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• What is the recommended glusterFS configuration for a growing website?

  - by montana

  Hello, I have a website that is tracking towards 50 million hits per day average, and within the next 3 months should be over 100 million hits per day. We are trying to use GlusterFS v 3.0.0 (with latest patches as of 1-17-2010) Currently, we've just upgraded to a load balancer environment that has 3 physical hosts with 6 Xen-Server 5.5u1 VM's (2 on each host) to serve webpage traffic. Each machine has 6 Raid-6 local storage drives (7200RPM-SATA). The old machine we came from had 1 mirrored SAS 10k drive. We also set up glusterFS currently with 3 bricks, one on each host, and it is serving the 6 VM's as clients. In testing, everything seemed fine. However when we went to production, it seemed that there just wasn't enough I/O's available to serve traffic even upwards of 15mil hits. Weeks prior, our old server was able to handle traffic, maxed out, at 20mil. Is there any recommended configurations for such an application, or things to be aware of that isn't apparent with their documentation at gluster.org for a site our size?

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• tc u32 --- how to match L2 protocols in recent kernels?

  - by brownian

  I have a nice shaper, with hashed filtering, built at a linux bridge. In short, br0 connects external and internal physical interfaces, VLAN tagged packets are bridged "transparently" (I mean, no VLAN interfaces are there). Now, different kernels do it differently. I can be wrong with exact kernel verions ranges, please forgive me. Thanks. 2.6.26 So, in debian, 2.6.26 and up (up to 2.6.32, I believe) --- this works: tc filter add dev internal protocol 802.1q parent 1:0 prio 100 \ u32 ht 1:64 match ip dst 192.168.1.100 flowid 1:200 Here, "kernel" matches two bytes in "protocol" field with 0x8100, but counts the beginning of ip packet as a "zero position" (sorry for my English, if I'm a bit unclear). 2.6.32 Again, in debian (I've not built vanilla kernel), 2.6.32-5 --- this works: tc filter add dev internal protocol 802.1q parent 1:0 prio 100 \ u32 ht 1:64 match ip dst 192.168.1.100 at 20 flowid 1:200 Here, "kernel" matches the same for protocol, but counts offset from the beginning of this protocol's header --- I have to add 4 bytes to offset (20, not 16 for dst address). It's ok, seems more logical, as for me. 3.2.11, the latest stable now This works --- as if there is no 802.1q tag at all: tc filter add dev internal protocol ip parent 1:0 prio 100 \ u32 ht 1:64 match ip dst 192.168.1.100 flowid 1:200 The problem is that I couldn't find a way to match 802.1q tag so far. Matching 802.1q tag at past I could do this before as follows: tc filter add dev internal protocol 802.1q parent 1:0 prio 100 \ u32 match u16 0x0ed8 0x0fff at -4 flowid 1:300 Now I'm unable to match 802.1q tag with at 0, at -2, at -4, at -6 or like that. The main issue that I have zero hits count --- this filter is not being checked at all, "wrong protocol", in other words. Please, anyone, help me :-) Thanks!

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• How Does EoR Design Work with Multi-tiered Data Center Topology

  - by S.C.

  I just did a ton of reading about the different multi-tier network topology options as outlined by Cisco, and now that I'm looking at the physical options (End of Row (EoR) vs Top of Rack(ToR)), I find myself confused about how these fit into the logical constructs. With ToR it also maps 1:1: at the top of each rack there is a switch(es) that essentially act as the access layer. They connect via fiber to other switches, maybe chassis-based, that act as the aggregation layer, that then connect to the core layer. With EoR it seems that the servers are connecting directly to the aggregation layer, skipping the access layer all together, by plugging directly into what are typically chassis switches. In EoR then is the standard 3-tier model now a 2-tier model: the servers go to the chassis switch which goes straight to the core switch? The reason it matters to me is that my understanding was that the 3-tier model was more desirable due to less complexity. The agg switch pair acts as default gateway and does routing; if you use up all of your ports in your agg layer pair it's much more complicated to add additional switches, than simply adding more switches at the access layer. Are there other downsides to this layout? Does this 3-tier architecture still apply in some way in EoR? Thanks.

