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  • Calling from a parent file in python

    - by Teifion
    I have a file called main.py and a file called classes.py main.py contains the application and what's happening while class.py contains some classes. main.py has the following code main.py import classes def addItem(text): print text myClass = classes.ExampleClass() And then we have classes.py classes.py class ExampleClass (object): def __init__(self): addItem('bob') Surprisingly enough that's not the actual code I am using because I've stripped out anything that'd get in the way of you seeing what I want to do. I want to be able to call a method that's defined in main.py from a class within classes.py. How do I do this? Thanks in advance

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  • Sort a list numerically in Python

    - by Matthew
    So I have this list, we'll call it listA. I'm trying to get the [3] item in each list e.g. ['5.01','5.88','2.10','9.45','17.58','2.76'] in sorted order. So the end result would start the entire list over again with Santa at the top. Does that make any sense? [['John Doe', u'25.78', u'20.77', '5.01'], ['Jane Doe', u'21.08', u'15.20', '5.88'], ['James Bond', u'20.57', u'18.47', '2.10'], ['Michael Jordan', u'28.50', u'19.05', '9.45'], ['Santa', u'31.13', u'13.55', '17.58'], ['Easter Bunny', u'17.20', u'14.44', '2.76']]

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  • Database Compression in Python

    - by user551832
    I have hourly logs like user1:joined user2:log out user1:added pic user1:added comment user3:joined I want to compress all the flat files down to one file. There are around 30 million users in the logs and I just want the latest user log for all the logs. My end result is I want to have a log look like user1:added comment user2:log out user3:joined Now my first attempt on a small scale was to just do a dict like log['user1'] = "added comment" Will doing a dict of 30 million key/val pairs have a giant memory footprint.. Or should I use something like sqllite to store them.. then just put the contents of the sqllite table back into a file?

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  • Python - a clean approach to this problem?

    - by Seafoid
    Hi, I am having trouble picking the best data structure for solving a problem. The problem is as below: I have a nested list of identity codes where the sublists are of varying length. li = [['abc', 'ghi', 'lmn'], ['kop'], ['hgi', 'ghy']] I have a file with two entries on each line; an identity code and a number. abc 2.93 ghi 3.87 lmn 5.96 Each sublist represents a cluster. I wish to select the i.d. from each sublist with the highest number associated with it, append that i.d. to a new list and ultimately write it to a new file. What data structure should the file with numbers be read in as? Also, how would you iterate over said data structure to return the i.d. with the highest number that matches the i.d. within a sublist? Thanks, S :-)

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  • How to make buttons in python/pygame?

    - by user1334014
    I'm making a game in pygame and on the first screen I want there to be buttons that you can press to (i) start the game, (ii) load a new screen with instructions, and (iii) exit the program. I've found this code online for button making, but I don't really understand it (I'm not that good at object oriented programming). If I could get some explanation as to what it's doing that would be great. Also, when I use it and try to open a file on my computer using the file path, I get the error sh: filepath :Permission denied, which I don't know how to solve. #load_image is used in most pygame programs for loading images def load_image(name, colorkey=None): fullname = os.path.join('data', name) try: image = pygame.image.load(fullname) except pygame.error, message: print 'Cannot load image:', fullname raise SystemExit, message image = image.convert() if colorkey is not None: if colorkey is -1: colorkey = image.get_at((0,0)) image.set_colorkey(colorkey, RLEACCEL) return image, image.get_rect() class Button(pygame.sprite.Sprite): """Class used to create a button, use setCords to set position of topleft corner. Method pressed() returns a boolean and should be called inside the input loop.""" def __init__(self): pygame.sprite.Sprite.__init__(self) self.image, self.rect = load_image('button.png', -1) def setCords(self,x,y): self.rect.topleft = x,y def pressed(self,mouse): if mouse[0] > self.rect.topleft[0]: if mouse[1] > self.rect.topleft[1]: if mouse[0] < self.rect.bottomright[0]: if mouse[1] < self.rect.bottomright[1]: return True else: return False else: return False else: return False else: return False def main(): button = Button() #Button class is created button.setCords(200,200) #Button is displayed at 200,200 while 1: for event in pygame.event.get(): if event.type == MOUSEBUTTONDOWN: mouse = pygame.mouse.get_pos() if button.pressed(mouse): #Button's pressed method is called print ('button hit') if __name__ == '__main__': main() Thank you to anyone who can help me.

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  • python input for itertools.product

    - by user364249
    Looking for a way to simulate nested loops (or a cartesian product) i came across the itertools.product function. i need a function or piece of code that receive a list of integers as input and returns a specific generator. example: input = [3,2,4] - gen = product(xrange(3),xrange(2),xrange(4)) or input = [2,4,5,6] - gen = product(xrange(2),xrange(4),xrange(5),xrange(6)) as the size of the lists varies i am very confused in how to do that without the need of a lot of precoding based on a crazy amount of ifs and the size of the list. also is there a difference in calling product(range(3)) or product(xrange(3))?

