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• Putting a whole linux server under source control (git)

  - by Tobias Hertkorn

  I am thinking about putting my whole linux server under version control using git. The reason behind it being that that might be the easiest way to detect malicious modifications/rootkits. All I would naively think is necessary to check the integrity of the system: Mount the linux partition every week or so using a rescue system, check if the git repository is still untempered and then issue a git status to detect any changes made to the system. Apart from the obvious waste in disk space, are there any other negative side-effects? Is it a totally crazy idea? Is it even a secure way to check against rootkits since I most likely would have to at least exclude /dev and /proc ?

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• Windows: Should I install Server or stick with regular?

  - by stalker92

  I hope somebody can help me solve my dilemma. I have my home PC (using Windows 7) which I use for both work and leisure (gaming, surfing, movies etc.) I tend to never turn it off, only when I must reboot because some installation requires me to or when the power gets lost. But, sometimes Windows starts acting weird (usually after the long period of system uptime), per example eats up randomly all the space on my system partition etc. which is solved after the reset by itself. I was thinking to switch to Windows Server, I guess that it is more optimized for long uptime, well, obviously it is meant for use on servers. Can somebody with more experience with this help me decide is it worth it, will it solve these issues connected with long uptime periods? Thanks in advance.

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• Is there a Linux kernel boot parameter to configure an IPv6 address?

  - by aef

  I know there is a parameter named ip which lets you configure IPv4 addresses on the Linux kernel through the boot loader. That looks like the following: ip=192.0.2.1::192.0.2.62:255.255.255.192::eth0:none I'm looking for an equal parameter for IPv6 configuration. I couldn't find anything about this in the kernel documentations. Update: Because of a lot of you asked why I would need this: The idea to use a kernel configuration came up related to this problem. I suspect the regular boot-up interface configuration is not done, because the interfaces are already up. The reason for this could be that I'm using a pre-boot environment with a Dropbear SSH server to allow me to unlock my encrypted root partition. The IP addresses for this environment are configured through GRUB with the ip= parameter. There is no DHCP or Router Advertisement available on that Ethernet segment and as this is the uplink segment provided by a large hosting company, there is no way to change that fact.

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• Cloning my Windows boot drive--Windows hangs on booting off new drive.

  - by idyllhands

  I copied my Windows XP partition to a new drive using GParted live CD (using the GUI). I made sure to flag it as boot, and then used my XP disc to enter Recovery Console and ran fixboot and fixmbr on it. Now, it will boot up to the Windows flash screen, but hangs at that point. Any suggestions on how to proceed? I am just trying to come up with a quick way to clone my system and make the drive bootable, and gParted seemed like the easiest way, but now I've been working on it for over an hour.

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• Deleted All Snapshots, Now Won't Boot VM with Snapshot not found error

  - by Jharwood

  I've just tried deleting the snapshots from this virtual machine running ESXI5, so that I can grow the Thick Partition. I've now got the below error message when I try to start the VM, the VM also can't be grown above 0 MB i assume for the same reason as below. I've checked the datastore and the original VMDK is still there. Reason: The system cannot find the file specified. Cannot open the disk 'VM1-PG-000002.vmdk' or one of the snapshot disks it depends on. VMware ESX cannot find the virtual disk "VM1-PG-000002.vmdk". Verify the path is valid and try again. How do i tell ESXI5 to use the proper VMDK?

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• Can a power loss break an hard disk?

  - by dag729

  Today I was working when all of a sudden a power loss (in the entire house) occurs. I tried to reboot the machine but it states that there's an "Ebios error"; tried with an Ubuntu 9.04 live cd and while booting it states that there are various I/O errors on the first partition (the one with the boot sector). Now I managed to backup all of my data (using the live cd aforementioned) but I don't know if it'll worth the hassle of a reinstallation (and if it could do something useful) or if the only thing to do is to drop the hard disk as far as possible... Thanks in advance.

