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• 3 divs as background

  - by woody993

  I've been working on this for a couple of hours and can't seem to wrap my head around it. I have three images, below, and I would like the text content to sit on top of these, but how do I do it? The middle image is the image that would need to repeat as the container div expands. Top: Middle repeating: Bottom:

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• Can I upload an object in memory to FTP using Python?

  - by fsckin

  Here's what I'm doing now: mysock = urllib.urlopen('http://localhost/image.jpg') fileToSave = mysock.read() oFile = open(r"C:\image.jpg",'wb') oFile.write(fileToSave) oFile.close f=file('image.jpg','rb') ftp.storbinary('STOR '+os.path.basename('image.jpg'),f) os.remove('image.jpg') Writing files to disk and then imediately deleting them seems like extra work on the system that should be avoided. Can I upload an object in memory to FTP using Python?

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• Installed mountain lion, getting a python virtual env error?

  - by user27449

  I recently installed mountain lion (10.8) and when I open up my terminal I get this message: Traceback (most recent call last): File "<string>", line 1, in <module> ImportError: No module named virtualenvwrapper.hook_loader virtualenvwrapper.sh: There was a problem running the initialization hooks. If Python could not import the module virtualenvwrapper.hook_loader, check that virtualenv has been installed for VIRTUALENVWRAPPER_PYTHON=/usr/bin/python and that PATH is set properly. Before I try and fix this, I was hoping someone could guide me as I haven't touched python in a while and I don't want to mess up this installation.

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• How to choose a web server for a Python application?

  - by Phil

  Information and prerequisites: I have a project which is, at its core, a basic CRUD application. It doesn't have long running background processes which it forks at the beginning and talks to later on, nor does it have long running queries or kept alive connection requirements. It receives a request, makes some queries to the database and then responds. In order to serve static files and cachable files fast, I am going to use Varnish in all cases. Here is my question: After reading about various Python web application servers, I have seen that they all have their "fans" for certain, usually "personal" reasons, which got me confused since each usecase differs from the next. How can I learn about the core differentiating factors of Python web servers (in order) to decide how suitable they are for my project and if one would be better than the other? What are your (technically provable) thoughts on the matter? How should I choose a Python web server? Thank you.

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• When a python process is killed on OSX, why doesn't it kill the child processes?

  - by Hugh

  I found myself getting very confused a while back by some changes that I found when moving Python scripts from Linux over to OSX... On Linux, if a python script has called os.system(), and the calling process is killed, the called process will be killed at the same time. On OSX, however, if the main process is killed, anything that it launched is left behind. Is there something somewhere in OSX/Python where I can change this behaviour? This is causing problems on our render farm, where the processes can be killed from the management GUI, but the top level process is really just a wrapper, so, while the render farm management might think that the process has gone and the machine is freed up for another task, the actual processor-intensive task is still running, which can lead to huge blockages. I know that I could write more logic to catch the kill signal and pass it on to the child processes, but I was hoping that it might be something that could be enabled at a lower level.

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• Word to GIMP pasted image too small

  - by Marcelo Cantos

  I paste an image from Microsoft Word 2010 into GIMP 2.6.10 using Edit ? Paste as ? New Image, but the pasted image is less than half-size (1280×800 down to 553×347). Pasting into an existing blank 1280×800 image makes no difference. On the other hand, pasting exactly the same clipboard entry into Windows Paint works beautifully, producing a razor-sharp 1280×800 image, and furthermore, pressing Ctrl+C in Paint, then going to Gimp and pressing Shift+Ctrl+V in Gimp produces the correct full-size image in Gimp too. Why does pasting an image directly from Word to Gimp reduce the image size? How can I make it paste the correct image size without having to go via Paint? UPDATE: I just noticed that cutting the image from Word and pasting back into the same document also loses definition. Paint must be magical.

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• How do I get `set show-all-if-ambiguous on` in my .inputrc to play nice with the Python interpreter?

  - by ysim

  I noticed that after I added the set show-all-if-ambiguous on line to my ~/.inputrc, whenever I pressed tab to indent a block, it would show me the bash Display all ... possibilities? (y or n) prompt, and leave me unable to indent the actual code. Is there any way to keep that line in my .inputrc but still have the tab key work as expected in the Python interpreter? This is in my VirtualBox Ubuntu 12.04 VM, if it matters. EDIT: Curiously, I now have a different issue with the Python shell that comes with Django -- when I press tab, I get Python tab completion, but only with one Tab press. I've opened a separate question here for it.