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  • Python script not working when run from browser directly

    - by splatterdash
    I'm trying to run this script: import re, os def build_pool(cwd): global xtn_pool, file_pool xtn, xtn_pool = re.compile('\\.[0-9a-zA-Z]{1,4}$'), [] file_pool = [files for files in os.listdir(cwd) if os.path.isfile(files) and xtn.search(files)] # Lists all the file extension in the folder for file in file_pool: if not xtn_pool.__contains__(xtn.search(file).group()): xtn_pool.append(xtn.search(file).group()) return xtn_pool.sort(), file_pool if __name__ == '__main__': import sys #if path is given, change working directory to path if len(sys.argv) >= 2: os.chdir(sys.argv[1]) build_pool(os.getcwd()) #if no path is given when running, do renaming in current folder else: build_pool(os.getcwd()) print('The folder contains the following extensions: ') for i in range(0, len(xtn_pool)): print(repr(i+1) + '. ' + xtn_pool[i][1:]) opt = int(input('Which one would you like to replace? ')) xtn_pick = xtn_pool[opt-1] # Lists all the file with the chosen extension xtn_file_pool = [file for file in file_pool if file.endswith(xtn_pick)] print('There are {0} files with the {1} extension.'.format(len(xtn_file_pool), xtn_pick)) xtn_new = input('Input replacement extension: ') # The actual renaming process for file in xtn_file_pool: os.rename(file, file[:-len(xtn_pick)+1] + xtn_new) directly from my file browser (Nautilus), but for some reason it's not working. When I run it from terminal (python3 scriptname.py) it works fine as intended. But when I just click the script file in Nautilus, choose 'Run in Terminal', it always stops after asking 'Input replacement extension: '. How can I make this script run without using the terminal?

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  • Python: why can't descriptors be instance variables?

    - by Continuation
    Say I define this descriptor: class MyDescriptor(object): def __get__(self, instance, owner): return self._value def __set__(self, instance, value): self._value = value def __delete__(self, instance): del(self._value) And I use it in this: class MyClass1(object): value = MyDescriptor() >>> m1 = MyClass1() >>> m1.value = 1 >>> m2 = MyClass1() >>> m2.value = 2 >>> m1.value 2 So value is a class attribute and is shared by all instances. Now if I define this: class MyClass2(object) value = 1 >>> y1 = MyClass2() >>> y1.value=1 >>> y2 = MyClass2() >>> y2.value=2 >>> y1.value 1 In this case value is an instance attribute and is not shared by the instances. Why is it that when value is a descriptor it can only be a class attribute, but when value is a simple integer it becomes an instance attribute?

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  • Efficient way to access a mapping of identifiers in Python

    - by sixbelo
    I am writing an app to do a file conversion and part of that is replacing old account numbers with a new account numbers. Right now I have a CSV file mapping the old and new account numbers with around 30K records. I read this in and store it as dict and when writing the new file grab the new account from the dict by key. My question is what is the best way to do this if the CSV file increases to 100K+ records? Would it be more efficient to convert the account mappings from a CSV to a sqlite database rather than storing them as a dict in memory?

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  • How to do elif statments more elegantly if appending to array in python

    - by user1741339
    I am trying to do a more elegant version of this code. This just basically appends a string to categorynumber depending on the number. Would appreciate any help. number = [100,150,200,500] categoryNumber = [] for i in range (0,len(number)): if (number [i] >=1000): categoryNumber.append('number > 1000') elif (number [i] >=200): categoryNumber.append('200 < number < 300') elif (number [i] >=100): categoryNumber.append('100 < number < 200') elif (number [i] >=50): categoryNumber.append('50 < number < 100') elif (number [i] < 50): categoryNumber.append('number < 50') for i in range(0,len(categoryNumber)): print i

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  • python and overflowing byte?

    - by Meloun
    Hi all, I need to make a variable with similar behaviour like in C lanquage. I need byte or unsigned char with range 0-255. This variable should overflow, that means... myVar = 255 myVar += 1 print myVar #!!myVar = 0!!

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  • Python/Numpy - Save Array with Column AND Row Titles

    - by Scott B
    I want to save a 2D array to a CSV file with row and column "header" information (like a table). I know that I could use the header argument to numpy.savetxt to save the column names, but is there any easy way to also include some other array (or list) as the first column of data (like row titles)? Below is an example of how I currently do it. Is there a better way to include those row titles, perhaps some trick with savetxt I'm unaware of? import csv import numpy as np data = np.arange(12).reshape(3,4) # Add a '' for the first column because the row titles go there... cols = ['', 'col1', 'col2', 'col3', 'col4'] rows = ['row1', 'row2', 'row3'] with open('test.csv', 'wb') as f: writer = csv.writer(f) writer.writerow(cols) for row_title, data_row in zip(rows, data): writer.writerow([row_title] + data_row.tolist())

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  • Python: Behavior of object in set operations

    - by Josh Arenberg
    I'm trying to create a custom object that behaves properly in set operations. I've generally got it working, but I want to make sure I fully understand the implications. In particular, I'm interested in the behavior when there is additional data in the object that is not included in the equal / hash methods. It seems that in the 'intersection' operation, it returns the set of objects that are being compared to, where the 'union' operations returns the set of objects that are being compared. To illustrate: class MyObject: def __init__(self,value,meta): self.value = value self.meta = meta def __eq__(self,other): if self.value == other.value: return True else: return False def __hash__(self): return hash(self.value) a = MyObject('1','left') b = MyObject('1','right') c = MyObject('2','left') d = MyObject('2','right') e = MyObject('3','left') print a == b # True print a == c # False for i in set([a,c,e]).intersection(set([b,d])): print "%s %s" % (i.value,i.meta) #returns: #1 right #2 right for i in set([a,c,e]).union(set([b,d])): print "%s %s" % (i.value,i.meta) #returns: #1 left #3 left #2 left Is this behavior documented somewhere and deterministic? If so, what is the governing principle?

