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  • Python indentation in "empty lines"

    - by niscy
    Which is preferred ("." indicating whitespace)? A) def foo(): x = 1 y = 2 .... if True: bar() B) def foo(): x = 1 y = 2 if True: bar() My intuition would be B (that's also what vim does for me), but I see people using A) all the time. Is it just because most of the editors out there are broken?

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  • what is a good way to do countif in python

    - by tolomea
    I want to count how many members of an iterable meet a given condition. I'd like to do it in a way that is clear and simple and preferably reasonably optimal. My current best ideas are: sum(meets_condition(x) for x in my_list) and len([x for x in my_list if meets_condition(x)]) The first one being iterator based is presumably faster for big lists. And it's the same form as you'd use for testing any and all. However it depends on the fact that int(True) == 1, which is somewhat ugly. The second one seems easier to read to me, but it is different from the any and all forms. Does anyone have any better suggestions? is there a library function somewhere that I am missing?

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  • change values in a list - python

    - by ariel
    I have this code: a=[['a','b','c'],['a','f','c'],['a','c','d']] for x in a: for y in x: if 'a' in x: x.replace('a','*')` but the result is: a=[['a','b','c'],['a','f','c'],['a','c','d']] and bot a=[['b','c'],['f','c'],['c','d']] What should I do so the changes will last?

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  • Replace special characters in python

    - by Marcos Placona
    Hi, I have some text coming from the web as such: £6.49 Obviously I would like this to be displayed as: £6.49 I have tried the following so far: s = url['title'] s = s.encode('utf8') s = s.replace(u'Â','') And a few variants on this (after finding it on this very same forum) But still no luck as I keep getting: UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0xc3 in position 100: ordinal not in range(128) Could anyone help me getting this right? UPDATE: Adding the reppr examples and content type u'Star Trek XI &#xA3;3.99' u'Oscar Winners Best Pictures Box Set \xc2\xa36.49' Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8 Thanks in advance

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  • Importing data from a text file using python

    - by Will
    I have a text file containing data in rows and columns (~17000 rows in total). Each column is a uniform number of characters long, with the 'unused' characters filled in by spaces. For example, the first column is 11 characters long, but the last four characters in that column are always spaces (so that it appears to be a nice column when viewed with a text editor). Sometimes it's more than four if the entry is less than 7 characters. The columns are not otherwise separated by commas, tabs, or spaces. They are also not all the same number of characters (the first two are 11, the next two are 8 and the last one is 5 - but again, some are spaces). What I want to do is import the entires (which are numbers) in the last two columns if the second column contains the string 'OW' somewhere in it. Any help would be greatly appreciated.

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  • Python/Django: log to console under runserver, log to file under Apache

    - by Justin Grant
    How can I send trace messages to the console (like print) when I'm running my Django app under manage.py runserver, but have those messages sent to a log file when I'm running the app under Apache? I reviewed Django logging and although I was impressed with its flexibility and configurability for advanced uses, I'm still stumped with how to handle my simple use-case. My apologies for not being able to find the answer elsewhere-- this is a newbie question I know.

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  • Python: for statement behavior

    - by BandGap
    Hi all. My question concerns the output of this statement: for x in range(4), y in range(4): print x print y Results in: [0, 1, 2, 3] 2 True 2 It seems there is a comparison involved, I just can't figure out why the output is structured like this.

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  • Waiting for thread to finish Python

    - by lunchtime
    Alright, here's my problem. I have a thread that creates another thread in a pool, applies async so I can work with the returned data, which is working GREAT. But I need the current thread to WAIT until the result is returned. Here is the simplified code, as the current script is over 300 lines. I'm sure i've included everything for you to make sense of what I'm attempting: from multiprocessing.pool import ThreadPool import threading pool = ThreadPool(processes=1) class MyStreamer(TwythonStreamer): #[...] def on_success(self, data): #### Everytime data comes in, this is called #[...] #<Pseudocode> if score >= limit if list exists: Do stuff elif list does not exist: #</Pseudocode> dic = [] dic.append([k1, v1]) did = dict(dic) async_result = pool.apply_async(self.list_step, args=(did)) return_val = async_result.get() slug = return_val[0] idd = return_val[1] #[...] def list_step(self, *args): ## CREATE LIST ## RETURN 2 VALUES class threadStream (threading.Thread): def __init__(self, auth): threading.Thread.__init__(self) self.auth = auth def run(self): stream = MyStreamer(auth = auth[0], *auth[0]) stream.statuses.filter(track=auth[1]) t = threadStream(auth=AuthMe) t.start() I receive the results as intended, which is great, but how do I make it so this thread t waits for the async_result to come in?? My problem is everytime new data comes in, it seems that the ## CREATE LIST function is called multiple times if similar data comes in quickly enough. So I'm ending up with many lists of the same name when I have code in place to ensure that a list will never be created if the name already exists. So to reiterate: How do I make this thread wait on the function to complete before accepting new data / continuing. I don't think time.sleep() works because on_success is called when data enters the stream. I don't think Thread.Join() will work either since I have to use a ThreadPool.apply_async to receive the data I need. Is there a hack I can make in the MyStreamer class somehow? I'm kind of at a loss here. Am I over complicating things and can this be simplified to do what I want?