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• Koans, now available in Python flavor

  - by Greg Malcolm

  Recently a Python developer friend with whom I was pair programming with suggested that I show him how to write a little Ruby. I responded by telling him to check out Ruby Koans as a starting point. However I wanted to try that in reverse at the same time with me learning some Python. I did a bit of googling, and sure enough someone had started writing some Python Koans. It just needed finishing... So, a few weeks later Python Koans is now complete and ready for action! It is available through Mercurial on Bitbucket: http://bitbucket.org/gregmalcolm/python_koans/wiki/Home It is also mirrored on Github: http://wiki.github.com/gregmalcolm/python_koans/ Converting it was fairly easy. Aside from the differing philosophical approaches behind the two languages, Ruby and Python are fairly similar. We had to come up with completely new material for a few subjects like multiple inheritance and decorators, but for most features in Ruby there is something roughly comparable in Python. I highly recommend writing tests (or koans) as a means to lean a new language or framework. I've learned a lot from doing this.

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• Using Image Source with big images in WPF

  - by xyzzer

  I am working on an application that allows users to manipulate multiple images by using ItemsControl. I started running some tests and found that the app has problems displaying some big images - ie. it did not work with the high resolution (21600x10800), 20MB images from http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/BlueMarble/BlueMarble_monthlies.php, though it displays the 6200x6200, 60MB Hubble telescope image from http://zebu.uoregon.edu/hudf/hudf.jpg just fine. The original solution just specified an Image control with a Source property pointing at a file on a disk (through a binding). With the Blue Marble file - the image would just not show up. Now this could be just a bug hidden somewhere deep in the funky MVVM + XAML implementation - the visual tree displayed by Snoop goes like: Window/Border/AdornerDecorator/ContentPresenter/Grid/Canvas/UserControl/Border/ContentPresenter/Grid/Grid/Grid/Grid/Border/Grid/ContentPresenter/UserControl/UserControl/Border/ContentPresenter/Grid/Grid/Grid/Grid/Viewbox/ContainerVisual/UserControl/Border/ContentPresenter/Grid/Grid/ItemsControl/Border/ItemsPresenter/Canvas/ContentPresenter/Grid/Grid/ContentPresenter/Image... Now debug this! WPF can be crazy like that... Anyway, it turned out that if I create a simple WPF application - the images load just fine. I tried finding out the root cause, but I don't want to spend weeks on it. I figured the right thing to do might be to use a converter to scale the images down - this is what I have done: ImagePath = @"F:\Astronomical\world.200402.3x21600x10800.jpg"; TargetWidth = 2800; TargetHeight = 1866; and <Image> <Image.Source> <MultiBinding Converter="{StaticResource imageResizingConverter}"> <MultiBinding.Bindings> <Binding Path="ImagePath"/> <Binding RelativeSource="{RelativeSource Self}" /> <Binding Path="TargetWidth"/> <Binding Path="TargetHeight"/> </MultiBinding.Bindings> </MultiBinding> </Image.Source> </Image> and public class ImageResizingConverter : MarkupExtension, IMultiValueConverter { public Image TargetImage { get; set; } public string SourcePath { get; set; } public int DecodeWidth { get; set; } public int DecodeHeight { get; set; } public object Convert(object[] values, Type targetType, object parameter, CultureInfo culture) { this.SourcePath = values[0].ToString(); this.TargetImage = (Image)values[1]; this.DecodeWidth = (int)values[2]; this.DecodeHeight = (int)values[3]; return DecodeImage(); } private BitmapImage DecodeImage() { BitmapImage bi = new BitmapImage(); bi.BeginInit(); bi.DecodePixelWidth = (int)DecodeWidth; bi.DecodePixelHeight = (int)DecodeHeight; bi.UriSource = new Uri(SourcePath); bi.EndInit(); return bi; } public object[] ConvertBack(object value, Type[] targetTypes, object parameter, CultureInfo culture) { throw new Exception("The method or operation is not implemented."); } public override object ProvideValue(IServiceProvider serviceProvider) { return this; } } Now this works fine, except for one "little" problem. When you just specify a file path in Image.Source - the application actually uses less memory and works faster than if you use BitmapImage.DecodePixelWidth. Plus with Image.Source if you have multiple Image controls that point to the same image - they only use as much memory as if only one image was loaded. With the BitmapImage.DecodePixelWidth solution - each additional Image control uses more memory and each of them uses more than when just specifying Image.Source. Perhaps WPF somehow caches these images in compressed form while if you specify the decoded dimensions - it feels like you get an uncompressed image in memory, plus it takes 6 times the time (perhaps without it the scaling is done on the GPU?), plus it feels like the original high resolution image also gets loaded and takes up space. If I just scale the image down, save it to a temporary file and then use Image.Source to point at the file - it will probably work, but it will be pretty slow and it will require handling cleanup of the temporary file. If I could detect an image that does not get loaded properly - maybe I could only scale it down if I need to, but Image.ImageFailed never gets triggered. Maybe it has something to do with the video memory and this app just using more of it with the deep visual tree, opacity masks etc. Actual question: How can I load big images as quickly as Image.Source option does it, without using more memory for additional copies and additional memory for the scaled down image if I only need them at a certain resolution lower than original? Also, I don't want to keep them in memory if no Image control is using them anymore.