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• Freebsd jail for an small company - checklist - what shouldn't forget

  - by cajwine

  Looking for an checklist for an "small company freebsd/jail server". Having pretty common starting point: FreeBSD jail (remote/headless) for the company: public web, email, ftp server, and private (maybe in the future partially public) wiki (foswiki) 4 physical persons, (6 email addresses) + one admin - others will never use ssh) have already done usual hardening on the host side (like pf, sshguard etc). my major components are: dovecot, exim, apache22, proftpd, perl5.14. Looking for an checklist, what I shouldn't forget. My plan: openssl self-signed certificates for exim, dovecot and proftpd (wildcard keys) openssl self-signed certificate for apache (later will go for "trusted-signed" key) My questions are: is is an "good practice" having one pair of wildcard SSL-certificates for many programs? (exim, dovecot, proftpd) - or should I generate one key for each service? should I add all 4 persons as standard (unix) users, or I should go with virtual users? Asking because: have only small count of users, and it is more simple to configure everything (exim, dovecot) for local users ($HOME/Maildir), plus ability to set $HOME/.forward/vacation and etc. is here some (special) things what I should consider? (e.g. maybe, in the future we want setup our own webmail - will make this any difference?) any other recommendation? Thank you, hoping that this question fit into the http://serverfault.com/faq under the: Server and Business Workstation operating systems, hardware, software Operations, maintenance, and monitoring Looking for an checklist, but please explain why you're recommending it. See Good Subjective, Bad Subjective. related: What's your suggested mail server configuration for a FreeBSD server?

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• What can cause kernel out_of_memory error?

  - by nbolton

  I'm running Debian GNU/Linux 5.0 and I'm experiencing intermittent out_of_memory errors coming from the kernel. The server stops responding to all but pings, and I have to reboot the server. # uname -a Linux xxx 2.6.18-164.9.1.el5xen #1 SMP Tue Dec 15 21:31:37 EST 2009 x86_64 GNU/Linux This seems to be the important bit from /var/log/messages Dec 28 20:16:25 slarti kernel: Call Trace: Dec 28 20:16:25 slarti kernel: [<ffffffff802bedff>] out_of_memory+0x8b/0x203 Dec 28 20:16:25 slarti kernel: [<ffffffff8020f825>] __alloc_pages+0x245/0x2ce Dec 28 20:16:25 slarti kernel: [<ffffffff8021377f>] __do_page_cache_readahead+0xc6/0x1ab Dec 28 20:16:25 slarti kernel: [<ffffffff80214015>] filemap_nopage+0x14c/0x360 Dec 28 20:16:25 slarti kernel: [<ffffffff80208ebc>] __handle_mm_fault+0x443/0x1337 Dec 28 20:16:25 slarti kernel: [<ffffffff8026766a>] do_page_fault+0xf7b/0x12e0 Dec 28 20:16:25 slarti kernel: [<ffffffff8026ef17>] monotonic_clock+0x35/0x7b Dec 28 20:16:25 slarti kernel: [<ffffffff80262da3>] thread_return+0x6c/0x113 Dec 28 20:16:25 slarti kernel: [<ffffffff8021afef>] remove_vma+0x4c/0x53 Dec 28 20:16:25 slarti kernel: [<ffffffff80264901>] _spin_lock_irqsave+0x9/0x14 Dec 28 20:16:25 slarti kernel: [<ffffffff8026082b>] error_exit+0x0/0x6e Full snippet here: http://pastebin.com/a7eWf7VZ I thought that perhaps the server was actually running out of memory (it has 1GB physical memory), but my Cacti memory graph looks OK to me... But strangely the load graph goes through the roof shortly before the kernel crashes: What logs can I look at for more info? Update: Maybe noteworthy - the CPU percentage and network traffic graphs were both normal at the time of the crash. The only abnormality was the average load graph.

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• Can I connect a Playstation 3's HDMI output to my monitor's DVI-D input? [migrated]

  - by HankJDoomstorm

  I'm attempting to connect my Playstation 3 to my computer monitor. The monitor has a DVI-D (dual link) input, so before distinguishing between the different DVI varieties, I bought a DVI-I (dual link) to HDMI converter that won't fit into the port on the monitor (not only that, there isn't enough physical space in the back of the monitor to fit that much stuff before it hits the bottom of it). So I grabbed a DVI-D (single link) cable and got a female-to-female DVI-I coupler, and plugged the DVI-D cable into the monitor and the whole mess of converters. The end result was HDMI to DVI-D single link, but my monitor isn't receiving a signal on its digital channel. (For clarity's sake: DVI-D DL input on Monitor, DVI-D SL cable, DVI-I DL female-to-female coupler, DVI-I DL to HDMI converter, HDMI output on PS3) I don't know much about this stuff (obviously), but my educated guess is that the bandwidth of the PS3 is too high for the DVI-D Single Link cable, so nothing's getting through. Will replacing the single link cable with dual link resolve this? If not, is it possible at all? Oh, I should mention I'm aware I won't get audio through the monitor. I have an RCA to 3.5mm converter for that.