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• Windows 7 - cannot access my own external disk

  - by Tomas

  I use Windows 7 Home Premium and external USB disk with NTFS partition. I cannot write-access the my own files on it, even as a member of Admnistrators group! Is there any way how to go around this permission checking, without actually writing some permission information to every folder on it? I have 3 external disks (up to 1TB), and I have thousands hundreds of files on each!!! Doing some permission change, that will actually go recursivelly through all folders on all my disks is plain brain damage!! 1) Is there any way how to change it somehow globally? (like mount options...) .. Or how to go around this annoying permission checking? It was working in Win XP normally! 2) if not, and I must do the recursive operation on all folders, how to do it PERMANENTLY, so that I don't need to do it again on another Windows 7 computer!

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• Linux cannot see Windows 7 partitions on install

  - by Nash0

  I've been trying to install Linux as a dual boot with Windows 7 on my Dell latitude e6510. It is currently running Windows 7 and I have used the MS disk tools to shrink the Win 7 NTFS partition to make room for Linux. The issue I'm having is that when I run Linux installers by boot from CD they see the entire hard drive as unallocated space. I have tried Ubuntu 10.10, Kbuntu 10.10 and Fedora 14 and they all have the same problem. I have also tried the Ubuntu "install in Windows" option and could not get it to work. EDIT: Booting Gparted 0.8.0 from a usb drive did not work. It reported the entire drive as unpartitioned.

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• What would cause a single working website to not work on 1 out of 5 devices on a network?

  - by th3dude

  There is a specific website that loads up without problem on all machines on my network (both wired and wireless) except one laptop. This laptop is a Windows 7 machine that was just recovered using the recovery partition, so it is fresh. The site will not load in Firefox 3.6 or IE 8. The website is http://www.weightwacthers.com The site loads fine on my desktop, iPhone, and Droid, but not the laptop. In all my years in this business I've honestly never seen this happen. Also, 'Is it down for me or everyone' reports that it is indeed only me. What would cause this to happen?

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• What's the easiest way to upgrade a single laptop hard drive?

  - by rutherford

  My HD is coming near the end of it's life and I wondered if producing an image of the original was all that was required? What's the best software to use for this and how can I accomplish it - can I use my other laptop for the image file or do I need to buy an external HD to accomplish the clone? Does having several partitions of both FAT32 and NTFS with partition magic installed affect things at all? Is it just a matter of making the image, swapping in the new HD and copying the image to that?

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• HTTPS Proxy which answers CONNECT with own certificate

  - by user1109542

  I'm configuring a DMZ which has the following Scheme: Internet - Server A - Security Appliance - Server B - Intranet In this DMZ I need a Proxy server for http(s) connections from the Intranet to Internet. The Problem is, that all Traffic should be scanned by the Security Appliance. For this I have to terminate the SSL Connection at Server B, proxy it as plain http to Server A through the Security Appliance and then further as https into the Internet. An encryption is then persistent between the Client and Server B and the Target Server and Server A. The communication between Server A and Server B is unencrypted. I know about the security risks and that the client will see some warning about the unknown CA of Server B's certificate. As Software I want to use Apache Web Servers on Server A and Server B. As first step I tried to configure Server B that it serves as endpoint for the SSL Encryption. So it has to establish the encryption with the client (answering HTTP CONNECT). Listen 8443 <VirtualHost *:8443> ProxyRequests On ProxyPreserveHost On AllowCONNECT 443 # SSL ErrorLog logs/ssl_error_log TransferLog logs/ssl_access_log LogLevel debug SSLProxyEngine on SSLProxyMachineCertificateFile /etc/pki/tls/certs/localhost_private_public.crt <Proxy *> Order deny,allow Deny from all Allow from 192.168.0.0/22 </Proxy> </VirtualHost> With this Proxy only the CONNECT request is passed through and an encrypted Connection between the client and the target is established. Unfortunately there is no possibility to configure mod_proxy_connect to decrypt the SSL connection. Is there any possibility to accomplish that kind of proxying with Apache?

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• Removing 'bundled' software to make a slow laptop faster?