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  • Python built-in id() not consistent:

    - by Dannellyz
    Hoping someone can explain the following discrepancy: >>> s1 = "Cyber security" >>> s2 = "Cyber security" >>> id(s1) == id(s1) True >>> id(s1) == id(s2) False >>> s1 = "cyber" >>> s2 = "cyber" >>> id(s1) == id(s2) True >>> s2 = "cyber " >>> s2 = "cyber " >>> id(s1) == id(s2) False Why does the space make the id() False, yet different variables with no spaces are True?

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  • Python: How to transfer varrying length arrays over a network connection

    - by Devin
    Hi, I need to transfer an array of varying length in which each element is a tuple of two integers. As an example: path = [(1,1),(1,2)] path = [(1,1),(1,2),(2,2)] I am trying to use pack and unpack, however, since the array is of varying length I don't know how to create a format such that both know the format. I was trying to turn it into a single string with delimiters, such as: msg = 1&1~1&2~ sendMsg = pack("s",msg) or sendMsg = pack("s",str(msg)) on the receiving side: path = unpack("s",msg) but that just prints 1 in this case. I was also trying to send 4 integers as well, which send and receive fine, so long as I don't include the extra string representing the path. sendMsg = pack("hhhh",p.direction[0],p.direction[1],p.id,p.health) on the receive side: x,y,id,health = unpack("hhhh",msg) The first was for illustration as I was trying to send the format "hhhhs", but either way the path doesn't come through properly. Thank-you for your help. I will also be looking at sending a 2D array of ints, but I can't seem to figure out how to send these more 'complex' structures across the network. Thank-you for your help.

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  • Multiple levels of 'collection.defaultdict' in Python

    - by Morlock
    Thanks to some great folks on SO, I discovered the possibilities offered by collections.defaultdict, notably in readability and speed. I have put them to use with success. Now I would like to implement three levels of dictionaries, the two top ones being defaultdict and the lowest one being int. I don't find the appropriate way to do this. Here is my attempt: from collections import defaultdict d = defaultdict(defaultdict) a = [("key1", {"a1":22, "a2":33}), ("key2", {"a1":32, "a2":55}), ("key3", {"a1":43, "a2":44})] for i in a: d[i[0]] = i[1] Now this works, but the following, which is the desired behavior, doesn't: d["key4"]["a1"] + 1 I suspect that I should have declared somewhere that the second level defaultdict is of type int, but I didn't find where or how to do so. The reason I am using defaultdict in the first place is to avoid having to initialize the dictionary for each new key. Any more elegant suggestion? Thanks pythoneers!

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  • what is a good way to do countif in python

    - by tolomea
    I want to count how many members of an iterable meet a given condition. I'd like to do it in a way that is clear and simple and preferably reasonably optimal. My current best ideas are: sum(meets_condition(x) for x in my_list) and len([x for x in my_list if meets_condition(x)]) The first one being iterator based is presumably faster for big lists. And it's the same form as you'd use for testing any and all. However it depends on the fact that int(True) == 1, which is somewhat ugly. The second one seems easier to read to me, but it is different from the any and all forms. Does anyone have any better suggestions? is there a library function somewhere that I am missing?

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  • Reading a series of input / output in Python

    - by PulpFiction
    Hello everyone. For my app, I need to print out a series of outputs and then accepts inputs from the user. What would be the best way of doing this? Like: print '1' x = raw_input() print '2' y = raw_input() Something like this, but it would go on for at least 10 times. My only concern with doing the above is that it would make up for poor code readability. How should I do it? Should I create a function like this: def printOut(string): print string Or is there a better way?

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  • Best way to design a class in python

    - by Fraz
    So, this is more like a philosophical question for someone who is trying to understand classes. Most of time, how i use class is actually a very bad way to use it. I think of a lot of functions and after a time just indent the code and makes it a class and replacing few stuff with self.variable if a variable is repeated a lot. (I know its bad practise) But anyways... What i am asking is: class FooBar: def __init__(self,foo,bar): self._foo = foo self._bar = bar self.ans = self.__execute() def __execute(self): return something(self._foo, self._bar) Now there are many ways to do this: class FooBar: def __init__(self,foo): self._foo = foo def execute(self,bar): return something(self._foo, bar) Can you suggest which one is bad and which one is worse? or any other way to do this. This is just a toy example (offcourse). I mean, there is no need to have a class here if there is one function.. but lets say in __execute something() calls a whole set of other methods.. ?? Thanks

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