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• Python to C/C++ const char question

  - by tsukemonoki

  I am extending Python with some C++ code. One of the functions I'm using has the following signature: int PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(PyObject *arg, PyObject *kwdict, char *format, char **kwlist, ...); (link: http://docs.python.org/release/1.5.2p2/ext/parseTupleAndKeywords.html) The parameter of interest is kwlist. In the link above, examples on how to use this function are given. In the examples, kwlist looks like: static char *kwlist[] = {"voltage", "state", "action", "type", NULL}; When I compile this using g++, I get the warning: warning: deprecated conversion from string constant to ‘char*’ So, I can change the static char* to a static const char*. Unfortunately, I can't change the Python code. So with this change, I get a different compilation error (can't convert char** to const char**). Based on what I've read here, I can turn on compiler flags to ignore the warning or I can cast each of the constant strings in the definition of kwlist to char *. Currently, I'm doing the latter. What are other solutions? Sorry if this question has been asked before. I'm new.

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• What does P mean in Sort(Expression<Func<T, P>> expr, ListSortDirection direction)?

  - by Grasshopper

  I am attempting to use the answer in post: How do you sort an EntitySet<T> to expose an interface so that I can sort an EntitySet with a Binding list. I have created the class below and I get the following compiler error: "The type or namespace 'P' could not be found (are you missing a using directive or assembly reference?). Can someone tell me what the P means and which namespace I need to include to get the method below to compile? I am very new to delegates and lamba expressions. Also, can someone confirm that if I create a BindingList from my EntitySet that any modifications I make to the BindingList will be made to the EntitySet? Basically, I have an EntitySet that I need to sort and make changes to. Then, I will need to persist these changes using the original Entity that the BindingList came from. public class EntitySetBindingWrapper<T> : BindingList<T> { public EntitySetBindingWrapper(BindingList<T> root) : base(root) { } public void Sort(Expression<Func<T, P>> expr, ListSortDirection direction) { if (expr == null) base.RemoveSortCore(); MemberExpression propExpr = expr as MemberExpression; if (propExpr == null) throw new ArgumentException("You must provide a property", "expr"); PropertyDescriptorCollection descriptorCol = TypeDescriptor.GetProperties(typeof(T)); IEnumerable<PropertyDescriptor> descriptors = descriptorCol.Cast<PropertyDescriptor>(); PropertyDescriptor descriptor = descriptors.First(pd => pd.Name == propExpr.Member.Name); base.ApplySortCore(descriptor, direction); } }

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• Preprocessor #define vs. function pointer - best practice?

  - by Dustin

  I recently started a small personal project (RGB value to BGR value conversion program) in C, and I realised that a function that converts from RGB to BGR can not only perform the conversion but also the inversion. Obviously that means I don't really need two functions rgb2bgr and bgr2rgb. However, does it matter whether I use a function pointer instead of a macro? For example: int rgb2bgr (const int rgb); /* * Should I do this because it allows the compiler to issue * appropriate error messages using the proper function name, * not to mention possible debugging benefits? */ int (*bgr2rgb) (const int bgr) = rgb2bgr; /* * Or should I do this since it is merely a convenience * and they're really the same function anyway? */ #define bgr2rgb(bgr) (rgb2bgr (bgr)) I'm not necessarily looking for a change in execution efficiency as it's more of a subjective question out of curiosity. I am well aware of the fact that type safety is neither lost nor gained using either method. Would the function pointer merely be a convenience or are there more practical benefits to be gained of which I am unaware?

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• Syntax for finding structs in multisets - C++

  - by Sarah

  I can't seem to figure out the syntax for finding structs in containers. I have a multiset of Event structs. I'm trying to find one of these structs by searching on its key. I get the compiler error commented below. struct Event { public: bool operator < ( const Event & rhs ) const { return ( time < rhs.time ); } bool operator > ( const Event & rhs ) const { return ( time > rhs.time ); } bool operator == ( const Event & rhs ) const { return ( time == rhs.time ); } double time; int eventID; int hostID; int s; }; typedef std::multiset< Event, std::less< Event > > EventPQ; EventPQ currentEvents; double oldRecTime = 20.0; EventPQ::iterator ceItr = currentEvents.find( EventPQ::key_type( oldRecTime ) ); // no matching function call I've tried a few permutations to no avail. I thought defining the conditional equality operator was going to be enough.

