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  • Trying to find resources to learn how to test software [closed]

    - by Davek804
    First off, yes this is a general question, and I'd be perfectly happy to move this to another portion of SE, but I didn't see a more fitting sub. Basically, I am hoping a more experienced QA tester can come along and really fill in some basics for me. So far, websites seem to be sparse in terms of explaining languages involved, basic practices, etc. So, I'm sorry in advance if this is too general, but towards the end of this post I ask some specific questions if it's just absolutely unacceptable to speak in general terms. I just landed a position as Junior Systems and QA Engineer with a social media startup. Their QA and testing is almost nonexistent, so if I do a good job, I imagine I'll find a lot of bugs and have a secure role in the business. I'm pretty good with the systems aspect of my role, but I need to learn more about the QA and testing aspects. We run hardware that's touchscreen based - the user can use and interact with the devices. So, in terms of my QA role, in the short term, I need to build scripts to test the hardware/software as a 'user' to try to uncover bugs. First off, what language should these scripts be written in? Does anyone have some examples? What about the longer term 'automated testing'? I'm familiar with regression testing as the developer adds in new features, sure, but the 50,000 other types of testing, not so much. Most of our hardware runs dotnet/C# code, with some of the servers running Java - but I don't expect to need to run tests on the Java side at this point. I hope to meet with one developer today and try to get a good idea of the output from the hardware so that I can 'mock' this data that gets sent to servers, to try to bugtest. Eventually, we will be moving the hardware to be closer to where I live and work, so that I can test virtually and on real hardware. So a lot of the bugs we're dealing with now are like this: the Local Server, which kiosks report their data to gets updated from the kiosks, but the remote server does not. Or, vis versa when the user registers on a kiosk, the remote server updates but the local server does not. But yeah, without much more detail, I imagine a lot of this info isn't helpful. I've bought a book "How Google Tests Software", but it's really a book more about 'how their software testing is different from Microsoft'. It doesn't teach how to test so much as why their methods are better. Does anyone have a good book that I can buy? An ebook maybe? My local Barnes and Noble kinda had a terrible selection. I also figure a book from 2005 is not necessarily that good either.

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  • EasyHook Windows Hooking problem/.dll injection

    - by Tom
    Ok can someone try and find the error with this code, it should produce all the registry keys every time something accesses them but i keep getting: System.MissingMethodException: The given method does not exist at EasyHook.LocalHook.GetProcAdress(String InModule, String InChannelName) An example code can be found here: http://www.codeproject.com/KB/DLL/EasyHook64.aspx I can get the CcreateFileW example to work! My code is here: public class Main : EasyHook.IEntryPoint { FileMon.FileMonInterface Interface; LocalHook LocalHook; Stack<String> Queue = new Stack<String>(); public Main(RemoteHooking.IContext InContext,String InChannelName) { // connect to host... Interface = RemoteHooking.IpcConnectClient<FileMon.FileMonInterface>(InChannelName); Interface.Ping(); } public void Run(RemoteHooking.IContext InContext,String InChannelName) { // install hook... try { LocalHook localHook = LocalHook.Create(LocalHook.GetProcAddress("Advapi32.dll", "RegOpenKeyExW"),new DMyRegOpenKeyExW(MyRegOpenKeyExW),this); localHook.ThreadACL.SetExclusiveACL(new int[] { }); } catch (Exception ExtInfo) { Interface.ReportException(ExtInfo); return; } Interface.IsInstalled(RemoteHooking.GetCurrentProcessId()); RemoteHooking.WakeUpProcess(); // wait for host process termination... try { while (true) { Thread.Sleep(500); // transmit newly monitored file accesses... if (Queue.Count > 0) { String[] Package = null; lock (Queue) { Package = Queue.ToArray(); Queue.Clear(); } Interface.OnCreateFile(RemoteHooking.GetCurrentProcessId(), Package); } else Interface.Ping(); } } catch { // Ping() will raise an exception if host is unreachable } } [DllImport("Advapi32.dll", CharSet = CharSet.Unicode, SetLastError = true, CallingConvention = CallingConvention.StdCall)] static extern int RegOpenKeyExW(UIntPtr hKey,string subKey,int ulOptions,int samDesired,out UIntPtr hkResult); [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.StdCall, CharSet = CharSet.Unicode, SetLastError = true)] delegate int DMyRegOpenKeyExW(UIntPtr hKey,string subKey,int ulOptions,int samDesired,out UIntPtr hkResult); int MyRegOpenKeyExW(UIntPtr hKey,string subKey,int ulOptions,int samDesired,out UIntPtr hkResult) { Console.WriteLine(string.Format("Accessing: {0}", subKey)); return RegOpenKeyExW(hKey, subKey, ulOptions, samDesired, out hkResult); } }

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  • Is there a pattern for initializing objects created wth a DI container

    - by Igor Zevaka
    I am trying to get Unity to manage the creation of my objects and I want to have some initialization parameters that are not known until run-time: At the moment the only way I could think of the way to do it is to have an Init method on the interface. interface IMyIntf { void Initialize(string runTimeParam); string RunTimeParam { get; } } Then to use it (in Unity) I would do this: var IMyIntf = unityContainer.Resolve<IMyIntf>(); IMyIntf.Initialize("somevalue"); In this scenario runTimeParam param is determined at run-time based on user input. The trivial case here simply returns the value of runTimeParam but in reality the parameter will be something like file name and initialize method will do something with the file. This creates a number of issues, namely that the Initialize method is available on the interface and can be called multiple times. Setting a flag in the implementation and throwing exception on repeated call to Initialize seems way clunky. At the point where I resolve my interface I don't want to know anything about the implementation of IMyIntf. What I do want, though, is the knowledge that this interface needs certain one time initialization parameters. Is there a way to somehow annotate(attributes?) the interface with this information and pass those to framework when the object is created? Edit: Described the interface a bit more.