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• Python: Random is barely random at all?

  - by orokusaki

  I did this to test the randomness of randint: >>> from random import randint >>> >>> uniques = [] >>> for i in range(4500): # You can see I optimistic. ... x = randint(500, 5000) ... if x in uniques: ... raise Exception('We duped ' + str(x) + ' at iteration number ' + str(i)) ... uniques.append(x) ... Traceback (most recent call last): File "(stdin)", line 4, in (module) Exception: 'We duped 4061 at iteration number 67 I tried about 10 times more and the best result I got was 121 iterations before a repeater. Is this the best sort of result you can get from the standard library?

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• confused about python decorators

  - by nbv4

  I have a class that has an output() method which returns a matplotlib Figure instance. I have a decorator I wrote that takes that fig instance and turns it into a Django response object. My decorator looks like this: class plot_svg(object): def __init__(self, view): self.view = view def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs): print args, kwargs fig = self.view(*args, **kwargs) canvas=FigureCanvas(fig) response=HttpResponse(content_type='image/svg+xml') canvas.print_svg(response) return response and this is how it was being used: def as_avg(self): return plot_svg(self.output)() The only reason I has it that way instead of using the "@" syntax is because when I do it with the "@": @plot_svg def as_svg(self): return self.output() I get this error: as_svg() takes exactly 1 argument (0 given) I'm trying to 'fix' this by putting it in the "@" syntax but I can't figure out how to get it working. I'm thinking it has something to do with self not getting passed where it's supposed to...

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• WPF Button Image only showing in last control