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• How to iterate properly across a const set?

  - by Jared

  I'm working on a program that's supposed to represent a graph. My issue is in my printAdjacencyList function. Basically, I have a Graph ADT that has a member variable "nodes", which is a map of the nodes of that graph. Each Node has a set of Edge* to the edges it is connected to. I'm trying to iterate across each node in the graph and each edge of a node. void MyGraph::printAdjacencyList() { std::map<std::string, MyNode*>::iterator mit; std::set<MyEdge*>::iterator sit; for (mit = nodes.begin(); mit != nodes.end(); mit++ ) { std::cout << mit->first << ": {"; const std::set<MyEdge*> edges = mit->second->getEdges(); for (sit = edges.begin(); sit != edges.end(); sit++) { std::pair<MyNode*, MyNode*> edgeNodes = *sit->getEndpoints(); } } std::cout << " }" << std::endl; } getEdges is declared as: const std::set<MyEdge*>& getEdges() { return edges; }; and get Endpoints is declared as: const std::pair<MyNode*, MyNode*>& getEndpoints() { return nodes; }; The compiler error I'm getting is: MyGraph.cpp:63: error: request for member `getEndpoints' in `*(&sit)->std::_Rb_tree_const_iterator<_Tp>::operator-> [with _Tp = MyEdge*]()', which is of non-class type `MyEdge* const' MyGraph.cpp:63: warning: unused variable 'edgeNodes' I have figured out that this probably means I'm misusing const somewhere, but I can't figure out where for the life of me. Any information would be appreciated. Thanks!

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• cython setup.py gives .o instead of .dll

  - by alok1974

  Hi, I am a newbie to cython, so pardon me if I am missing something obvious here. I am trying to build c extensions to be used in python for enhanced performance. I have fc.py module with a bunch of function and trying to generate a .dll through cython using dsutils and running on win64: c:\python26\python c:\cythontest\setup.py build_ext --inplace I have the dsutils.cfg in C:\Python26\Lib\distutils. As required the disutils.cfg has the following config settings: [build] compiler = mingw32 My startup.py looks like this: from distutils.core import setup from distutils.extension import Extension from Cython.Distutils import build_ext ext_modules = [Extension('fc', [r'C:\cythonTest\fc.pyx'])] setup( name = 'FC Extensions', cmdclass = {'build_ext': build_ext}, ext_modules = ext_modules ) I have latest version mingw for target/host amdwin64 type builds. I have the latest version of cython for python26 for win64. Cython does give me an fc.c without errors, only a few warning for type conversions, which I will handle once I have it right. Further it produces fc.def an fc.o files Instead of giving a .dll. I get no errors. I find on threads that it will create the .so or .dll automatically as required, which is not happening.

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• When to use reinterpret_cast?

  - by HeretoLearn

  I am little confused with the applicability of reinterpret_cast vs static_cast. From what I have read the general rules are to use static cast when the types can be interpreted at compile time hence the word static. This is the cast the C++ compiler uses internally for implicit casts also. reinterpret_cast are applicable in two scenarios, convert integer types to pointer types and vice versa or to convert one pointer type to another. The general idea I get is this is unportable and should be avoided. Where I am a little confused is one usage which I need, I am calling C++ from C and the C code needs to hold on to the C++ object so basically it holds a void*. What cast should be used to convert between the void * and the Class type? I have seen usage of both static_cast and reinterpret_cast? Though from what I have been reading it appears static is better as the cast can happen at compile time? Though it says to use reinterpret_cast to convert from one pointer type to another?

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• How can I modify the value of a string defined in a struct?