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• Windows Server 2008 R2 Virtual Network Setup

  - by jpearl01

  Some background: I'm very much new to networking in general, and virtualization in particular. I'm trying to set up a series of VMs as we are transitioning to a thin client setup. I have been supplied a limited number of static ip addresses. The server is located in an offsite building which houses the network we use to connect to the internet, share folders etc. The setup I've been trying to go for is this: The host OS (Windows Server 2008 R2) is bound to one nic using one of the static ips (say, Nic1 and ip 10.255.6.61). I've set up another external virtual network attached to another physical nic , and a virtual private network attached to no nic. There is one VM running the same os (as the host). This VM is connected to both the external virtual network (and uses another static ip say Nic2 and ip 10.255.6.62) and also to the virtual private network (I gave it a static random ip 192.168.88.1 subnet mask 255.255.255.0). This virtual private network is connected to all the other VMs. I'd like to share the internet connection with all the other VMs on the private virtual network, and so I installed the RRAS role on the server connected to Nic2, and selected the option to share the internet over the vpn. I've run through the RRAS wizard a few times, trying different configurations, but none of them seem to be letting the other vms connect to the 'net. The vms seem to connect to the virtual private network fine, they are assigned an ip address and everything, but no internet, and no rest of the network either. The other problem is in general I connect to the vms with RDP. Will that be possible with a setup like this? i.e. will the vms show up as computers on the network? If not, what are my other options? Thanks! ~josh

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• Dell Vostro Desktop error

  - by goldenmean

  Faced a strange situation at work today. We have people sitting at a table on opposite sides, with power cables underneath the table. This morning when the person sitting opposite to me banged his feet on ground, it disturbed the power cable to my PC and it turned-off. So when I turned it on, it says, "No boot device found" Press F1 to setup or F5 to perform test... There was no physical impact/crash/fall of the desktop cabinet, which could have crashed/damaged the hard disk physically. EDIT: The OS is Windows 7 So I tried to recognize it in the Bios setup, but even there it could not find the SATA disk that is connected to this machine. So then I opened the cabinet, removed the power supply and plugged it back again. Tried to reboot, same error, "Boot device not found" It is not recognizing the hard disk. Any ideas about what might be wrong? Hard-disk crash, OS Crash(But it doesn't even go to the point of loading the disk after the initial Bios execution, so doubt this...) Any pointers about how I should proceed to troubleshoot/solve this error are welcome.

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• dd on entire disk, but do not want empty portion

  - by Jonathan Henson

  I have a disk, say /dev/sda. Here is fdisk -l: Disk /dev/sda: 64.0 GB, 64023257088 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 7783 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0000e4b5 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 27 209920 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 27 525 4000768 5 Extended Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda5 27 353 2621440 83 Linux /dev/sda6 353 405 416768 83 Linux /dev/sda7 405 490 675840 83 Linux /dev/sda8 490 525 282624 83 Linux I need to make an image to store on our file server for use in flashing other devices we are manufacturing so I only want the used space (only about 4gb). I want to keep the mbr etc... as this device should be boot ready as soon as the copy is finished. Any ideas? I previously had been using dd if=/dev/sda of=[//fileserver/file], but at that time, my master copy was on a 4gb flash ide.

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• High fan speed with no reason

  - by Klaus

  For a few weeks, the fans of my Lenovo B590 laptop, running on Xubuntu 14, turn to high speed a few minutes after it is turned on. The fans won't speed down until I turn the computer off. This is quite strange, since This didn't happen before The temperatures are quite low (are they ?) $sensors Adapter: Virtual device temp1: +36.0°C (crit = +88.0°C) temp2: +30.0°C (crit = +126.0°C) coretemp-isa-0000 Adapter: ISA adapter Physical id 0: +37.0°C (high = +72.0°C, crit = +90.0°C) Core 0: +34.0°C (high = +72.0°C, crit = +90.0°C) Core 1: +31.0°C (high = +72.0°C, crit = +90.0°C) thinkpad-isa-0000 Adapter: ISA adapter fan1: 0 RPM pkg-temp-0-virtual-0 Adapter: Virtual device temp1: +37.0°C $sudo hddtemp /dev/sda /dev/sda: ST500LT012-9WS142: 33°C The computer is under low load: top - 08:30:15 up 16 min, 2 users, load average: 0.28, 0.23, 0.23 Tasks: 197 total, 1 running, 196 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie %Cpu(s): 0.8 us, 0.5 sy, 0.0 ni, 98.7 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st KiB Mem: 3607944 total, 1973956 used, 1633988 free, 99660 buffers KiB Swap: 3744764 total, 0 used, 3744764 free. 789936 cached Mem The BIOS is up to date (and there are no fan settings in it) The fan is clean and dust-free Why would the BIOS turn the fans to high speed where there seem to be no reason for that ? It seems that we cannot control the fan manually with this model, so I guess the only solution is to understand why this happens.

