l): sz = len(l) print (l) if sz <= 1: print ('sz <= 1') return [l] return [p[:i]+[l[0]]+p[i:] for i in range(sz) for p in perm(l[1:])]

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• Formatting floats in Python without superfluos zeros

  - by TarGz

  How to format a float so it does not containt the remaing zeros? In other words, I want the resulting string to be as short as possible..? Like: 3 -> "3" 3. -> "3" 3.1 -> "3.1" 3.14 -> "3.14" 3.140 -> "3.14"

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• Exit Tks mainloop in Python?

  - by Olof

  I'm writing a slideshow program with Tkinter, but I don't know how to go to the next image without binding a key. import os, sys import Tkinter import Image, ImageTk import time root = Tkinter.Tk() w, h = root.winfo_screenwidth(), root.winfo_screenheight() root.overrideredirect(1) root.geometry("%dx%d+0+0" % (w, h)) root.focus_set() root.bind("<Escape>", lambda e: e.widget.quit()) image_path = os.path.join(os.getcwd(), 'images/') dirlist = os.listdir(image_path) for f in dirlist: try: image = Image.open(image_path+f) tkpi = ImageTk.PhotoImage(image) label_image = Tkinter.Label(root, image=tkpi) # ? label_image.place(x=0,y=0,width=w,height=h) root.mainloop(0) except IOError: pass root.destroy() I would like to add a time.sleep(10) "instead" of the root.mainloop(0) so that it would go to the next image after 10s. Now it changes when I press ESC. How can I have a timer there?

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• Python: list and string matching

  - by pete

  Hi All, I have following: temp = "aaaab123xyz@+" lists = ["abc", "123.35", "xyz", "AND+"] for list in lists if re.match(list, temp, re.I): print "The %s is within %s." % (list,temp) The re.match is only match the beginning of the string, How to I match substring in between too.

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