  - by Eric

  Hi, I have the following code in c++: #define TAM 4000 #define NUMPAGS 512 struct pagina { bitset<12> direccion; char operacion; char permiso; string *dato; int numero; }; void crearPagina(pagina* pag[], int pos, int dir) { pagina * paginas = (pagina*)malloc(sizeof(char) * TAM); paginas -> direccion = bitset<12> (dir); paginas -> operacion = 'n'; paginas -> permiso = 'n'; string **tempDato = &paginas -> dato; char *temp = " "; **tempDato = temp; paginas -> numero = 0; pag[pos] = paginas; } I want to modify the value of the variable called "string *dato" in the struct pagina but, everytime I want to assing a new value, the compiler throws a segmentation fault. In this case I'm using a pointer to string, but I have also tried with a string. In a few words I want to do the following: pagina - dato = "test"; Any idea? Thanks in advance!!!

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• C++: Simple data type for a variable in IF statement?

  - by Jason

  I am new to C++ and am making a simple text RPG, anyway, The scenario is I have a "welcome" screen with choices 1-3, and have a simple IF statement to check them, here: int choice; std::cout << "--> "; std::cin >> choice; if(choice == 1) { //.. That works fine, but if someone enters a letter as selection (instead of 1, 2 or 3) it'll become "-392493492"or something and crash the program. So I came up with: char choice; std::cout << "--> "; std::cin >> choice; if(choice == 1) { //.. This works kinda fine, but when I enter a number it seems to skip the IF statements completely.. Is the char "1" the same as the number 1? I get a compiler errro with this (ISO-CPP or something): if(choice == "1") So how on earth do I see if they entered 1-3 correctly!?

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• How can one enforce calling a base class function after derived class constructor?

  - by Mike Elkins

  I'm looking for a clean C++ idiom for the following situation: class SomeLibraryClass { public: SomeLibraryClass() { /* start initialization */ } void addFoo() { /* we are a collection of foos */ } void funcToCallAfterAllAddFoos() { /* Making sure this is called is the issue */ } }; class SomeUserClass : public SomeLibraryClass { public: SomeUserClass() { addFoo(); addFoo(); addFoo(); // SomeUserClass has three foos. } }; class SomeUserDerrivedClass : public SomeUserClass { public: SomeUserDerrivedClass() { addFoo(); // This one has four foos. } }; So, what I really want is for SomeLibraryClass to enforce the calling of funcToCallAfterAllAddFoos at the end of the construction process. The user can't put it at the end of SomeUserClass::SomeUserClass(), that would mess up SomeUserDerrivedClass. If he puts it at the end of SomeUserDerrivedClass, then it never gets called for SomeUserClass. To further clarify what I need, imagine that /* start initialization */ acquires a lock, and funcToCallAfterAllAddFoos() releases a lock. The compiler knows when all the initializations for an object are done, but can I get at that information by some nice trick?

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• variables in abstract classes C++

  - by wyatt

  I have an abstract class CommandPath, and a number of derived classes as below: class CommandPath { public: virtual CommandResponse handleCommand(std::string) = 0; virtual CommandResponse execute() = 0; virtual ~CommandPath() {} }; class GetTimeCommandPath : public CommandPath { int stage; public: GetTimeCommandPath() : stage(0) {} CommandResponse handleCommand(std::string); CommandResponse execute(); }; All of the derived classes have the member variable 'stage'. I want to build a function into all of them which manipulates 'stage' in the same way, so rather than defining it many times I thought I'd build it into the parent class. I moved 'stage' from the private sections of all of the derived classes into the protected section of CommandPath, and added the function as follows: class CommandPath { protected: int stage; public: virtual CommandResponse handleCommand(std::string) = 0; virtual CommandResponse execute() = 0; std::string confirmCommand(std::string, int, int, std::string, std::string); virtual ~CommandPath() {} }; class GetTimeCommandPath : public CommandPath { public: GetTimeCommandPath() : stage(0) {} CommandResponse handleCommand(std::string); CommandResponse execute(); }; Now my compiler tells me for the constructor lines that none of the derived classes have a member 'stage'. I was under the impression that protected members are visible to derived classes? The constructor is the same in all classes, so I suppose I could move it to the parent class, but I'm more concerned about finding out why the derived classes aren't able to access the variable. Also, since previously I've only used the parent class for pure virtual functions, I wanted to confirm that this is the way to go about adding a function to be inherited by all derived classes.