  - by Ryan

  Hello All! I am fairly new to WPF and am probably missing something simple here. If I have 3 controls, only the last control will show the OriginalImage that I specify. Any help would be most appreciated. Thanks Ryan Main Window <Grid> <Grid.RowDefinitions> <RowDefinition Height="200*"/> <RowDefinition Height="60" /> </Grid.RowDefinitions> <Grid.ColumnDefinitions> <ColumnDefinition Width="85" /> <ColumnDefinition Width="85" /> <ColumnDefinition Width="85" /> <ColumnDefinition Width="85" /> <ColumnDefinition Width="300" /> </Grid.ColumnDefinitions> <Grid Grid.Row="1"> <but:ListButton OriginalImage="/CustomItemsPanel;component/ListBox/Images/add.png" DisableImage="/CustomItemsPanel;component/ListBox/Images/addunselect.png" /> </Grid > <Grid Grid.Row="1" Grid.Column="1" > <but:ListButton OriginalImage="/CustomItemsPanel;component/ListBox/Images/add.png" DisableImage="/CustomItemsPanel;component/ListBox/Images/addunselect.png" /> </Grid > <Grid Grid.Row="1" Grid.Column="2" > <but:ListButton OriginalImage="/CustomItemsPanel;component/ListBox/Images/add.png" DisableImage="/CustomItemsPanel;component/ListBox/Images/addunselect.png" /> </Grid> </Grid> Control XAML <ResourceDictionary xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation" xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml" xmlns:local="clr-namespace:CustomItemsPanel.ListButton"> <LinearGradientBrush x:Key="ButtonBackground" EndPoint="0.5,1" StartPoint="0.5,0"> <LinearGradientBrush.GradientStops> <GradientStop Color="#FF0E3D70"/> <GradientStop Color="#FF001832" Offset="1"/> </LinearGradientBrush.GradientStops> </LinearGradientBrush> <LinearGradientBrush x:Key="ButtonBackgroundMouseOver" EndPoint="0.5,1" StartPoint="0.5,0"> <LinearGradientBrush.GradientStops> <GradientStop Color="#FF1E62A1" /> <GradientStop Color="#FF0A3C6D" Offset="1"/> </LinearGradientBrush.GradientStops> </LinearGradientBrush> <LinearGradientBrush x:Key="ButtonBackgroundSelected" EndPoint="0.5,1" StartPoint="0.5,0"> <LinearGradientBrush.GradientStops> <GradientStop Color="Red" /> <GradientStop Color="#FF0A2A4C" Offset="1"/> </LinearGradientBrush.GradientStops> </LinearGradientBrush> <Style x:Key="Toggle" TargetType="{x:Type Button}"> <Setter Property="Content"> <Setter.Value> <Image> <Image.Style> <Style TargetType="{x:Type Image}"> <Setter Property="Source" Value="{Binding RelativeSource={RelativeSource FindAncestor, AncestorType={x:Type local:ListButton}}, Path=OriginalImage}"/> <Style.Triggers> <Trigger Property="IsEnabled" Value="False"> <Setter Property="Source" Value="{Binding Path=DisableImage, RelativeSource={RelativeSource TemplatedParent}}"/> </Trigger> </Style.Triggers> </Style> </Image.Style> </Image> </Setter.Value> </Setter> <Setter Property="Template"> <Setter.Value> <ControlTemplate TargetType="{x:Type Button}"> <Grid Cursor="Hand"> <Border Name="back" Margin="0,1,0,0" Background="{StaticResource ButtonBackground}"> <ContentPresenter VerticalAlignment="Center" HorizontalAlignment="Center" x:Name="content" /> </Border> <Border BorderThickness="1" BorderBrush="#FF004F92"> <Border BorderThickness="0,0,1,0" BorderBrush="#FF101D29" /> </Border> </Grid> <ControlTemplate.Triggers> <Trigger Property="IsMouseOver" Value="True" > <Setter TargetName="back" Property="Background" Value="{StaticResource ButtonBackgroundMouseOver}"/> </Trigger> </ControlTemplate.Triggers> </ControlTemplate> </Setter.Value> </Setter> </Style> <Style TargetType="{x:Type local:ListButton}"> <Setter Property="Template"> <Setter.Value> <ControlTemplate TargetType="{x:Type local:ListButton}"> <Button Style="{StaticResource Toggle}" /> </ControlTemplate> </Setter.Value> </Setter> </Style> </ResourceDictionary> Control Code Behind public class ListButton : Control { public static readonly DependencyProperty MouseOverImageProperty; public static readonly DependencyProperty OriginalImageProperty; public static readonly DependencyProperty DisableImageProperty; static ListButton() { DefaultStyleKeyProperty.OverrideMetadata(typeof(ListButton), new FrameworkPropertyMetadata(typeof(ListButton))); MouseOverImageProperty = DependencyProperty.Register("MouseOverImage", typeof(ImageSource), typeof(ListButton), new UIPropertyMetadata(null)); OriginalImageProperty = DependencyProperty.Register("OriginalImage", typeof(ImageSource), typeof(ListButton), new UIPropertyMetadata(null)); DisableImageProperty = DependencyProperty.Register("DisableImage", typeof(ImageSource), typeof(ListButton), new UIPropertyMetadata(null)); } public ImageSource MouseOverImage { get { return (ImageSource)GetValue(MouseOverImageProperty); } set { SetValue(MouseOverImageProperty, value); } } public ImageSource OriginalImage { get { return (ImageSource)GetValue(OriginalImageProperty); } set { SetValue(OriginalImageProperty, value); } } public ImageSource DisableImage { get { return (ImageSource)GetValue(DisableImageProperty); } set { SetValue(DisableImageProperty, value); } } }

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• unevenly centered subplots in matplotlib in Python?