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  • svchost consuming more than 50% CPU all the time in windows 7

    - by claws
    Hello, I'm using windows 7 ultimate. svchost containing DCOM Server Process Launcher Plug and Play Power services is consuming more than 50% of CPU for most of the time. I found this blog post: http://blog.hansmelis.be/2007/06/17/windows-vista-long-delay-when-switching-songs-in-media-player/ That process is associated with two services: DCOM Server Process Launcher and Plug and Play. For the Vulcans among us, all logic stops there for a second. What do those two services have to do with WMP? The answer is provided by Vista's new audio engine. The new engine supports several audio "enhancements". But for the enhancements to work, the engine needs to determine if your hardware is up to the task. And when does it check that? Each time a sound output device is accessed. That's pretty nice if you can do a hot swap of sound hardware, but I don't see me doing that anytime soon. Anyways, it does provide us with the link to the correct service because checking hardware is done by the "Plug and Play" service. One might think that deactivating each enhancement would solve the problem, but that's wishful thinking. The configuration of the enhancements is located in the properties of the sound hardware. When opening the tab, I found out that no enhancements were active. Hmmm... so why does it check the hardware? Well, it does that in case you actually enable an enhancement. To completely stop the hardware checking, you have to tick the box labelled Disable all enhancements. As soon as you do that, Vista finally understands you don't want to use them buts thats for vista. Is it the same case with windows 7 too? and I couldn't find any "Disable all enhancements" in my controlpanelsounds (mmsys.cpl). Where can I find this option in windows 7? How to solve this?

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  • IPMI not fucntioning with Network Bonding

    - by muhammed sameer
    Hey, I am having problems with running IPMI on my servers that have network bonding enabled. Platform: CentOS release 5.3 (Final) Kernel: 2.6.18-92.el5 64bit Dell PowerEdge 1950 Ethernet controller: Broadcom Corporation NetXtreme II BCM5708 Gigabit Ethernet I have bonded the interface eth0 and eth1 as active passive, with eth0 as the active interface, below is conf description from /proc Bonding Mode: fault-tolerance (active-backup) Primary Slave: eth0 Currently Active Slave: eth0 MII Status: up MII Polling Interval (ms): 30 Up Delay (ms): 0 Down Delay (ms): 0 Slave Interface: eth0 MII Status: up Link Failure Count: 0 Permanent HW addr: 00:22:19:56:b9:cd Slave Interface: eth1 MII Status: up Link Failure Count: 0 Permanent HW addr: 00:22:19:56:b9:cf My IPMI device is as follows IPMI Device Information Interface Type: KCS (Keyboard Control Style) Specification Version: 2.0 I2C Slave Address: 0x10 NV Storage Device: Not Present Base Address: 0x0000000000000CA8 (I/O) Register Spacing: 32-bit Boundaries I Have used openIPMI as well as freeipmi both to control the chassis via the IPMI card, but on servers which have bonding enabled, the command times out, below is the full run of the command with debug info. ipmi_lan_send_cmd:opened=[0], open=[4482848] IPMI LAN host 70.87.28.115 port 623 Sending IPMI/RMCP presence ping packet ipmi_lan_send_cmd:opened=[1], open=[4482848] No response from remote controller Get Auth Capabilities command failed ipmi_lan_send_cmd:opened=[1], open=[4482848] No response from remote controller Get Auth Capabilities command failed Error: Unable to establish LAN session Failed to open LAN interface Unable to get Chassis Power Status On the other hand I configured IPMI on a box with the same specs as mentioned above without bonding and IPMI works perfectly. Has anyone faced this problem with IPMI + Bonding ? I would be thankful is someone helps circumvent this issue. Muhammed Sameer

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  • Fortinet: Is there any equivalent of the ASA's packet-tracer command?

    - by Kedare
    I would like to know if there is not Fortigates an equivalent of the packet-tracer command that we can find on the ASA. Here is an example of execution for those who don't know it: NAT and pass : lev5505# packet-tracer input inside tcp 192.168.3.20 9876 8.8.8.8 80 Phase: 1 Type: ACCESS-LIST Subtype: Result: ALLOW Config: Implicit Rule Additional Information: MAC Access list Phase: 2 Type: ROUTE-LOOKUP Subtype: input Result: ALLOW Config: Additional Information: in 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 outside Phase: 3 Type: ACCESS-LIST Subtype: log Result: ALLOW Config: access-group inside-in in interface inside access-list inside-in extended permit tcp any any eq www access-list inside-in remark Allows DNS Additional Information: Phase: 4 Type: IP-OPTIONS Subtype: Result: ALLOW Config: Additional Information: Phase: 5 Type: VPN Subtype: ipsec-tunnel-flow Result: ALLOW Config: Additional Information: Phase: 6 Type: NAT Subtype: Result: ALLOW Config: object network inside-network nat (inside,outside) dynamic interface Additional Information: Dynamic translate 192.168.3.20/9876 to 81.56.15.183/9876 Phase: 7 Type: IP-OPTIONS Subtype: Result: ALLOW Config: Additional Information: Phase: 8 Type: FLOW-CREATION Subtype: Result: ALLOW Config: Additional Information: New flow created with id 94755, packet dispatched to next module Result: input-interface: inside input-status: up input-line-status: up output-interface: outside output-status: up output-line-status: up Action: allow Blocked by ACL: lev5505# packet-tracer input inside tcp 192.168.3.20 9876 8.8.8.8 81 Phase: 1 Type: ROUTE-LOOKUP Subtype: input Result: ALLOW Config: Additional Information: in 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 outside Phase: 2 Type: ACCESS-LIST Subtype: Result: DROP Config: Implicit Rule Additional Information: Result: input-interface: inside input-status: up input-line-status: up output-interface: outside output-status: up output-line-status: up Action: drop Drop-reason: (acl-drop) Flow is denied by configured rule Is there any equivalent on the Fortigates ?

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  • Force netsh/arp binding multicast IP addres with specific MAC address

    - by Olivier
    I would like to setup an binding from an IP address to a MAC address using netsh. Goal is to bond an IP address which is a multicast address (224.224.x.y) to a given MAC address (which is NOT the calculated one from the multicast IP address : 01:00:5e:X:Y:Z It used to work with Windows XP (was it a bug that used to be "perfect" for my needs?), but Windows 7/8/8.1 forces the MAC address to the calculated one instead of letting me put what I want! (http://nettools.aqwnet.com/ipmaccalc/ipmaccalc.php shows MAC address calculation for multicast IP address) Thus I'm doing the following. Listing existing mappings: netsh.exe interface ip show neighbors "Ethernet" Interface 12 : Ethernet Internet address Physical address Type 224.0.0.22 01-00-5e-XX-YY-ZZ static Then adding my interface mapping manually: netsh.exe interface ip add neighbors "Ethernet" "224.xxx.yyy.zzz" "00-80-EE-UU-VV-WW" Finally, listing again my mappings: netsh.exe interface ip show neighbors "Ethernet" Interface 12 : Ethernet Internet address Physical address Type 224.0.0.22 01-00-5e-XX-YY-ZZ static **224.xxx.yyy.zzz 01-00-5e-UU-VV-WW static** As you can see, the MAC Address of the second entry (the one I just made) has been dynamically replaced by the calculated MAC Address corresponding to my IP Address... Calculation is done as follow (and displayed in hexa): UU=(xxx-128) VV=yyy WW=zzz But I don't want that behavior. My IP address and MAC address cannot be changed, and I must associate them accurately. Does anybody know how to disable MAC address substitution/calculation in netsh? Thanks, Olivier.