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  • Combining entries, filtering of Python dictionaries

    - by matt
    I have two large lists that are filled with dictionaries. I need to combine the entries if a value from dict2==dict1 and place the newly combined matches somewhere else. I'm having trouble explaining it. List one contains: {'keyword':value, 'keyword2':value2} List two: {'keyword2':value2, 'keyword3':value3} I want a new list with dictionaries including keyword1, keyword2, and keyword3 if both lists share the same 'keyword2' value. What's the best way to do this? When I try, I only come up with tons of nested for loops. Thanks

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  • [Python] Tips for making a fraction calculator code more optimized (faster and using less memory)

    - by Logic Named Joe
    Hello Everyone, Basicly, what I need for the program to do is to act a as simple fraction calculator (for addition, subtraction, multiplication and division) for the a single line of input, for example: -input: 1/7 + 3/5 -output: 26/35 My initial code: import sys def euclid(numA, numB): while numB != 0: numRem = numA % numB numA = numB numB = numRem return numA for wejscie in sys.stdin: wyjscie = wejscie.split(' ') a, b = [int(x) for x in wyjscie[0].split("/")] c, d = [int(x) for x in wyjscie[2].split("/")] if wyjscie[1] == '+': licz = a * d + b * c mian= b * d nwd = euclid(licz, mian) konA = licz/nwd konB = mian/nwd wynik = str(konA) + '/' + str(konB) print(wynik) elif wyjscie[1] == '-': licz= a * d - b * c mian= b * d nwd = euclid(licz, mian) konA = licz/nwd konB = mian/nwd wynik = str(konA) + '/' + str(konB) print(wynik) elif wyjscie[1] == '*': licz= a * c mian= b * d nwd = euclid(licz, mian) konA = licz/nwd konB = mian/nwd wynik = str(konA) + '/' + str(konB) print(wynik) else: licz= a * d mian= b * c nwd = euclid(licz, mian) konA = licz/nwd konB = mian/nwd wynik = str(konA) + '/' + str(konB) print(wynik) Which I reduced to: import sys def euclid(numA, numB): while numB != 0: numRem = numA % numB numA = numB numB = numRem return numA for wejscie in sys.stdin: wyjscie = wejscie.split(' ') a, b = [int(x) for x in wyjscie[0].split("/")] c, d = [int(x) for x in wyjscie[2].split("/")] if wyjscie[1] == '+': print("/".join([str((a * d + b * c)/euclid(a * d + b * c, b * d)),str((b * d)/euclid(a * d + b * c, b * d))])) elif wyjscie[1] == '-': print("/".join([str((a * d - b * c)/euclid(a * d - b * c, b * d)),str((b * d)/euclid(a * d - b * c, b * d))])) elif wyjscie[1] == '*': print("/".join([str((a * c)/euclid(a * c, b * d)),str((b * d)/euclid(a * c, b * d))])) else: print("/".join([str((a * d)/euclid(a * d, b * c)),str((b * c)/euclid(a * d, b * c))])) Any advice on how to improve this futher is welcome. Edit: one more thing that I forgot to mention - the code can not make use of any libraries apart from sys.

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  • How do you create a daemon in Python?

    - by DavidM
    Searching on Google reveals x2 code snippets. The first result is to this code recipe which has a lot of documentation and explanation, along with some useful discussion underneath. However, another code sample, whilst not containing so much documentation, includes sample code for passing commands such as start, stop and restart. It also creates a PID file which can be handy for checking if the daemon is already running etc. These samples both explain how to create the daemon. Are there any additional things that need to be considered? Is one sample better than the other, and why?

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  • python intercepting communication

    - by nabizan
    lets say you run third party program on your computer whitch create a process named example.exe how do i determinate if this process is running and how many windows does he open? How do i intercept network communication between this windows and server? my goal is to create an app whitch will be monitoring network trafic between example.exe and its home server in order to analyze data and save to database, and finally simulate user interaction to get more relevant data

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  • Efficient way to access a mapping of identifiers in Python

    - by sixbelo
    I am writing an app to do a file conversion and part of that is replacing old account numbers with a new account numbers. Right now I have a CSV file mapping the old and new account numbers with around 30K records. I read this in and store it as dict and when writing the new file grab the new account from the dict by key. My question is what is the best way to do this if the CSV file increases to 100K+ records? Would it be more efficient to convert the account mappings from a CSV to a sqlite database rather than storing them as a dict in memory?