  - by user248237

  I am plotting a simple pair of subplots in matplotlib that are for some reason unevenly centered. I plot them as follows: plt.figure() # first subplot s1 = plt.subplot(2, 1, 1) plt.bar([1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]) # second subplot s2 = plt.subplot(2, 1, 2) plt.pcolor(rand(5,5)) # add colorbar plt.colorbar() # square axes axes_square(s1) axes_square(s2) where axes_square is simply: def axes_square(plot_handle): plot_handle.axes.set_aspect(1/plot_handle.axes.get_data_ratio()) The plot I get is attached. The top and bottom plots are unevenly centered. I'd like their yaxis to be aligned and their boxes to be aligned. If I remove the plt.colorbar() call, the plots become centered. How can I have the plots centered while the colorbar of pcolor is still shown? I want the axes to be centered and have the colorbar be outside of that alignment, either to the left or to the right of the pcolor matrix. image of plots link thanks.

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• Python Threading

  - by anteater7171

  I'm trying to make a simple program that continually displays and updates a label that displays the CPU usage, while having other unrelated things going on. I've done enough research to know that threading is likely going to be involved. However, I'm having trouble applying what I've seen in simple examples of threading to what I'm trying to do. What I currently have going: import Tkinter import psutil,time from PIL import Image, ImageTk class simpleapp_tk(Tkinter.Tk): def __init__(self,parent): Tkinter.Tk.__init__(self,parent) self.parent = parent self.initialize() def initialize(self): self.labelVariable = Tkinter.StringVar() self.label = Tkinter.Label(self,textvariable=self.labelVariable) self.label.pack() self.button = Tkinter.Button(self,text='button',command=self.A) self.button.pack() def A (self): G = str(round(psutil.cpu_percent(), 1)) + '%' print G self.labelVariable.set(G) def B (self): print "hello" if __name__ == "__main__": app = simpleapp_tk(None) app.mainloop() In the above code I'm basically trying to get command A continually running, while allowing command B to be done when the users presses the button.

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• Working with OAuth on Google with Python

  - by Dan Loewenherz

  I'm having a very frustrating time creating a valid signature for Google's OAuth implementation. I have narrowed it all down to the fact that my signature-generation code has an error of some sort; what it is I have no idea. This is the signature base string in its entirety: GET&https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Faccounts%2FOAuthGetAccessToken&oauth_consumer_key%3Ddlosplayground.appspot.com%26oauth_nonce%3D72815d55697cb24301fab03e1f7f1d66%26oauth_signature_method%3DHMAC-SHA1%26oauth_timestamp%3D1274327867%26oauth_token%3D4%252FX2cZ54JuseQbgRwzTBzZ7lqIwqof%26oauth_verifier%3Dihf0F2Fx%252FpnCmwbVQnk2xMre%26oauth_version%3D1.0 The OAuth Playground returns an oauth_signature of gF8qAfWjpdKjKb4KR%2FvA2Gy0vhU%3D. My code gives me ikMpIKJQJ58jseg%2BKPBTecjmYPE%3D, so obviously I'm doing something wrong. Here's my signature generation code (equivalent to that of the standard oauth.py library): binascii.b2a_base64(hmac.new(CONSUMER_SECRET, BASE_STRING, hashlib.sha1).digest())[:-1] Any thoughts?

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• Python implementation of avro slow?

  - by lazy1

  I'm reading some data from avro file using the avro library. It takes about a minute to load 33K objects from the file. This seem very slow to me, specially with the Java version reading the same file in about 1sec. Here is the code, am I doing something wrong? import avro.datafile import avro.io from time import time def load(filename): fo = open(filename, "rb") reader = avro.datafile.DataFileReader(fo, avro.io.DatumReader()) for i, record in enumerate(reader): pass return i + 1 def main(argv=None): import sys from argparse import ArgumentParser argv = argv or sys.argv parser = ArgumentParser(description="Read avro file") start = time() num_records = load("events.avro") end = time() print("{0} records in {1} seconds".format(num_records, end - start)) if __name__ == "__main__": main()

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• Optimizing BeautifulSoup (Python) code