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  • VMware virtual machine network devices malfunctioning

    - by sheepz
    I'm running Ubuntu 10.04 LTS and VMvware workstation 7.0.1 build-227600. The virtual machine i'm running in VMware is a custom distribution built on Debian Linux version 3.1. I'm still pretty much a beginner with UNIX administration. After having messed around with the vmware (changed only the name of the folder, the vmx and and other .v* files accordingly in which the .vmx was situated, and the configuration in the vmx file accordingly), the network devices on the virtual machine do not work anymore. The virtual machine is used for securely sending messages. The virtual machine: As far as I know, this perl file called proxy-gen-ifalias eth0 is responsible for properly setting up the two virtual network devices eth0 and eth1. The Virtual machine comes with a GUI interface in which I have set up two ethernet network devices, one internal, the other external. Now, after having messed around with this, the UI gives me this error message: perl proxy-gen-ifalias eth0 /etc/modprobe.d/alias-eth0 /sbin/update-modules perl proxy-gen-ifalias eth1 /etc/modprobe.d/alias-eth1 /sbin/update-modules ifdown eth0 ifdown: interface eth0 not configured ifdown eth1 ifdown: interface eth1 not configured perl proxy-gen-netcfg /etc/network/interfaces ifup eth0 SICCSIFADDR: No such device eth0: ERROR while getting interface flags: No such device SIOCSIFNETMASK: No such device eth0: ERROR while getting interface flags: No such device Failed to bring up eth0. ifconfig eth0 eth0: error fetching interface information: Device not found make: *** [/etc/network/interfaces] Error 1 ~ Here are the contents of the two perl files referred to in the message: paste.pocoo.org/show/2AMzAYhoCRZqlGY7wUFk/ proxy-gen-netcfg

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  • OpenVPN Client timing out