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• Is it possible to create a null function that will not produce warnings?

  - by bbazso

  I have a logger in a c++ application that uses defines as follows: #define FINEST(...) Logger::Log(FINEST, _FILE, __LINE, __func, __VA_ARGS_) However what I would like to do is to be able to switch off these logs since they have a serious performance impact on my system. And, it's not sufficient to simply have my Logger not write to the system log. I really need to get rid of the code produced by the logs. In order to do this, I changed the define to: #define FINEST(...) Which works, but this produces a whole bunch of warning in my code since variables are unused now. So what I would like to have is a sort of NULL FUNCTION that would not actually exist, but would not produce warnings for the unused variables. So, said another way, I would like it to compile with no warnings (i.e. the compiler thinks that the variables are used for a function) but the function does not actually exist in the application (i.e. produces no performance hit). Is this possible? Thanks!

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• How is the C++ synthesized move constructor affected by volatile and virtual members?

  - by user1827766

  Look at the following code: struct node { node(); //node(const node&); //#1 //node(node&&); //#2 virtual //#3 ~node (); node* volatile //#4 next; }; main() { node m(node()); //#5 node n=node(); //#6 } When compiled with gcc-4.6.1 it produces the following error: g++ -g --std=c++0x -c -o node.o node.cc node.cc: In constructor node::node(node&&): node.cc:3:8: error: expression node::next has side-effects node.cc: In function int main(): node.cc:18:14: note: synthesized method node::node(node&&) first required here As I understand the compiler fails to create default move or copy constructor on line #6, if I uncomment either line #1 or #2 it compiles fine, that is clear. The code compiles fine without c++0x option, so the error is related to default move constructor. However, what in the node class prevents default move constructor to be created? If I comment any of the lines #3 or #4 (i.e. make the destructor non-virtual or make data member non-volatile) it compiles again, so is it the combination of these two makes it not to compile? Another puzzle, line #5 does not cause an compilation error, what is different from line #6? Is it all specific for gcc? or gcc-4.6.1?

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• How can I specify dependencies in the manifest file and then to include it into my .jar file?

  - by Roman

  I generated .class files by the following command: javac -cp \directoryName\external.jar myPackageDirectory\First.java myPackageDirectory\Second.java I needed to use -cp during compilation and name of .jar file of an "external" library (external.jar) to be able to use this library from my code. Using my .class files I have generated my .jar file in the following way: jar cfm app.jar manifest.txt myPackageDirectory\*.class manifest.txt contains just one line: Main-Class: myPackageName.First My problem is that I am not sure that I will be able to run my .jar file on other computers. I think so because during the compilation I specified the location of the .jar file of the external library. So, my .class files (included into the .jar file will try to find the .jar file of the external library in a specific directory and there is no guaranty that that the .jar file of the external library will be in the same directory as on the my computer. I heard that the above problem can be solved by a usage of a MANIFEST file that I include in my own jar, and which will list dependency locations but I do not understand how it works. I do need to specify location of the "external.jar" at the compilation stage (otherwise the compiler complains).