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• Screen occasionally flashes black when under load, sometimes does not recover

  - by Oak

  I've built a brand new machine, but to my horror my monitor occasionally flashes black for around a second, then returning to normal. This happens under load (watching videos / playing games) but only sometimes; e.g. it doesn't occur in "Batman: Arkham City" but does in "XCOM: Enemy Unknown". When watching videos, it also occurs when not watching them full-screen, and it sometimes even occurs when the machine isn't doing anything, just sitting at the desktop and moving the mouse around. Has anyone ran into this problem and knows of any solution? Additionally, sometimes after the black screen, it won't return to normal, instead turning completely corrupt. In these cases even quitting the application doesn't help, but physically disconnecting and reconnecting the monitor fixes the problem. This problem did not occur on my earlier machine which used the same physical monitor. Additional details: Windows Server 2012, configured as Windows 8, with latest updates installed NVIDIA GeForce GTX 660 Ti, with latest driver installed Ample amounts of CPU and RAM for playing the above games and for watching videos. I've read about similar problems elsewhere but could not find a working solution: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zt00C-HXFbA&noredirect=1 http://www.sevenforums.com/hardware-devices/59126-monitor-flashing-black.html https://eu.battle.net/d3/en/forum/topic/4079098908?page=4 http://www.tomshardware.com/forum/347422-33-screen-flickering-black-nvidia-driver-update

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• Ubuntu 13.10 - How to disable LVM and cryptsetup? cryptsetup: evms_activate is not available

  - by NeverEndingQueue

  I am trying to remove whole drive encryption from my Ubuntu installation. I've run Ubuntu from Live CD, mounted crypt partition and copied it to another partition /dev/sda3. sudo cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/sda5 crypt1 sudo dd if=/dev/ubuntu-vg/root of=/dev/sda3 bs=1M After that I've run boot-repair: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Boot-Repair Added entry to /etc/fstab: UUID=<uuid> / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1 Of course I've replaced with blkid result of my /dev/sda3. I've also deleted overlayfs and tmpfs lines from /etc/fstab. (I've just compared it to content of /etc/fstab in non-encrypted Ubuntu installation and could not find overlayfs and tmpfs). I've chrooted from LiveCD into my system and rebuilt initramfs: http://blog.leenix.co.uk/2012/07/evmsactivate-is-not-available-on-boot.html I've also removed cryptsetup using apt-get remove. Basically I can easily mount my system partition from Live CD (without setting up the encryption and LVM stuff), but can not boot from it. Instead I see: cryptsetup: evms_activate is not available When I've chosen the Recovery mode I've seen this: Begin: Mounting root file system ... Begin: Running /script/local-top ... Reading all physical volumes. This may take a while ... No volume groups found cryptsetup: evms_activate is not available Begin: Waiting for encrytpted source device ... My /etc/crypttab is empty. I am pretty sure that system tries to find encrypted partition, search for LVMs etc. Do you have ideas what could be the problem or how can I fix it? Thanks

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• Why can't I physically access my machine after a remote session?

  - by Steve Crane

  I have a Dell Optiplex 960 desktop running Windows 7 64-bit at work. I typically leave it locked rather than logged off when I go home, so that I'm able to remote in from home and continue working if I wish. This is where the problem comes in. If I don't remote in there is no problem and I can simply unlock the next morning. It's when I do remote in that I have a problem. Remote sessions work as expected but when I get to work the next morning the machine appears to have gone into a sleep or hibernate state, from which no amount of mouse moving or keyboard pounding will wake it. The machine is not hanging as remote sessions to it are still possible; it seems that physical access from it's own mouse and keyboard are lost. The only way to gain access is to press and hold the power switch for several seconds until the machine shuts down. Of course this means Windows does not gracefully shut down and after powering up it takes several minutes for the machine to boot and reach the login prompt; presumably while it checks the disk. Has anyone else seen something like this?

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• How far should we take the N+N redundancy craziness ?