    - by Austin
    I recently installed OpenVPN on my Ubuntu VPS. Whenenver I try to connect to it, I can establish a connection just fine. However, everything I try to connect to times out. If I try to ping something, it will resolve the IP, but will time out after resolving the IP. (So DNS Server seems to be working correctly) My server.conf has this relevant information (At least I think it's relevant. I'm not sure if you need more or not) # Which local IP address should OpenVPN # listen on? (optional) ;local a.b.c.d # Which TCP/UDP port should OpenVPN listen on? # If you want to run multiple OpenVPN instances # on the same machine, use a different port # number for each one. You will need to # open up this port on your firewall. port 1194 # TCP or UDP server? ;proto tcp proto udp # "dev tun" will create a routed IP tunnel, # "dev tap" will create an ethernet tunnel. # Use "dev tap0" if you are ethernet bridging # and have precreated a tap0 virtual interface # and bridged it with your ethernet interface. # If you want to control access policies # over the VPN, you must create firewall # rules for the the TUN/TAP interface. # On non-Windows systems, you can give # an explicit unit number, such as tun0. # On Windows, use "dev-node" for this. # On most systems, the VPN will not function # unless you partially or fully disable # the firewall for the TUN/TAP interface. ;dev tap dev tun # Windows needs the TAP-Win32 adapter name # from the Network Connections panel if you # have more than one. On XP SP2 or higher, # you may need to selectively disable the # Windows firewall for the TAP adapter. # Non-Windows systems usually don't need this. ;dev-node MyTap # SSL/TLS root certificate (ca), certificate # (cert), and private key (key). Each client # and the server must have their own cert and # key file. The server and all clients will # use the same ca file. # # See the "easy-rsa" directory for a series # of scripts for generating RSA certificates # and private keys. Remember to use # a unique Common Name for the server # and each of the client certificates. # # Any X509 key management system can be used. # OpenVPN can also use a PKCS #12 formatted key file # (see "pkcs12" directive in man page). ca ca.crt cert server.crt key server.key # This file should be kept secret # Diffie hellman parameters. # Generate your own with: # openssl dhparam -out dh1024.pem 1024 # Substitute 2048 for 1024 if you are using # 2048 bit keys. dh dh1024.pem # Configure server mode and supply a VPN subnet # for OpenVPN to draw client addresses from. # The server will take 10.8.0.1 for itself, # the rest will be made available to clients. # Each client will be able to reach the server # on 10.8.0.1. Comment this line out if you are # ethernet bridging. See the man page for more info. server 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0 # Maintain a record of client <-> virtual IP address # associations in this file. If OpenVPN goes down or # is restarted, reconnecting clients can be assigned # the same virtual IP address from the pool that was # previously assigned. ifconfig-pool-persist ipp.txt # Configure server mode for ethernet bridging. # You must first use your OS's bridging capability # to bridge the TAP interface with the ethernet # NIC interface. Then you must manually set the # IP/netmask on the bridge interface, here we # assume 10.8.0.4/255.255.255.0. Finally we # must set aside an IP range in this subnet # (start=10.8.0.50 end=10.8.0.100) to allocate # to connecting clients. Leave this line commented # out unless you are ethernet bridging. ;server-bridge 10.8.0.4 255.255.255.0 10.8.0.50 10.8.0.100 # Configure server mode for ethernet bridging # using a DHCP-proxy, where clients talk # to the OpenVPN server-side DHCP server # to receive their IP address allocation # and DNS server addresses. You must first use # your OS's bridging capability to bridge the TAP # interface with the ethernet NIC interface. # Note: this mode only works on clients (such as # Windows), where the client-side TAP adapter is # bound to a DHCP client. ;server-bridge # Push routes to the client to allow it # to reach other private subnets behind # the server. Remember that these # private subnets will also need # to know to route the OpenVPN client # address pool (10.8.0.0/255.255.255.0) # back to the OpenVPN server. ;push "route 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0" ;push "route 192.168.20.0 255.255.255.0" # To assign specific IP addresses to specific # clients or if a connecting client has a private # subnet behind it that should also have VPN access, # use the subdirectory "ccd" for client-specific # configuration files (see man page for more info). # EXAMPLE: Suppose the client # having the certificate common name "Thelonious" # also has a small subnet behind his connecting # machine, such as 192.168.40.128/255.255.255.248. # First, uncomment out these lines: ;client-config-dir ccd ;route 192.168.40.128 255.255.255.248 # Then create a file ccd/Thelonious with this line: # iroute 192.168.40.128 255.255.255.248 # This will allow Thelonious' private subnet to # access the VPN. This example will only work # if you are routing, not bridging, i.e. you are # using "dev tun" and "server" directives. # EXAMPLE: Suppose you want to give # Thelonious a fixed VPN IP address of 10.9.0.1. # First uncomment out these lines: ;client-config-dir ccd ;route 10.9.0.0 255.255.255.252 # Then add this line to ccd/Thelonious: # ifconfig-push 10.9.0.1 10.9.0.2 # Suppose that you want to enable different # firewall access policies for different groups # of clients. There are two methods: # (1) Run multiple OpenVPN daemons, one for each # group, and firewall the TUN/TAP interface # for each group/daemon appropriately. # (2) (Advanced) Create a script to dynamically # modify the firewall in response to access # from different clients. See man # page for more info on learn-address script. ;learn-address ./script # If enabled, this directive will configure # all clients to redirect their default # network gateway through the VPN, causing # all IP traffic such as web browsing and # and DNS lookups to go through the VPN # (The OpenVPN server machine may need to NAT # or bridge the TUN/TAP interface to the internet # in order for this to work properly). push "redirect-gateway def1 bypass-dhcp" push "dhcp-option DNS 8.8.8.8" # Certain Windows-specific network settings # can be pushed to clients, such as DNS # or WINS server addresses. CAVEAT: # http://openvpn.net/faq.html#dhcpcaveats # The addresses below refer to the public # DNS servers provided by opendns.com. ;push "dhcp-option DNS 8.8.8.8" push "dhcp-option DNS 8.8.4.4" # Uncomment this directive to allow different # clients to be able to "see" each other. # By default, clients will only see the server. # To force clients to only see the server, you # will also need to appropriately firewall the # server's TUN/TAP interface. ;client-to-client # Uncomment this directive if multiple clients # might connect with the same certificate/key # files or common names. This is recommended # only for testing purposes. For production use, # each client should have its own certificate/key # pair. # # IF YOU HAVE NOT GENERATED INDIVIDUAL # CERTIFICATE/KEY PAIRS FOR EACH CLIENT, # EACH HAVING ITS OWN UNIQUE "COMMON NAME", # UNCOMMENT THIS LINE OUT. ;duplicate-cn # The keepalive directive causes ping-like # messages to be sent back and forth over # the link so that each side knows when # the other side has gone down. # Ping every 10 seconds, assume that remote # peer is down if no ping received during # a 120 second time period. keepalive 10 120 # For extra security beyond that provided # by SSL/TLS, create an "HMAC firewall" # to help block DoS attacks and UDP port flooding. # # Generate with: # openvpn --genkey --secret ta.key # # The server and each client must have # a copy of this key. # The second parameter should be '0' # on the server and '1' on the clients. ;tls-auth ta.key 0 # This file is secret # Select a cryptographic cipher. # This config item must be copied to # the client config file as well. ;cipher BF-CBC # Blowfish (default) ;cipher AES-128-CBC # AES ;cipher DES-EDE3-CBC # Triple-DES # Enable compression on the VPN link. # If you enable it here, you must also # enable it in the client config file. comp-lzo # The maximum number of concurrently connected # clients we want to allow. ;max-clients 100 # It's a good idea to reduce the OpenVPN # daemon's privileges after initialization. # # You can uncomment this out on # non-Windows systems. ;user nobody ;group nogroup # The persist options will try to avoid # accessing certain resources on restart # that may no longer be accessible because # of the privilege downgrade. persist-key persist-tun # Output a short status file showing # current connections, truncated # and rewritten every minute. status openvpn-status.log # By default, log messages will go to the syslog (or # on Windows, if running as a service, they will go to # the "\Program Files\OpenVPN\log" directory). # Use log or log-append to override this default. # "log" will truncate the log file on OpenVPN startup, # while "log-append" will append to it. Use one # or the other (but not both). ;log openvpn.log ;log-append openvpn.log # Set the appropriate level of log # file verbosity. # # 0 is silent, except for fatal errors # 4 is reasonable for general usage # 5 and 6 can help to debug connection problems # 9 is extremely verbose verb 3 # Silence repeating messages. At most 20 # sequential messages of the same message # category will be output to the log. ;mute 20 I've tried on multiple computers by the way. The same result on all of them. What could be wrong? Thanks in advance, and if you need other information I'll gladly post it. Information for new comments root@vps:~# iptables -L -n -v Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 862K packets, 51M bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 3 packets, 382 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 0 0 ACCEPT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state RELATED,ESTABLISHED 4641 298K ACCEPT all -- * * 10.8.0.0/24 0.0.0.0/0 0 0 REJECT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 reject-with icmp-port-unreachable Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 1671K packets, 2378M bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination And root@vps:~# iptables -t nat -L -n -v Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT 17937 packets, 2013K bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination Chain POSTROUTING (policy ACCEPT 8975 packets, 562K bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 1579 103K SNAT all -- * * 10.8.0.0/24 0.0.0.0/0 to:SERVERIP Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 8972 packets, 562K bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination

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  • Assistance on setup to Connect an offsite server to the LAN via RRAS VPN - Server 2008 R2

    - by Paul D'Ambra
    I have an office LAN protected using a Zyxel Zywall USG 300. I've set up an L2TP/ipsec VPN on that which accepts connections using a shared secret and I've tested this from multiple clients. I have a server offsite and want to set up RRAS to use a persistent connection to the VPN so that it can carry out network jobs even with no one logged in (I'm using it for Micorosft DPM secondary backup). If I create a vpn as if I were setting up a users laptop it can dial in no problem but if I set up a demand dial interface in RRAS it errors. I enable RRAS ticking only demand dial interface (branch office routing) Select network interfaces, right click and choose new demand dial interface Name the VPN ToCompany Select connect using VPN And then L2TP as the vpn type enter the IP address (double-checked for typos!) select Route IP packets on this interface specify static route to remote network as 10.0.0.0/24 with metric of 1 add dial out credentials (again double checked for typos and confirmed with other vpn connections click finish now I right-click on the new interface and choose properties and then the security tab I change Data encryption to optional select only PAP for Authentication (both as per manufacturer of Zywall) click advanced settings against type of vpn and set shared secret then I select the new interface, right-click and choose connect this dials and then errors with either 720 or 811 as the error codes. However, if I create a VPN by going to Network & Sharing center and setting up as if I was creating a VPN from my laptop to the office (say) it dials successfully so I know the VPN settings are correct and the machine can connect to the VPN. Suggests very strongly the problem is how I'm setting up RRAS. Can anyone help?