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• I want a function to return a type of the subclass its invoked from

  - by Jay

  I want to have a function defined in a superclass that returns a value of the type of the subclass that is used to invoke the function. That is, say I have class A with a function plugh. Then I create subclasses B and C that extend A. I want B.plugh to return a B and C.plugh to return a C. Yes, they could return an A, but then the caller would have to either cast it to the right subtype, which is a pain when used a lot, or declare the receiving variable to be of the supertype, which loses type safety. So I was trying to do this with generics, writing something like this: class A<T extends A> { private T foo; public T getFoo() { return foo; } } class B extends A<B> { public void calcFoo() { foo=... whatever ... } } class C extends A<C> { public void calcFoo() { foo=... whatever ... } } This appears to work but it looks pretty ugly. For one thing, I get warnings on "class A". The compiler says that A is generic and I should specify the type. I guess it wants me to say "class A". But what would I put in for x? I think I could get stuck in an infinite loop here. It seems weird to write "class B extends A", but this causes no complaints, so maybe that's just fine. Is this the right way to do it? Is there a better way?

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• Declaring an array of character pointers (arg passing)

  - by Isaac Copper

  This is something that should be easy to answer, but is more difficult for me to find a particular right answer on Google or in K&R. I could totally be overlooking this, too, and if so please set me straight! The pertinent code is below: int main(){ char tokens[100][100]; char str = "This is my string"; tokenize(str, tokens); for(int i = 0; i < 100; i++){ printf("%s is a token\n", token[i]); } } void tokenize(char *str, char tokens[][]){ //do stuff with string and tokens, putting //chars into the token array like so: tokens[i][j] = <A CHAR> } So I realize that I can't have char tokens[][] in my tokenize function, but if I put in char **tokens instead, I get a compiler warning. Also, when I try to put a char into my char array with tokens[i][j] = <A CHAR>, I segfault. Where am I going wrong? (And in how many ways... and how can I fix it?) Thanks so much!

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• OpenSceneGraph C++ Access Violation reading location 0x00421000

  - by Kobojunkie

  Working with OpenSceneGraph, and I keep running into this violation issue that I would appreciate some help with. The problem is with the particular line below which happens to be the first in my main function. osg::ref_ptr<osg::Node> bench = osgDB::readNodeFile("Models/test.IVE"); I have my models folder right in my directory. The error is as below. Unhandled exception at 0x68630A6C (msvcr100.dll) in OSG3D.exe: 0xC0000005: Access violation reading location 0x00421000. And this is where the problem seems to be coming up. /** Read an osg::Node from file. * Return valid osg::Node on success, * return NULL on failure. * The osgDB::Registry is used to load the appropriate ReaderWriter plugin * for the filename extension, and this plugin then handles the request * to read the specified file.*/ inline osg::Node* readNodeFile(const std::string& filename) { return readNodeFile(filename,Registry::instance()->getOptions()); } I would appreciate details on how best to tackle this kind of exception message in the future. Are there tools that make this easy to debug or are there ways to capture the exact issues and fix them? I would appreciate any help with this. My ultimate goal is to learn how to better debug C++ related issues please. With this, it means reading through the compiler error list http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/850cstw1(v=vs.71).aspx is not enough

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• Should constant contructor aguments be passed by reference or value?

  - by Mike

  When const values are passed to an object construct should they be passed by reference or value? If you pass by value and the arguments are immediately fed to initializes are two copies being made? Is this something that the compiler will automatically take care of. I have noticed that all textbook examples of constructors and intitializers pass by value but this seems inefficient to me. class Point { public: int x; int y; Point(const int _x, const int _y) : x(_x), y(_y) {} }; int main() { const int a = 1, b = 2; Point p(a,b); Point q(3,5); cout << p.x << "," << p.y << endl; cout << q.x << "," << q.y << endl; } vs. class Point { public: int x; int y; Point(const int& _x, const int& _y) : x(_x), y(_y) {} }; Both compile and do the same thing but which is correct?

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• Debug.Assert-s use the same error message. Should I promote it to a static variable?