  - by Brann

  The industry standard when it comes from redundancy is quite high, to say the least. To illustrate my point, here is my current setup (I'm running a financial service). Each server has a RAID array in case something goes wrong on one hard drive .... and in case something goes wrong on the server, it's mirrored by another spare identical server ... and both server cannot go down at the same time, because I've got redundant power, and redundant network connectivity, etc ... and my hosting center itself has dual electricity connections to two different energy providers, and redundant network connectivity, and redundant toilets in case the two security guards (sorry, four) needs to use it at the same time ... and in case something goes wrong anyway (a nuclear nuke? can't think of anything else), I've got another identical hosting facility in another country with the exact same setup. Cost of reputational damage if down = very high Probability of a hardware failure with my setup : <<1% Probability of a hardware failure with a less paranoiac setup : <<1% ASWELL Probability of a software failure in our application code : 1% (if your software is never down because of bugs, then I suggest you doublecheck your reporting/monitoring system is not down. Even SQLServer - which is arguably developed and tested by clever people with a strong methodology - is sometimes down) In other words, I feel like I could host a cheap laptop in my mother's flat, and the human/software problems would still be my higher risk. Of course, there are other things to take into consideration such as : scalability data security the clients expectations that you meet the industry standard But still, hosting two servers in two different data centers (without extra spare servers, nor doubled network equipment apart from the one provided by my hosting facility) would provide me with the scalability and the physical security I need. I feel like we're reaching a point where redundancy is just a communcation tool. Honestly, what's the difference between a 99.999% uptime and a 99.9999% uptime when you know you'll be down 1% of the time because of software bugs ? How far do you push your redundancy crazyness ?

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• Extending ext4 partition on debian7.0 on vsphere

  - by VoidPointer

  I have allocated thin provisioning of 15GB when i found 8GB as insufficient. Now debian guest is not able to recognize the change of size. root@debian7-x64:~# lvdisplay --- Logical volume --- LV Path /dev/debian7-x64/root LV Name root VG Name debian7-x64 LV UUID EU6mg0-XTXC-ci3D-bQJi-7XN6-r8Hp-SYxcj0 LV Write Access read/write LV Creation host, time debian7-x64, 2013-06-25 12:02:49 +0530 LV Status available # open 1 LV Size 7.39 GiB Current LE 1892 Segments 1 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors auto - currently set to 256 Block device 254:0 --- Logical volume --- LV Path /dev/debian7-x64/swap_1 LV Name swap_1 VG Name debian7-x64 LV UUID xDNtoz-tJUq-M5D6-GGCN-gzcD-fwUv-fYYDR1 LV Write Access read/write LV Creation host, time debian7-x64, 2013-06-25 12:02:49 +0530 LV Status available # open 2 LV Size 376.00 MiB Current LE 94 Segments 1 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors auto - currently set to 256 Block device 254:1 root@debian7-x64:~# pvdisplay --- Physical volume --- PV Name /dev/sda5 VG Name debian7-x64 PV Size 7.76 GiB / not usable 2.00 MiB Allocatable yes (but full) PE Size 4.00 MiB Total PE 1986 Free PE 0 Allocated PE 1986 PV UUID SehkzH-Gq8Y-jI2f-27Tb-uv1Z-tR1R-5OnTxR root@debian7-x64:~# sfdisk -s /dev/sda: 15728640 /dev/mapper/debian7--x64-root: 7749632 /dev/mapper/debian7--x64-swap_1: 385024 total: 23863296 blocks Help me to extend this partition. No problem in rebooting. I dont have any live CD. Environment : debian 7, with lvm, on vsphere, ext4 partition. Can provide more details when needed.

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• How to completely disable IPv6 for loopback interface on RHEL 5.6

  - by Marc D

  I've done lots of research on how to disable IPv6 on RedHat Linux and I have it almost completely disabled. However the loopback interface is still getting an inet6 loopback address (::1/128). I can't find where IPV6 is still enabled for loopback. To disable IPV6 I added the following settings to /etc/sysctl.conf: net.ipv6.conf.default.disable_ipv6=1 net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6=1 And also added the following line to /etc/sysconfig/network: NETWORKING_IPV6=no After rebooting, the inet6 address is gone from my physical interface (eth0), but is still there for lo: # ip addr show 1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 16436 qdisc noqueue link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo inet6 ::1/128 scope host valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever 2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast qlen 1000 link/ether 00:50:56:xx:xx:xx brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff inet 10.x.x.x/21 brd 10.x.x.x scope global eth0 If I manually remove the IPV6 address from loopback and then bounce the interface, it comes back: # ip addr del ::1/128 dev lo # ip addr show lo 1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 16436 qdisc noqueue link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo # ip link set lo down # ip link set lo up # ip addr show lo 1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 16436 qdisc noqueue link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo inet6 ::1/128 scope host valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever I believe IPV6 should be disabled at the kernel level as confirmed by sysctl: # sysctl net.ipv6.conf.lo.disable_ipv6 net.ipv6.conf.lo.disable_ipv6 = 1 Any ideas on what else would cause the loopback interface to get an IPV6 address?

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• How do I prevent a tar pipe from causing swapping?