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  • NAT confusion regarding cisco ASA5510

    - by LonelyLonelyNetworkN00b
    I'm setting up my first cisco firewalls. A little information first:I have two asa5510 setup in a working active/standby pair. From my ISP i have two public subnets. A /29 and a /26. On my DMZ interface i have the /26 configured. On my WAN Interface i have configured the /29 IPs. My isp routes the /26 via the /29 primary IP. I'm running ASA 8.2. I've turned NAT-Control off, because i don't want to use nat for for other than some internal interfaces. In essence i don't want to use NAT unless i specify it. I have a internal interface with the network of 192.168.100.0/24. I've tried setting up nat limke this: nat (inside) 1 192.168.100.0 255.255.255.0 global (WAN) 1 interface I was under the impression that this would let connections that was going from 192.168.100.0/24 and out the WAN interface to be Port-Address-translated. I'm not getting this to work for some reason. Inside interface has security level of 100, and wan has security level of 0.

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  • Configuring https access on HP A5120 Switch

    - by GerryEgan
    I am trying to configure HTTPS management on a HP a5120 switch running Version 5.20.99, Release 2215 and not having much luck. I have followed the manual by creating an SSL policy first and then enabling the HTTPS server with the SSL policy: ssl server-policy sslpol ip https ssl-server-policy sslpol ip https enable When I try and log onto the switch with Google Chrome I get the following error: Error 107 (net::ERR_SSL_PROTOCOL_ERROR): SSL protocol error. When I look this up I have found references to errors due to TLS being used in SSL. I can find no way to specify the SSL version in the server policy. The manual has a configuration example that uses MSCEP to retrieve a certificate but in Windows 2008 R2 that feature is only available in Enterprise and Datacentre editions which I don't have. I have SSH configured and it is using a locally generated certificate so I'm not sure if I can use that but I'd like to if possible. Has anybody been able to setup HTTPS management on HP A series switches without MSCEP? Any and all help appreciated! here is a copy of my config with the interfaces removed: version 5.20.99, Release 2215 # sysname MYSYSNAME # irf domain 10 irf mac-address persistent timer irf auto-update enable undo irf link-delay # domain default enable system # telnet server enable # vlan 1 # vlan 100 description Management # radius scheme system primary authentication 127.0.0.1 1645 primary accounting 127.0.0.1 1646 user-name-format without-domain # domain system access-limit disable state active idle-cut disable self-service-url disable # user-group system group-attribute allow-guest # local-user admin password cipher authorization-attribute level 3 service-type ssh telnet terminal service-type web # stp enable # ssl server-policy sslpol pki-domain MYDOMAIN # interface NULL0 # interface Vlan-interface199 ip address 192.168.199.140 255.255.255.0 # interface GigabitEthernet1/0/1 poe enable stp edged-port enable # interface Ten-GigabitEthernet2/1/2 # dhcp-snooping # ntp-service unicast-server 192.168.1.71 # ssh server enable # ip https ssl-server-policy sslpol ip https enable # load xml-configuration # user-interface aux 0 1 user-interface vty 0 15 authentication-mode scheme

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  • Unable to PPTP through NAT on Cisco 881