  - by user283405

  I have code that uses the BeautifulSoup library for parsing, but it is very slow. The code is written in such a way that threads cannot be used. Can anyone help me with this? I am using BeautifulSoup for parsing and than save into a DB. If I comment out the save statement, it still takes a long time, so there is no problem with the database. def parse(self,text): soup = BeautifulSoup(text) arr = soup.findAll('tbody') for i in range(0,len(arr)-1): data=Data() soup2 = BeautifulSoup(str(arr[i])) arr2 = soup2.findAll('td') c=0 for j in arr2: if str(j).find("<a href=") > 0: data.sourceURL = self.getAttributeValue(str(j),'<a href="') else: if c == 2: data.Hits=j.renderContents() #and few others... c = c+1 data.save() Any suggestions? Note: I already ask this question here but that was closed due to incomplete information.

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• what is a good way to do countif in python

  - by tolomea

  I want to count how many members of an iterable meet a given condition. I'd like to do it in a way that is clear and simple and preferably reasonably optimal. My current best ideas are: sum(meets_condition(x) for x in my_list) and len([x for x in my_list if meets_condition(x)]) The first one being iterator based is presumably faster for big lists. And it's the same form as you'd use for testing any and all. However it depends on the fact that int(True) == 1, which is somewhat ugly. The second one seems easier to read to me, but it is different from the any and all forms. Does anyone have any better suggestions? is there a library function somewhere that I am missing?

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• motion computation from video using pyglet in python

  - by kuaywai

  Hi, I am writing a simple motion detection program but i want it to be cross platform so im using python and the pyglet library since it provides a simple way to load videos in different formats (specially wmv and mpeg). So far i have the code given below which loads the movie and plays it in a window. Now i need to: 1) grab frame at time t and t-1 2) do a subtraction to see which pixels are active for motion detection. any ideas on how to grab frames and to skip over frames and is it possible to put the pixel values into a matrix in numpy or something directly from pyglet? or should look into using something other than pyglet? thanks kuaywai import pyglet import sys window = pyglet.window.Window(resizable=True) window.set_minimum_size(320,200) window.set_caption('Motion detect 1.0') video_intro = pyglet.resource.media('movie1.wmv') player = pyglet.media.Player() player.queue(video_intro) print 'calculating movie size...' if not player.source or not player.source.video_format: sys.exit myWidth = player.source.video_format.width myHeight = player.source.video_format.height if player.source.video_format.sample_aspect 1: myWidth *= player.source.video_format.sample_aspect elif player.source.video_format.sample_aspect < 1: myHeight /= player.source.video_format.sample_aspect print 'its size is %d,%d' % (myWidth,myHeight) player.play() @window.event def on_draw(): window.clear() (w,h) = window.get_size() player.get_texture().blit(0, h-myHeight, width=myWidth, height=myHeight) pyglet.app.run()

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• Hopcroft–Karp algorithm in Python

  - by Simon

  I am trying to implement the Hopcroft Karp algorithm in Python using networkx as graph representation. Currently I am as far as this: #Algorithms for bipartite graphs import networkx as nx import collections class HopcroftKarp(object): INFINITY = -1 def __init__(self, G): self.G = G def match(self): self.N1, self.N2 = self.partition() self.pair = {} self.dist = {} self.q = collections.deque() #init for v in self.G: self.pair[v] = None self.dist[v] = HopcroftKarp.INFINITY matching = 0 while self.bfs(): for v in self.N1: if self.pair[v] and self.dfs(v): matching = matching + 1 return matching def dfs(self, v): if v != None: for u in self.G.neighbors_iter(v): if self.dist[ self.pair[u] ] == self.dist[v] + 1 and self.dfs(self.pair[u]): self.pair[u] = v self.pair[v] = u return True self.dist[v] = HopcroftKarp.INFINITY return False return True def bfs(self): for v in self.N1: if self.pair[v] == None: self.dist[v] = 0 self.q.append(v) else: self.dist[v] = HopcroftKarp.INFINITY self.dist[None] = HopcroftKarp.INFINITY while len(self.q) > 0: v = self.q.pop() if v != None: for u in self.G.neighbors_iter(v): if self.dist[ self.pair[u] ] == HopcroftKarp.INFINITY: self.dist[ self.pair[u] ] = self.dist[v] + 1 self.q.append(self.pair[u]) return self.dist[None] != HopcroftKarp.INFINITY def partition(self): return nx.bipartite_sets(self.G) The algorithm is taken from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopcroft%E2%80%93Karp_algorithm However it does not work. I use the following test code G = nx.Graph([ (1,"a"), (1,"c"), (2,"a"), (2,"b"), (3,"a"), (3,"c"), (4,"d"), (4,"e"),(4,"f"),(4,"g"), (5,"b"), (5,"c"), (6,"c"), (6,"d") ]) matching = HopcroftKarp(G).match() print matching Unfortunately this does not work, I end up in an endless loop :(. Can someone spot the error, I am out of ideas and I must admit that I have not yet fully understand the algorithm, so it is mostly an implementation of the pseudo code on wikipedia