  - by Jeff Shattock

  I have a rather large filesystem that I need to transfer from one Linux server to another. I figured the best way to do this was via a tar/netcat pipe arrangment, something like tar c . | pv | nc blah blah blah And it works great, the network stays fairly saturated, life is good. Until the source machine starts swapping. The files are on a raid on the source system, so the read speed is much faster than the write speed on the other end. Since the dest machine hasnt picked up the data yet, the source machine needs to stick it somewhere, so into RAM it goes, until there is no more free RAM. It then starts swapping, which is horribly painful since that machine has its OS installed on a somewhat slow CF card. Both machines have 4GB of physical ram, 64 bit Ubuntu 9.04 server. GigE link between them. How do I prevent this swapping? Can I put a "speed-limit" on the tar or netcat process so that the transfer speed doesn't overwhelm the write throughput on the destination end? The man pages didn't list anything, but there might be something I'm overlooking.

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• Backup data from RAID 1 disk out of its server

  - by Doomsday

  I'm facing with a pretty easy problem in my opinion. I've extracted a working disk from a RAID1 and I'm looking to copy only data (FS and RAID configuration doesn't matter) into another location (another FS). My problem is I'm not able to mount properly this disk into another linux. I've first looked the partition table : # fdisk -l /dev/sdc Disk /dev/sdc: 640.1 GB, 640135028736 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 77825 cylinders, total 1250263728 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdc1 63 1249535699 624767818+ fd Linux raid autodetect /dev/sdc2 1249535700 1250017649 240975 fd Linux raid autodetect /dev/sdc3 1250017650 1250258624 120487+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris I've understood I should use dmraid tools. Once installed : # cat /proc/mdstat Personalities : md0 : inactive sdc1[1](S) 624767744 blocks unused devices: <none> And some other informations : # mdadm --examine /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdc1: Magic : a92b4efc Version : 0.90.00 UUID : 8f292f54:7e5aef72:7e5ab5fd:b348fd05 Creation Time : Mon Jun 2 03:39:41 2008 Raid Level : raid1 Used Dev Size : 624767744 (595.82 GiB 639.76 GB) Array Size : 624767744 (595.82 GiB 639.76 GB) Raid Devices : 2 Total Devices : 2 Preferred Minor : 0 Update Time : Tue Feb 7 22:34:59 2012 State : clean Active Devices : 2 Working Devices : 2 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 0 Checksum : a505b324 - correct Events : 15148 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State this 1 8 1 1 active sync /dev/sda1 0 0 8 17 0 active sync /dev/sdb1 1 1 8 1 1 active sync /dev/sda1 From here, I've tried to mount but I'm not comfortable with dmtools and how it's working. # mount /dev/sdc1 /mnt/sdc1 mount: unknown filesystem type 'linux_raid_member' # mount /dev/md0 /mnt/sdc1 mount: /dev/md0: can't read superblock I've seen some options to alter RAID array with mdadm but I only want to copy data on its filesystem before wiping them... Anyone has a clue ?

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• Could hybrid SSD + HDD be made with fixed internal partitions?

  - by Aaron

  I was pretty close to getting Seagate's Momentus XT but have been scared off by the many problems reported on forums and feedback sites, especially in Mac Book Pros. So I'm waiting for mk 2 with some extra flash and better reliablilty I'm assuming will come out this year. What would suit me better though is a 32+500 hybrid drive where I have more control over what is on the flash drive and what is on the disk drive. So there are 2 physical partitions within the one 2.5" hard drive enclosure which use different media internally (32GB for core files and 500GB for data and multimedia). The partitions would be locked so they can't be changed. - Or even better, the disk driver just makes them appear as two disks to the OS that share the same bus... Perhaps it's ok if the bios just sees the first drive until the OS is loaded. Is either of it technically possible? Obviously difficult to market outside of the enthusiast market. The SSD memory modules can be pretty small right, so they could even make them a card that plugs into a secondary connection on the enclosure. That would be good for computer builders as well as for upgrading and recoverability. Then future operating systems could recognise these system SSD drives and automatically install the OS + swap files on it. While placing document libraries on the larger data drive. While in the longer term HDD will probably disapear there will always be a trade off between speed, storage size and expense.

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• Messed up partitions... system will not boot!