    - by MasterRoot24
    I'm trying to connect to a PPTP server which is sat behind a Cisco 881 NAT router. The server is running Ubuntu Server 12.04 and is running Poptop pptpd as the PPTP daemon listening for connections. As discussed in my other question, I'm trying to setup a Cisco 881 router to replace my old Linksys WAG320N. This same server and WAN connection worked fine with the WAG320N with no special configuration, other than allowing 1723 in through the firewall. On the Cisco 881, I'm using the newer ip nat enable or NAT NVI to setup static routes in through the firewall for the services running behind the router. My reason being that I can't run another copy of my live DNS domains internally with local IP addresses in. For the purposes of this question, though, I have rebuilt the router with ip nat inside/outside style NAT'ing, but this issue is still apparent. HTTP/SMTP/IMAP etc. all work ok from both the WAN and LAN interfaces of the router. I'm only having issues with SIP (see other question) and PPTP. My issue is that the GRE doesn't appear to be passing through NAT correctly and one end of the connection is not receiving GRE traffic when it should be, so the server hangs up the connection. Here's an example of /var/log/syslog with debug enabled in /etc/pptpd.conf: Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: MGR: Launching /usr/sbin/pptpctrl to handle client Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: local address = 192.168.1.50 Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: remote address = 192.168.1.51 Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: pppd options file = /etc/ppp/pptpd-options Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: Client 82.132.248.216 control connection started Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: Received PPTP Control Message (type: 1) Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: Made a START CTRL CONN RPLY packet Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: I wrote 156 bytes to the client. Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: Sent packet to client Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: Received PPTP Control Message (type: 7) Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: Set parameters to 100000000 maxbps, 64 window size Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: Made a OUT CALL RPLY packet Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: Starting call (launching pppd, opening GRE) Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: pty_fd = 6 Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: tty_fd = 7 Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: I wrote 32 bytes to the client. Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: Sent packet to client Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22627]: CTRL (PPPD Launcher): program binary = /usr/sbin/pppd Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22627]: CTRL (PPPD Launcher): local address = 192.168.1.50 Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22627]: CTRL (PPPD Launcher): remote address = 192.168.1.51 Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pppd[22627]: Plugin /usr/lib/pptpd/pptpd-logwtmp.so loaded. Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pppd[22627]: pppd 2.4.5 started by root, uid 0 Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pppd[22627]: Using interface ppp0 Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pppd[22627]: Connect: ppp0 <--> /dev/pts/3 Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: GRE: Bad checksum from pppd. Dec 11 21:06:31 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: Received PPTP Control Message (type: 15) Dec 11 21:06:31 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: Got a SET LINK INFO packet with standard ACCMs Dec 11 21:07:00 <HOSTNAME> pppd[22627]: LCP: timeout sending Config-Requests Dec 11 21:07:00 <HOSTNAME> pppd[22627]: Connection terminated. Dec 11 21:07:00 <HOSTNAME> avahi-daemon[1042]: Withdrawing workstation service for ppp0. Dec 11 21:07:00 <HOSTNAME> pppd[22627]: Modem hangup Dec 11 21:07:00 <HOSTNAME> pppd[22627]: Exit. Dec 11 21:07:00 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: GRE: read(fd=6,buffer=6075a0,len=8196) from PTY failed: status = -1 error = Input/output error, usually caused by unexpected termination of pppd, check option syntax and pppd logs Dec 11 21:07:00 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: PTY read or GRE write failed (pty,gre)=(6,7) Dec 11 21:07:00 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: Reaping child PPP[22627] Dec 11 21:07:00 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: Client 82.132.248.216 control connection finished Dec 11 21:07:00 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: Exiting now Dec 11 21:07:00 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[5803]: MGR: Reaped child 22626 As far as Cisco are concerned, all I need is ip nat source static tcp <SERVER LAN IP> 1723 interface FastEthernet4 1723 but of course this doesn't seem to the be helping the GRE traffic through as it should. Trying the connection to the LAN IP of the server from the same LAN as the server (behind the router), the PPTP connection works fine, so I'm confident that the server's config is ok. Furthermore, all I needed on my WAG320N was to open 1723 in the firewall. Here's my current router config: ! ! Last configuration change at 20:20:15 UTC Tue Dec 11 2012 by xxx version 15.2 no service pad service timestamps debug datetime msec service timestamps log datetime msec service password-encryption ! hostname xxx ! boot-start-marker boot-end-marker ! ! enable secret 4 xxxx ! aaa new-model ! ! aaa authentication login local_auth local ! ! ! ! ! aaa session-id common ! memory-size iomem 10 ! crypto pki trustpoint TP-self-signed-xxx enrollment selfsigned subject-name cn=IOS-Self-Signed-Certificate-xxx revocation-check none rsakeypair TP-self-signed-xxx ! ! crypto pki certificate chain TP-self-signed-xxx certificate self-signed 01 xxx quit ip gratuitous-arps ip auth-proxy max-login-attempts 5 ip admission max-login-attempts 5 ! ! ! ! ! ip domain list dmz.xxx.local ip domain list xxx.local ip domain name dmz.xxx.local ip name-server 192.168.1.x ip cef login block-for 3 attempts 3 within 3 no ipv6 cef ! ! multilink bundle-name authenticated license udi pid CISCO881-SEC-K9 sn xxx ! ! username admin privilege 15 secret 4 xxx username joe secret 4 xxx ! ! ! ! ! ip ssh time-out 60 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! interface FastEthernet0 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet1 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet2 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet3 switchport access vlan 2 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet4 ip address dhcp ip nat enable duplex auto speed auto ! interface Vlan1 ip address 192.168.1.x 255.255.255.0 no ip redirects no ip unreachables no ip proxy-arp ip nat enable ! interface Vlan2 ip address 192.168.0.x 255.255.255.0 ! ip forward-protocol nd ip http server ip http access-class 1 ip http authentication local ip http secure-server ! ! ip nat source list 1 interface FastEthernet4 overload ip nat source list 2 interface FastEthernet4 overload ip nat source static tcp 192.168.1.x 1723 interface FastEthernet4 1723 ! ! access-list 1 permit 192.168.0.0 0.0.0.255 access-list 2 permit 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 ! ! ! ! control-plane ! ! banner motd Authorized Access only ! line con 0 exec-timeout 15 0 login authentication local_auth line aux 0 exec-timeout 15 0 login authentication local_auth line vty 0 4 access-class 2 in login authentication local_auth length 0 transport input all ! ! end UPDATE 16/12/2012: The only progress that I have been able to make on this issue is that I'm confident that the issue is caused by the GRE tunnels (which are required for the PPTP connection to complete) are being blocked. When attempting a connection, I can see in show ip nat nvi translations that both a TCP translation on 1723 is setup and also a GRE translation is setup also. I appear to be able to see GRE related packets on the LAN that the server is on, so I am lead to believe that the server is sending(?) GRE packets, however running Wireshark on a client PC when attempting a connection shows absolutely no GRE packets. Whilst there are no configuration directives in my config posted above (that I can pin point) which would specifically block them, it would appear that the GRE packets are not being allowed in/out of the router's firewall, even though a NAT translation entry is setup to the server's LAN address. Would anyone be able to provide me with some help to ensure that GRE packets are not blocked by the router's firewall, so that this can be ruled out as a possible issue please?

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  • How to boost playback volume in real time on media recorded with a very low volume.

    - by L Marksman
    I have never heard a satisfactory answer to this often misunderstood question, let me explain. Lets say I have a sound card and earphones/speakers that can play back audio loud enough in most cases. This is great but the problem is that you always find people who do not know how to record audio, from Youtube video's to music. So now you end up with a audio playback that only uses 10% or less of the capacity of your sound hardware, in vista/win 7 you will see this frequently in the mixer with the volume pushed up to max but the green sound level only goes up a millimeter or two. I am looking for (preferably free) software or a method to boost the sound level of any audio from any source in real time to use more of my hardware capacity similar to what VLC media player can do. Oh and please, do not tell me it is impossible. I am not trying to boost the volume past what my hardware is capable of, I am just trying to use my hardware's full capacity. Also please do not tell met to buy new hardware, I know I can use hardware amplification, I don't want to (like many others) spend money on a simple little problem like this. Thanks!

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  • Static IPv6 address in Windows unused for outgoing connections

    - by Luc
    I'm running a Windows server and trying to get it to use a static IPv6 address for outgoing connections to other IPv6 hosts (such as Gmail). I need this because Gmail requires a ptr record, and I can't set one for random addresses. The static address is configured on the host, but it also has a temporary privacy address as well as a random address from the router it seems. By default Windows uses the privacy address; it seems this is the expected behavior (and it makes perfect sense for people/users that did not set a static address, but I did!). I've tried disabling the privacy address with: netsh int ipv6 set privacy disabled This indeed gets rid of the privacy address, but I still have the random address that the router assigned. To disable this, it was said I needed to disable "router discovery" using this command: net interface ipv6 set interface 14 routerdiscovery=disabled Upon doing this, all IPv6 connectivity is lost. If I do this while pinging Gmail, it will report "Destination host unreachable" as soon as I enter the command. In the static IPv6 configuration, I did configure the default gateway and prefix length, so I don't see why it's unable to connect. Probably has something to do with the lack of ARP in IPv6 and somehow being unable to resolve the router's MAC, but I wouldn't know how to fix this. Finally I've tried disabling the DHCPv6 lease with these commands: netsh interface ipv6 set interface "IDMZ Team" managedaddress=disabled netsh interface ipv6 set interface "IDMZ Team" otherstateful=disabled Which was to no avail; the host continues to obtain and use the router-assigned IPv6 address. The router is a FritzBox 7340, which shows me all the IPv4 and IPv6 addresses that the host (identified by MAC) utilizes, but I'm unable to change the assigned address. Maybe this could be done over the telnet interface of the router somehow, but again, I wouldn't know how to do this even if it's the way to go. In short, any of the following would probably solve my problem: Change Windows' source address selection behavior. Have Windows not get an address from the router and not generate a privacy address; Have the router hand out a static address and make Windows use that as source address. Recover connectivity after disabling router discovery on Windows. Alternatively I might use some (batch, perl, ...) script to throw away all IPv6 addresses except the desired one, but this feels rather hacky. If it's the only way (or less hacky than another hacky solution), it might be an option though. Thanks!