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• Python, unit test - Pass command line arguments to setUp of unittest.TestCase

  - by sberry2A

  I have a script that acts as a wrapper for some unit tests written using the Python unittest module. In addition to cleaning up some files, creating an output stream and generating some code, it loads test cases into a suite using unittest.TestLoader().loadTestsFromTestCase() I am already using optparse to pull out several command-line arguments used for determining the output location, whether to regenerate code and whether to do some clean up. I also want to pass a configuration variable, namely an endpoint URI, for use within the test cases. I realize I can add an OptionParser to the setUp method of the TestCase, but I want to instead pass the option to setUp. Is this possible using loadTestsFromTestCase()? I can iterate over the returned TestSuite's TestCases, but can I manually call setUp on the TestCases? ** EDIT ** I wanted to point out that I am able to pass the arguments to setUp if I iterate over the tests and call setUp manually like: (options, args) = op.parse_args() suite = unittest.TestLoader().loadTestsFromTestCase(MyTests.TestSOAPFunctions) for test in suite: test.setUp(options.soap_uri) However, I am using xmlrunner for this and its run method takes a TestSuite as an argument. I assume it will run the setUp method itself, so I would need the parameters available within the XMLTestRunner. I hope this makes sense.

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• Python recursive function error: "maximum recursion depth exceeded"

  - by user283169

  I solved Problem 10 of Project Euler with the following code, which works through brute force: def isPrime(n): for x in range(2, int(n**0.5)+1): if n % x == 0: return False return True def primeList(n): primes = [] for i in range(2,n): if isPrime(i): primes.append(i) return primes def sumPrimes(primelist): prime_sum = sum(primelist) return prime_sum print (sumPrimes(primeList(2000000))) The three functions work as follows: isPrime checks whether a number is a prime; primeList returns a list containing a set of prime numbers for a certain range with limit 'n', and; sumPrimes sums up the values of all numbers in a list. (This last function isn't needed, but I liked the clarity of it, especially for a beginner like me.) I then wrote a new function, primeListRec, which does exactly the same thing as primeList, to help me better understand recursion: def primeListRec(i, n): primes = [] #print i if (i != n): primes.extend(primeListRec(i+1,n)) if (isPrime(i)): primes.append(i) return primes return primes The above recursive function worked, but only for very small values, like '500'. The function caused my program to crash when I put in '1000'. And when I put in a value like '2000', Python gave me this: RuntimeError: maximum recursion depth exceeded. What did I do wrong with my recursive function? Or is there some specific way to avoid a recursion limit?

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• Modify python USB device driver to only use vendor_id and product_id, excluding BCD

  - by Tony

  I'm trying to modify the Android device driver for calibre (an e-book management program) so that it identifies devices by only vendor id and product id, and excludes BCD. The driver is a fairly simply python plugin, and is currently set up to use all three numbers, but apparently, when Android devices use custom Android builds (ie CyanogenMod for the Nexus One), it changes the BCD so calibre stops recognizing it. The current code looks like this, with a simple list of vendor id's, that then have allowed product id's and BCD's with them: VENDOR_ID = { 0x0bb4 : { 0x0c02 : [0x100], 0x0c01 : [0x100]}, 0x22b8 : { 0x41d9 : [0x216]}, 0x18d1 : { 0x4e11 : [0x0100], 0x4e12: [0x0100]}, 0x04e8 : { 0x681d : [0x0222]}, } The line I'm specifically trying to change is: 0x18d1 : { 0x4e11 : [0x0100], 0x4e12: [0x0100]}, Which is, the line for identifying a Nexus One. My N1, running CyanogenMod 5.0.5, has the BCD 0x0226, and rather than just adding it to the list, I'd prefer to eliminate the BCD from the recognition process, so that any device with vendor id 0x18d1 and product id 0x4e11 or 0x4e12 would be recognized. The custom Android rom doesn't change enough for the specifics to matter. The syntax seems to require the BCD in brackets. How can I edit this so that it matches anything in that field?