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  • More elegant way to initialize list of duplicated items in Python

    - by Claudiu
    If I want a list initialized to 5 zeroes, that's very nice and easy: [0] * 5 However if I change my code to put a more complicated data structure, like a list of zeroes: [[0]] * 5 will not work as intended, since it'll be 10 copies of the same list. I have to do: [[0] for i in xrange(5)] that feels bulky and uses a variable so sometimes I even do: [[0] for _ in " "] But then if i want a list of lists of zeros it gets uglier: [[[0] for _ in " "] for _ in " "] all this instead of what I want to do: [[[0]]*5]*5 Has anyone found an elegant way to deal with this "problem"?

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  • Python - creating a list with 2 characteristics bug

    - by user2733911
    The goal is to create a list of 99 elements. All elements must be 1s or 0s. The first element must be a 1. There must be 7 1s in total. import random import math import time # constants determined through testing generation_constant = 0.96 def generate_candidate(): coin_vector = [] coin_vector.append(1) for i in range(0, 99): random_value = random.random() if (random_value > generation_constant): coin_vector.append(1) else: coin_vector.append(0) return coin_vector def validate_candidate(vector): vector_sum = sum(vector) sum_test = False if (vector_sum == 7): sum_test = True first_slot = vector[0] first_test = False if (first_slot == 1): first_test = True return (sum_test and first_test) vector1 = generate_candidate() while (validate_candidate(vector1) == False): vector1 = generate_candidate() print vector1, sum(vector1), validate_candidate(vector1) Most of the time, the output is correct, saying something like [1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0] 7 True but sometimes, the output is: [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] 2 False What exactly am I doing wrong?

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  • Hashing (hidding) strings in Python

    - by Lucas
    What I need is to hash a string. It doesn't really have to be secure because its just going to be a hidden pharse in the text file (simply it doesn't have to be recognizable for a human-eye). It should not be just a random string because when user will be typing the string I would like to hash it and compare it with already hashed one (in the text file). What would be the best for this purpose? Can it be done with the own class?

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  • Reading a series of input / output in Python

    - by PulpFiction
    Hello everyone. For my app, I need to print out a series of outputs and then accepts inputs from the user. What would be the best way of doing this? Like: print '1' x = raw_input() print '2' y = raw_input() Something like this, but it would go on for at least 10 times. My only concern with doing the above is that it would make up for poor code readability. How should I do it? Should I create a function like this: def printOut(string): print string Or is there a better way?

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  • Difference Between Two Lists with Many Duplicates in Python

    - by Paul
    I have several lists that contain many of the same items and many duplicate items. I want to check which items in one list are not in the other list. For example, I might have one list like this: l1 = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'b', 'c'] and one list like this: l2 = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'b'] Comparing these two lists I would want to return a third list like this: l3 = ['c'] I am currently using some terrible code that I made a while ago that I'm fairly certain doesn't even work properly shown below. def list_difference(l1,l2): for i in range(0, len(l1)): for j in range(0, len(l2)): if l1[i] == l1[j]: l1[i] = 'damn' l2[j] = 'damn' l3 = [] for item in l1: if item!='damn': l3.append(item) return l3 How can I better accomplish this task?

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  • Python references

    - by hekevintran
    Can someone explain why the example with integers results in different values for x and y and the example with the list results in x and y being the same object? x = 42 y = x x = x + 1 print x # 43 print y # 42 x = [ 1, 2, 3 ] y = x x[0] = 4 print x # [4, 2, 3] print y # [4, 2, 3] x is y # True

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  • Iterating through a range of dates in Python

    - by ShawnMilo
    This is working fine, but I'm looking for any feedback on how to do it better. Right now I think it's better than nested loops, but it starts to get Perl-one-linerish when you have a generator in a list comprehension. Any suggestions are welcome. day_count = (end_date - start_date).days + 1 for single_date in [d for d in (start_date + timedelta(n) for n in range(day_count)) if d <= end_date]: print strftime("%Y-%m-%d", single_date.timetuple()) Notes: I'm not actually using this to print; that's just for demo purposes. The variables start_date and end_date are datetime.date objects, because I don't need the timestamps (they're going to be used to generate a report). I checked the StackOverflow questions which were similar before posting this, but none were exactly the same. Sample Output (for a start date of 2009-05-30 and an end date of 2009-06-09): 2009-05-30 2009-05-31 2009-06-01 2009-06-02 2009-06-03 2009-06-04 2009-06-05 2009-06-06 2009-06-07 2009-06-08 2009-06-09

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  • Python finding repeating sequence in list of integers?

    - by tijko
    I have a list of lists and each list has a repeating sequence. I'm trying to count the length of repeated sequence of integers in the list: list_a = [111,0,3,1,111,0,3,1,111,0,3,1] list_b = [67,4,67,4,67,4,67,4,2,9,0] list_c = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0,23,18,10] Which would return: list_a count = 4 (for [111,0,3,1]) list_b count = 2 (for [67,4]) list_c count = 10 (for [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0]) Any advice or tips would be welcome. I'm trying to work it out with re.compile right now but, its not quite right.

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