  - by someguy

  I did a really dumb thing. cfdisk threw an error at me saying "FATAL ERROR: Bad primary partition 3: Partition ends in the final partial cylinder", so I installed Partition Table Doctor to see if I could fix the problem. When the program started up, it told me there were problems with my partitions, and asked if I wanted them fixed (cannot remember real message, but I believe it had something to do with the cylinder boundaries), so, blindly, without thinking of the consequences, I did. Now, my system will not boot. I tried booting from the Windows 7 installation CD. I went to install a fresh copy, but it said that "No drives were found". I then opened up diskpart. According to diskpart, there is only one partition, containing one volume, assigned the letter "C". Before, I had four partitions! It is also saying that the file system is RAW. Is there any way I can fix this? I have important data that I do not want to lose. Later on... I tried fdisk with the option -l, which lists the partition table(s), and this is what I got: Ignoring extra extended partition 4 Disk /dev/sda: 250.1 GB, 250059350016 bytes 255 heads, 64 sectors/track, 30401 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x163df116 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 6 18 102400 7 HPFS/NTFS Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 18 7851 62918572+ 7 HPFS/NTFS /dev/sda3 13073 30402 139196416 f W95 Ext'd (LBA) /dev/sda3 13073 30402 139196416 f W95 Ext'd (LBA) /dev/sda3 13073 30403 139203193 7 HPFS/NTFS I don't know if this will help, but it's extra information, at least. Also, this is how I had my partitions: 40MB (Unallocated) 100MB (System Reserved) 60GB (Windows, C:) 40GB (Was reserved for secondary OS) ~132GB (Home, E:)

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• Intermittent Trouble Entering Hibernate on WinXP

  - by kquinn

  My personal desktop, running 32-bit Windows XP SP2 (with 4GB RAM, 2.75GB addressable, swap disabled, hiberfil.sys existing and contiguous on C:\; SP3 is not installed because SP2 has been working fine and I do not want to re-qualify with SP3 just for sheer perversity) typically gets hibernated at night. For a long time this worked great, but recently the machine has had trouble entering hibernation. Sometimes when I press my power button (configured to hibernate), the box will start the procedure for hibernating (i.e., go to the blue "Windows XP" background logo and display a message about entering hibernation), but before displaying the usual blue-on-black hibernation progress bar it will drop back to the desktop. No error messages appear, on screen or in the system log. The only record of unsuccessful hibernation attempts in the system log, which proudly proclaims that "The Windows Image Acquisition (WIA) service entered the running state." once per failed hibernation attempt. The problem is almost certainly resource related: if I then close one or more applications which are running, and repeat the exact same process, the machine will hibernate perfectly. There does not appear to be a reliable high-water mark for virtual or physical memory use, below which the machine is guaranteed to hibernate; it's different every time (though typically, below about 1.1–1.4 GB memory usage seems to be where hibernate succeeds most often). Memory may not even be the relevant resource; as far as I know, it could also be handles or sockets. This behavior is relatively recent: it has only started in the last few months; before then, I could hibernate reliably no matter what the current resource use of the system. This machine claims to have hotfix Q909095 installed, but since the symptoms of my problem match KB909095 rather well, I'm suspicious if this fix is actually working as intended. Any ideas on how to fix this or where to start debugging?

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• Ubuntu xrandr rotate issue

  - by user83544

  I've just bought a second monitor for my PC which happens to be a pivot monitor. I've already read lots of forums related to my problem but haven't come across a solution - I have the same symptoms as dozens of posts but no matter whatever I try it just doesn't work. I've already changed the xorg.conf file and added in the device section just under Driver "nvidia" the following for my second monitor: Option "RandRRotation" "on" When I save and reboot I try to rotate my screen with the nvidia X server settings by choosing the second monitor and clicking either "left" or "right" for the rotation. It immediately exits the nvidia settings window and does nothing. I tried within the terminal by typing: xrandr -o right I get the following error: X Error of failed request: BadMatch (invalid parameter attributes) Major opcode of failed request: 154 (RANDR) Minor opcode of failed request: 2 (RRSetScreenConfig) Serial number of failed request: 14 Current serial number in output stream: 14 I actually manage to rotate it with Option "Rotate" "CCW" instead of "RandRRotation". The problem with this solution is that you get the second monitor in the right position, but any window you open on that screen is practically unchangeable. You can't change the size nor move it, making it useless for reading PDFs, which is the main reason why I bought this second screen to help me write my thesis. Any help is really appreciated. sudo lshw -c video hiram@hiram-linux:~$ sudo lshw -c video *-display description: VGA compatible controller product: nVidia Corporation vendor: nVidia Corporation physical id: 0 bus info: pci@0000:01:00.0 version: a1 width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm msi pciexpress vga_controller bus_master cap_list rom configuration: driver=nvidia latency=0 resources: irq:16 memory:f8000000-f9ffffff memory:d8000000-dfffffff memory:d4000000-d7ffffff ioport:dc00(size=12 memory:fbd80000-fbdfffff

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• Accidentally dd'ed an image to wrong drive / overwrote partition table + NTFS partition start