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  • Class hierarchy problem (with generic's variance!)

    - by devoured elysium
    The problem: class StatesChain : IState, IHasStateList { private TasksChain tasks = new TasksChain(); ... public IList<IState> States { get { return _taskChain.Tasks; } } IList<ITask> IHasTasksCollection.Tasks { get { return _taskChain.Tasks; } <-- ERROR! You can't do this in C#! I want to return an IList<ITask> from an IList<IStates>. } } Assuming the IList returned will be read-only, I know that what I'm trying to achieve is safe (or is it not?). Is there any way I can accomplish what I'm trying? I wouldn't want to try to implement myself the TasksChain algorithm (again!), as it would be error prone and would lead to code duplication. Maybe I could just define an abstract Chain and then implement both TasksChain and StatesChain from there? Or maybe implementing a Chain<T> class? How would you approach this situation? The Details: I have defined an ITask interface: public interface ITask { bool Run(); ITask FailureTask { get; } } and a IState interface that inherits from ITask: public interface IState : ITask { IState FailureState { get; } } I have also defined an IHasTasksList interface: interface IHasTasksList { List<Tasks> Tasks { get; } } and an IHasStatesList: interface IHasTasksList { List<Tasks> States { get; } } Now, I have defined a TasksChain, that is a class that has some code logic that will manipulate a chain of tasks (beware that TasksChain is itself a kind of ITask!): class TasksChain : ITask, IHasTasksList { IList<ITask> tasks = new List<ITask>(); ... public List<ITask> Tasks { get { return _tasks; } } ... } I am implementing a State the following way: public class State : IState { private readonly TaskChain _taskChain = new TaskChain(); public State(Precondition precondition, Execution execution) { _taskChain.Tasks.Add(precondition); _taskChain.Tasks.Add(execution); } public bool Run() { return _taskChain.Run(); } public IState FailureState { get { return (IState)_taskChain.Tasks[0].FailureTask; } } ITask ITask.FailureTask { get { return FailureState; } } } which, as you can see, makes use of explicit interface implementations to "hide" FailureTask and instead show FailureState property. The problem comes from the fact that I also want to define a StatesChain, that inherits both from IState and IHasStateList (and that also imples ITask and IHasTaskList, implemented as explicit interfaces) and I want it to also hide IHasTaskList's Tasks and only show IHasStateList's States. (What is contained in "The problem" section should really be after this, but I thought puting it first would be way more reader friendly). (pff..long text) Thanks!

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  • LACP : Cisco ASA 5515 & Switch ProCurve 2920

    - by user979276
    I've two ASAs 5515 connected in failover Active/Stand by (on Gi0/5) My two ASAs are connected to two Switch ProCurve 2920 to have HA if something happens. So I plug something like that (don't pay attention to the arrows) : So one the ASA, I created a Port-Channel like that : interface GigabitEthernet0/0 nameif outside security-level 0 ip address 192.168.1.3 255.255.255.0 standby 192.168.1.4 ! interface GigabitEthernet0/1 speed 1000 duplex full channel-group 1 mode passive no nameif no security-level no ip address ! interface GigabitEthernet0/2 speed 1000 duplex full channel-group 1 mode passive no nameif no security-level no ip address ! interface Port-channel1.1 vlan 1 nameif inside security-level 100 ip address 192.168.8.1 255.255.255.0 standby 192.168.8.2 ! interface Port-channel1.10 vlan 10 nameif guest security-level 50 ip address 172.16.100.2 255.255.255.224 standby 172.16.100.3 ! interface Port-channel1.16 vlan 16 nameif dmz security-level 50 ip address 192.168.16.1 255.255.255.0 standby 192.168.16.2 On the switch, I created a trunk LACP capable with the port 1 and 2 on each switch, force the speed to 1000 and put the port un full duplex mode. BUT this is not working... I tried many things and I can't make it work. In this configuration, I can't ping anything between my ASA and my Switch (or any object connected). Here what I get on my ASA : Channel group 1 LACP port Admin Oper Port Port Port Flags State Priority Key Key Number State ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Gi0/2 SP not-bndl 32768 0x1 0x1 0x3 0xc Gi0/1 FP not-bndl 32768 0x1 0x1 0x2 0x6 And on the Switchs : PORT LACP TRUNK PORT LACP LACP NUMB ENABLED GROUP STATUS PARTNER STATUS ----- ------- ----- ------ ------- ------ 1 Active trk1 Broken Yes Failure 2 Active trk1 Broken Yes Failure If I change the Cisco interface to LACP mode On, I can ping the switch from the ASA but nothing other objects conneted on the switch. If I look at the statut of LACP on the switch I see this : PORT LACP TRUNK PORT LACP LACP NUMB ENABLED GROUP STATUS PARTNER STATUS ----- ------- ----- ------ ------- ------ 1 Active trk1 Up No Success 2 Active trk1 Up No Success I don't have any clue on what's going on so If someone have any idea and help me on this, it would be great ! Feel free to ask me anything if you need any more information ! Thanks a lot !