  - by Hamish Grubijan

  I love Asserts and code readability but not code duplication, and in several places I use a Debug.Assert which checks for the same condition like so: Debug.Assert(kosherBaconList.SelectedIndex != -1, "An error message along the lines - you should not ever be able to click on edit button without selecting a kosher bacon first."); This is in response to an actual bug, although the actual list does not contain kosher bacon. Anyhow, I can think of two approaches: private static readonly mustSelectKosherBaconBeforeEditAssertMessage = "An error message along the lines - you should not ever be able to " + "click on edit button without selecting a something first."; ... Debug.Assert( kosherBaconList.SelectedIndex != -1, mustSelectKosherBaconBeforeEditAssertMessage) or: if (kosherBaconList.SelectedIndex == -1) { AssertMustSelectKosherBaconBeforeEdit(); } ... [Conditional("DEBUG")] private void AssertMustSelectKosherBaconBeforeEdit() { // Compiler will optimize away this variable. string errorMessage = "An error message along the lines - you should not ever be able to " + "click on edit button without selecting a something first."; Debug.Assert(false, errorMessage); } or is there a third way which sucks less than either one above? Please share. General helpful relevant tips are also welcome.

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• C++ : integer constant is too large for its type

  - by user38586

  I need to bruteforce a year for an exercise. The compiler keep throwing this error: bruteforceJS12.cpp:8:28: warning: integer constant is too large for its type [enabled by default] My code is: #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main(){ unsigned long long year(0); unsigned long long result(318338237039211050000); unsigned long long pass(1337); while (pass != result) { for (unsigned long long i = 1; i<= year; i++) { pass += year * i * year; } cout << "pass not cracked with year = " << year << endl; ++year; } cout << "pass cracked with year = " << year << endl; } Note that I already tried with unsigned long long result(318338237039211050000ULL); I'm using gcc version 4.8.1 EDIT: Here is the corrected version using InfInt library http://code.google.com/p/infint/ #include <iostream> #include "InfInt.h" using namespace std; int main(){ InfInt year = "113"; InfInt result = "318338237039211050000"; InfInt pass= "1337"; while (pass != result) { for (InfInt i = 1; i<= year; i++) { pass += year * i * year; } cout << "year = " << year << " pass = " << pass << endl; ++year; } cout << "pass cracked with year = " << year << endl; }

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• How to keep track of call statistics? C++

  - by tf.rz

  I'm working on a project that delivers statistics to the user. I created a class called Dog, And it has several functions. Speak, woof, run, fetch, etc. I want to have a function that spits out how many times each function has been called. I'm also interested in the constructor calls and destructor calls as well. I have a header file which defines all the functions, then a separate .cc file that implements them. My question is, is there a way to keep track of how many times each function is called? I have a function called print that will fetch the "statistics" and then output them to standard output. I was considering using static integers as part of the class itself, declaring several integers to keep track of those things. I know the compiler will create a copy of the integer and initialize it to a minimum value, and then I'll increment the integers in the .cc functions. I also thought about having static integers as a global variable in the .cc. Which way is easier? Or is there a better way to do this? Any help is greatly appreciated!

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• How good idea is it to use code contracts in Visual Studio 2010 Professional (ie. no static checking

  - by Lasse V. Karlsen

  I create class libraries, some which are used by others around the world, and now that I'm starting to use Visual Studio 2010 I'm wondering how good idea it is for me to switch to using code contracts, instead of regular old-style if-statements. ie. instead of this: if (String.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(fileName)) throw new ArgumentNullException("fileName"); (yes, I know, if it is whitespace, it isn't strictly null) use this: Contract.Requires(!String.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(fileName)); The reason I'm asking is that I know that the static checker is not available to me, so I'm a bit nervous about some assumptions that I make, that the compiler cannot verify. This might lead to the class library not compiling for someone that downloads it, when they have the static checker. This, coupled with the fact that I cannot even reproduce the problem, would make it tiresome to fix, and I would gather that it doesn't speak volumes to the quality of my class library if it seemingly doesn't even compile out of the box. So I have a few questions: Is the static checker on by default if you have access to it? Or is there a setting I need to switch on in the class library (and since I don't have the static checker, I won't) Are my fears unwarranted? Is the above scenario a real problem? Any advice would be welcome.