  - by Kento Locatelli

  I screwed up and set the wrong output for dd when trying to copy a freenas iso, overwriting the wrong external hard drive. Ironically, I was trying to setup a freenas server for data backup... External drive is only used for data storage, system is entirely intact Drive had a single NTFS partition filing the entire device (2TB WD elements) Drive originally had an MBR partition table. Drive now shows as having a GPT, presumably from the freenas image. Drive was mounted at the time, with maybe a couple kB of data written/read after running dd Drive is just a few months old and healthy (regular SMART / fs checks) I have not reboot the OS (crunchbang) /proc/partition still holds the correct information (and has been stored) Have dd's output (records in / out / bytes) testdrive did not find any partitions on quick or deep search running photorec to recover the more important data (a couple recent plaintext files that hadn't been backed up yet). Vast majority of disk content ( 80%) is unnecessary media files. My current plan is to let photorec do it's thing, then recreate the mbr with gparted and use cfdisk to create another NTFS partition using the sector information from /sys/block/.../. Is that a good course of action (that is, a chance of success)? Or anything else I should try first? Possibly relevant information: dd if=FreeNAS-8.0.4-RELEASE-p3-x86.iso of=/dev/sdc: 194568+0 records in 194568+0 records out 99618816 bytes (100 MB) copied grep . /sys/block/sdc/sdc*/{start,size}: /sys/block/sdc/sdc1/start:2048 /sys/block/sdc/sdc1/size:3907022848 cat /proc/partitions: major minor #blocks name ** Snipped ** 8 32 1953512448 sdc 8 33 1953511424 sdc1 current fdisk -l output: WARNING: GPT (GUID Partition Table) detected on '/dev/sdc'! The util fdisk doesn't support GPT. Use GNU Parted. Disk /dev/sdc: 2000.4 GB, 2000396746752 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 243201 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/sdc doesn't contain a valid partition table

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• Windows Server 2008 R2 Virtual Network Setup

  - by jpearl01

  Hi all, Some background: I'm very much new to networking in general, and virtualization in particular. I'm trying to set up a series of VMs as we are transitioning to a thin client setup. I have been supplied a limited number of static ip addresses. The server is located in an offsite building which houses the network we use to connect to the internet, share folders etc. The setup I've been trying to go for is this: The host OS (Windows Server 2008 R2) is bound to one nic using one of the static ips (say, Nic1 and ip 10.255.6.61). I've set up another external virtual network attached to another physical nic , and a virtual private network attached to no nic. There is one VM running the same os (as the host). This VM is connected to both the external virtual network (and uses another static ip say Nic2 and ip 10.255.6.62) and also to the virtual private network (I gave it a static random ip 192.168.88.1 subnet mask 255.255.255.0). This virtual private network is connected to all the other VMs. I'd like to share the internet connection with all the other VMs on the private virtual network, and so I installed the RRAS role on the server connected to Nic2, and selected the option to share the internet over the vpn. I've run through the RRAS wizard a few times, trying different configurations, but none of them seem to be letting the other vms connect to the 'net. The vms seem to connect to the virtual private network fine, they are assigned an ip address and everything, but no internet, and no rest of the network either. The other problem is in general I connect to the vms with RDP. Will that be possible with a setup like this? i.e. will the vms show up as computers on the network? If not, what are my other options? Thanks! ~josh

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• sudo fdisk in a live session does not show all hard drives

  - by cornbread

  I am having Grub2 issues in my Ubuntu 10.04 dual boot, 2 hard drive system. So I am attempting to follow the standard grub2 reinstallation guide (cant post link because of spam filters allowing only one... ?_?) Don't know if this is the root of my problem, but my speedy internal HD with my OS on it is not showing up anywhere in a live session. Not in nautilus, behind fdisk.... no where. When I can get the main system to boot, there is no issue seeing all available partitions. But the live session sees only the 1TB internal media/backup hard drive. I need access to the other hard drive and it's partitions to finish the grub2 re-installation but I am not sure anymore that is the underlying issue. Anyone have experience with this? The issue I have identified as a grub2 issue is fully described here. SandPvvr describes it exactly. Some notes: I do not see the grub2 menu for my os's holding down the shift key after my bios screen works maybe 10% of the time Not related to reinstalling a windows os. havent been touched in a year do some web development. issue may have started when I was playing with ruby and django. not sure on this. Could a dev environment do this? fdisk in live session ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ sudo fdisk -l Disk /dev/sdb: 1000.2 GB, 1000204886016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 121601 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0001d518 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb2 1 121601 976759939 5 Extended /dev/sdb5 487 110765 885816036 83 Linux /dev/sdb6 110766 121601 87040138+ b W95 FAT32 /dev/sdb7 1 486 3903700+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris Partition table entries are not in disk order

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