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  • Anyone have experience calling Rake from MSBuild for code gen and other benefits? How did it go? Wha

    - by Charlie Flowers
    While programming in C# using Visual Studio 2008, I often wish for "automatic" code generation. If possible, I'd like to achieve it by making my MSBuild solution file call out to Rake, which would call Ruby code for the code generation, having the resulting generated files automatically appear in my solution. Here's one business example (of many possible examples I could name) where this kind of automatic code generation would be helpful. In a recent project I had an interface with some properties that contained dollar amounts. I wanted a second interface and a third interface that had the same properties as the first interface, except they were "qualified" with a business unit name. Something like this: public interface IQuarterlyResults { double TotalRevenue { get; set; } double NetProfit { get; set; } } public interface IConsumerQuarterlyResults { double ConsumerTotalRevenue { get; set; } double ConsumerNetProfit { get; set; } } public interface ICorporateQuarterResults { double CorporateTotalRevenue { get; set; } double CorporateNetProfit { get; set; } } In this example, there is a "Consumer Business Unit" and a "Corporate Business Unit". Every property on IQuarterlyResults becomes a property called "Corporate" + [property name] on ICorporateQuarterlyResults, and likewise for IConsumerQuarterlyResults. Why make interfaces for these, rather than merely having an instance of IQuarterlyResults for Consumer and another instance for Corporate? Because, when working with the calculator object I was building, the user had to deal with 100's of properties, and it is much less confusing if he can deal with "fully qualified" property names such as "ConsumerNetProfit". But let's not get bogged down in this example. It is only an example and not the main question. The main question is this: I love using Ruby and ERB for code generation, and I love using Rake to manage dependencies between tasks. To solve the problem above, what I'd like to do is have MSBuild call out to Rake, and have Rake / Ruby read the list of properties on the "core" interface and then generate the code to make all the dependent interfaces and their properties. This would get triggered every time I do a build, because I'd put it into the MSBuild file for the VS.NET solution. Has anyone tried anything like this? How did it work out for you? What insights can you share about pros, cons, tips for success, etc.? Thanks!

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  • How can I compose a WCF contract out of multiple interfaces?

    - by mafutrct
    I've got multiple interfaces. All of them should be inherited and exposed by a single contract interface. interface A { void X(); } interface B { void Y(); } interface C: A, B {} // this is the public contract How is this possible? I can't add ServiceContract to A and B because that would lead to multiple endpoints. And I don't want to new-override every method in C.

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  • tc rules block traffic from some hosts at network

    - by user139430
    I have a problem I can not solve. The script, which sets the rules for traffic shaping is blocking the traffic from some hosts.If I remove all the rules, then it works. I can not understand why? Here is my script... #!/bin/sh cmdTC=/sbin/tc rateLANDl="60mbit" ceilLANDl="60mbit" rateLANUl="40mbit" ceilLANUl="40mbit" quantLAN="1514" # Nowaday bandwidth limit set to 100mbit. # We devide it with 60mbit download and 40mbit upload bandthes. rateHiDl="30mbit" ceilHiDl="60mbit" rateHiUl="20mbit" ceilHiUl="40mbit" quantHi="1514" rateLoDl="30mbit" ceilLoDl="60mbit" rateLoUl="20mbit" ceilLoUl="40mbit" quantLo="1514" devNIF=eth0 devFIF=ifb0 modprobe ifb ip link set $devFIF up 2>/dev/null #exit 0 ################################################################################################ # Remove discuiplines from network and fake interfaces ################################################################################################ $cmdTC qdisc del dev $devNIF root 2>/dev/null $cmdTC qdisc del dev $devFIF root 2>/dev/null $cmdTC qdisc del dev $devNIF ingress 2>/dev/null if [ "$1" = "down" ]; then exit 0 fi ################################################################################################ # Create discuiplines for network interface ################################################################################################ $cmdTC qdisc add dev $devNIF root handle 1:0 htb default 12 # Create classes for network interface $cmdTC class add dev $devNIF parent 1:0 classid 1:1 htb rate ${rateLANDl} ceil ${ceilLANDl} quantum ${quantLAN} $cmdTC class add dev $devNIF parent 1:1 classid 1:11 htb rate ${rateHiDl} ceil ${ceilHiDl} quantum ${quantHi} $cmdTC class add dev $devNIF parent 1:1 classid 1:12 htb rate ${rateLoDl} ceil ${ceilLoDl} quantum ${quantLo} $cmdTC qdisc add dev $devNIF parent 1:11 handle 111: sfq perturb 10 $cmdTC qdisc add dev $devNIF parent 1:12 handle 112: sfq perturb 10 # Create filters for network interface $cmdTC filter add dev $devNIF protocol all parent 1:0 u32 match ip dst 10.252.2.0/24 flowid 1:11 $cmdTC filter add dev $devNIF protocol all parent 111: handle 111 flow hash keys dst divisor 1024 baseclass 1:11 $cmdTC filter add dev $devNIF protocol all parent 112: handle 112 flow hash keys dst divisor 1024 baseclass 1:12 ################################################################################################ # Create discuiplines for fake interface ################################################################################################ $cmdTC qdisc add dev $devFIF root handle 1:0 htb default 12 # Create classes for network interface $cmdTC class add dev $devFIF parent 1:0 classid 1:1 htb rate ${rateLANUl} ceil ${ceilLANUl} quantum ${quantLAN} $cmdTC class add dev $devFIF parent 1:1 classid 1:11 htb rate ${rateHiUl} ceil ${ceilHiUl} quantum ${quantHi} $cmdTC class add dev $devFIF parent 1:1 classid 1:12 htb rate ${rateLoUl} ceil ${ceilLoUl} quantum ${quantLo} $cmdTC qdisc add dev $devFIF parent 1:11 handle 111: sfq perturb 10 $cmdTC qdisc add dev $devFIF parent 1:12 handle 112: sfq perturb 10 # Create filters for network interface $cmdTC filter add dev $devFIF protocol all parent 1:0 u32 match ip src 10.252.2.0/24 flowid 1:11 $cmdTC filter add dev $devFIF protocol all parent 111: handle 111 flow hash keys src divisor 1024 baseclass 1:11 $cmdTC filter add dev $devFIF protocol all parent 112: handle 112 flow hash keys src divisor 1024 baseclass 1:12 ################################################################################################ # Create redirect discuiplines from network to fake interface ################################################################################################ $cmdTC qdisc add dev $devNIF handle ffff:0 ingress $cmdTC filter add dev $devNIF parent ffff:0 protocol all u32 match u32 0 0 action mirred egress redirect dev $devFIF Here is my /etc/modules: loop ifb ppp_mppe nf_conntrack_pptp nt_conntrack_proto_gre nf_nat_pptp nf_nat_proto_gre The system is Linux wall 2.6.32-5-amd64 #1 SMP Sun Sep 23 10:07:46 UTC 2012 x86_64 GNU/Linux

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  • explain interfaces in C#

    - by Ashish
    //inteface i11 public interface i11 { void m11(); } //interface i22 public interface i22 { void m11(); } //class ab implements interfaces i11 and i22 public class ab : i11, i22 { public void m11() { Console.WriteLine("class"); } } now when in Main() method we create an object of class ab which interface method will get called please explain all.

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