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• Optimization of a c++ matrix/bitmap class

  - by Andrew

  I am searching a 2D matrix (or bitmap) class which is flexible but also fast element access. The contents A flexible class should allow you to choose dimensions during runtime, and would look something like this (simplified): class Matrix { public: Matrix(int w, int h) : data(new int[x*y]), width(w) {} void SetElement(int x, int y, int val) { data[x+y*width] = val; } // ... private: // symbols int width; int* data; }; A faster often proposed solution using templates is (simplified): template <int W, int H> class TMatrix { TMatrix() data(new int[W*H]) {} void SetElement(int x, int y, int val) { data[x+y*W] = val; } private: int* data; }; This is faster as the width can be "inlined" in the code. The first solution does not do this. However this is not very flexible anymore, as you can't change the size anymore at runtime. So my question is: Is there a possibility to tell the compiler to generate faster code (like when using the template solution), when the size in the code is fixed and generate flexible code when its runtime dependend? I tried to achieve this by writing "const" where ever possible. I tried it with gcc and VS2005, but no success. This kind of optimization would be useful for many other similar cases.

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• Why doesn't g++ pay attention to __attribute__((pure)) for virtual functions?

  - by jchl

  According to the GCC documentation, __attribute__((pure)) tells the compiler that a function has no side-effects, and so it can be subject to common subexpression elimination. This attribute appears to work for non-virtual functions, but not for virtual functions. For example, consider the following code: extern void f( int ); class C { public: int a1(); int a2() __attribute__((pure)); virtual int b1(); virtual int b2() __attribute__((pure)); }; void test_a1( C *c ) { if( c->a1() ) { f( c->a1() ); } } void test_a2( C *c ) { if( c->a2() ) { f( c->a2() ); } } void test_b1( C *c ) { if( c->b1() ) { f( c->b1() ); } } void test_b2( C *c ) { if( c->b2() ) { f( c->b2() ); } } When compiled with optimization enabled (either -O2 or -Os), test_a2() only calls C::a2() once, but test_b2() calls b2() twice. Is there a reason for this? Is it because, even though the implementation in class C is pure, g++ can't assume that the implementation in every subclass will also be pure? If so, is there a way to tell g++ that this virtual function and every subclass's implementation will be pure?

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• uninitialized local variable

  - by blitzeus

  This code compiles and runs though gives a Microsoft compiler error that I cant fix warning C4700: uninitialized local variable 'ptr4D' used. This is in the last line of the code, I think #include <iostream> using namespace std; const int DIM0 = 2, DIM1 = 3, DIM2 = 4, DIM3 = 5; void TestDeclar(); int main(){ TestDeclar(); cout << "Done!\n"; return 0; } void TestDeclar(){ //24 - array of 5 floats float xa[DIM3], xb[DIM3], xc[DIM3], xd[DIM3], xe[DIM3], xf[DIM3]; float xg[DIM3], xh[DIM3], xi[DIM3], xj[DIM3], xk[DIM3], xl[DIM3]; float xm[DIM3], xn[DIM3], xo[DIM3], xp[DIM3], xq[DIM3], xr[DIM3]; float xs[DIM3], xt[DIM3], xu[DIM3], xv[DIM3], xw[DIM3], xx[DIM3]; //6 - array of 4 pointers to floats float *ya[DIM2] = {xa, xb, xc, xd}, *yb[DIM2] = {xe, xf, xg, xh}; float *yc[DIM2] = {xi, xj, xk, xl}, *yd[DIM2] = {xm, xn, xo, xp}; float *ye[DIM2] = {xq, xr, xs, xt}, *yf[DIM2] = {xu, xv, xw, xx}; //2 - array of 3 pointers to pointers of floats float **za[DIM1] = {ya, yb, yc}; float **zb[DIM1] = {yd, ye, yf}; //array of 2 pointers to pointers to pointers of floats float ***ptr4D[DIM0] = {za, zb}; cout << &***ptr4D[DIM0] << '\n'; }

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