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• Need help understanding "TypeError: default __new__ takes no parameters" error in python

  - by Gordon Fontenot

  For some reason I am having trouble getting my head around __init__ and __new__. I have a bunch of code that runs fine from the terminal, but when I load it as a plugin for Google Quick Search Box, I get the error TypeError: default __new__ takes no parameters. I have been reading about the error, and it's kind of making my brain spin. As it stands I have 3 classes, with no sub-classes, each class has it's own defs. I never use def __init__ or def __new__, but I have gotten the distinct feeling that these are the functions (or the lack thereof) that would be giving me the error. I have no idea how to summarize the code down to a snippet that would be helpful here, since I'm a bit over my head, but the entire script can be found at github. Not expecting anyone to bugfix my code for me, I am just at my wit's end on this. A simple (plain english, not the quote from the python docs which I have read 20 times and still don't really understand) explination of why this error would pop up, or why I should be, or not be, using the __init__ and/or __new__ functions would be seriously appreciated. Thanks for any help you can give in advance.

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• [Gray Hat Python] Simple debugger, want work ??

  - by Rami Jarrar

  hi, i'm reading the Gray Hat Python,, i reach for this :: class debugger(): def __init__(self): self.h_process = None self.pid = None self.debugger_active = False def load(self,path_to_exe): creation_flags = DEBUG_PROCESS startupinfo = STARTUPINFO() process_information = PROCESS_INFORMATION() startupinfo.dwFlags = 0x1 startupinfo.wShowWindows = 0x0 startupinfo.cb = sizeof(startupinfo) if kernel32.CreateProcessA(path_to_exe, None, None, None, None, creation_flags, None, None, byref(startupinfo), byref(process_information)): print "[*] We have successfully launched the process!" print "[*] PID: %d"%(process_information.dwProcessId) self.h_process = self.open_process(process_information.dwProcessId) else: print "[*] Error: 0x%08x."%(kernel32.GetLastError()) def open_process(self,pid): h_process = self.open_process(pid) if kernel32.DebugActiveProcess(pid): self.debugger_active = True self.pid = int(pid) self.run() else: print "[*] Unable to attach to the process." def run(self): while self.debugger_active == True: self.get_debug_event() def get_debug_event(self): debug_event = DEBUG_EVENT() continue_status = DBG_CONTINUE if kernel32.WaitForDebugEvent(byref(debug_event), INFINITE): raw_input("Press a Key to continue...") self.debugger_active = False kernel32.ContinueDebugEvent( \ debug_event.dwProcessId, \ debug_event.dwThreadId, \ continue_status ) def detach(self): if kernel32.DebugActiveProcessStop(self.pid): print "[*] Finished debugging. Exiting..." return True else: print "There was an error" return False when run my_test.py :: import my_dbg debugger = my_dbg.debugger() pid = raw_input('Enter the PID of the process to attach to: ') debugger.open_process(int(pid)) debugger.detach() i get this error :: Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:/Python26/dbgpy/my_test.py", line 5, in <module> debugger.attach(int(pid)) File "C:/Python26/dbgpy\my_dbg.py", line 37, in attach h_process = self.attach(pid) ........... ........... ........... File "C:/Python26/dbgpy\my_dbg.py", line 37, in attach h_process = self.attach(pid) File "C:/Python26/dbgpy\my_dbg.py", line 37, in attach h_process = self.attach(pid) RuntimeError: maximum recursion depth exceeded its because the loop and something else, but what it is ?? I'm running on Windows using Python2.6.4.. :) Update:: i remove h_process = self.open_process(pid), but i get the same error for the next instruction if kernel32.DebugActiveProcess(pid) , so the problem i think in the loop while,, but what it is ???

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