  - by spdegabrielle

  My brother-in-law has a cheap HP laptop used by his kids for schoolwork. It had got into a bit of a state and was running slowly with some dubious software. I removed a bunch of stuff that had been installed, that was obviously not required (three different driver scanners!), had been downloaded in error or looked like malware. I also disabled as many 'start on login' apps as I could and removed AVG replacing it with MSE. (AVG is uninstalled and replaced with MSE after failing to detect malware) What remains is a significant quantity of bundled HP and 'nero backup' software, including a HP restore utility (apparently something like the osx hidden partition restore), the trackpad driver. is there anything else I can do to breath a little more life into the old 'celeron' laptop? Should I bit the bullet and just put win8 on it? Will the trackpad still work?

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• Why sizes are different, and what do they mean?

  - by Ramy

  I have a 1 TB hard drive that consists of one NTFS partition which I use to back up my data (no operating system). The size of all the data in it is : 726 GB, size on disk: 728 GB, and the used space when I check the properties is: 731 GB. There's a 5 GB difference between the size and the used space. Why is that huge difference there? What's the difference between these sizes? (size, size on disk, and used space) Is there a way to calculate the difference, and be sure the HDD is not messing around? Is that normal?

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• Running a script at startup as root?

  - by Usman Ajmal

  Hi i developed a script which I set to run at startup i.e. when the Desktop appears. In the script I mounted a partition using sudo mount /dev/sda1 /mnt &> result.txt After executing script a file named result.txt was created which contained sudo: no tty present and no askpass program specified In other words the mounting failed. If I run the script using sudo ./myProgram i don't face this problem and the drive gets mounted successfully. Any suggestions please....

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• unable to format external drive to HFS+ for Mac

  - by dtlussier

  I have an external hard drive (1 TB Western Digital) that is currently formatted as FAT32 and I want to reformat it to a single partition of HFS+ for my Mac. I realize that I can read FAT32 from my Mac but want HFS as it has other feathers like permissions that I'd like to have. I have tried using Disk Utility to format the drive as I have done in the past, but when I go through the process it fails and throws out an error stating that it is unable to reformat the drive to HFS. What might be the reasons that this could happen? Are there any diagnostics I could run on the physical disk to check if it is running well?

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• stopping fastcgi_cache for php-enabled custom error page

  - by Ian

  Since enabling the fastcgi_cache on my nginx server, my php-enabled custom error page has suddenly stopped working and I'm getting the internal 404 message instead. In nginx.conf: fastcgi_cache_path /var/lib/nginx/fastcgicache levels=1:2 keys_zone=MYCACHE:5m inactive=2h max_size=1g loader_files=1000 loader_threshold=2000; map $http_cookie $no_cache { default 0; ~SESS 1; } fastcgi_cache_key "$scheme$request_method$host$request_uri"; add_header X-My-Cache $upstream_cache_status; map $uri $no_cache_dirs { default 0; ~^/(?:phpMyAdmin|rather|poll|webmail|skewed|blogs|galleries|pixcache) 1; } the cache relevant stuff in my fastcgi.conf: fastcgi_cache MYCACHE; fastcgi_keep_conn on; fastcgi_cache_bypass $no_cache $no_cache_dirs; fastcgi_no_cache $no_cache $no_cache_dirs; fastcgi_cache_valid 200 301 5m; fastcgi_cache_valid 302 5m; fastcgi_cache_valid 404 1m; fastcgi_cache_use_stale error timeout invalid_header updating http_500; fastcgi_ignore_headers Cache-Control Expires; expires epoch; fastcgi_cache_lock on; If I disable the fastcgi_cache, the php-enabled 404 page works as it has for years. How would I disable the cache for the custom error page?

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• Best alternatives to recover lost directories in FAT32 external hard drive?

  - by Sergio

  I have an 320 GB ADATA CH91 external hard drive. I guess it has some problems with the connector of the USB jack. The point is that in certain occasions it fails in write operations generating data losses. Right now I lost a directory with several GB's of very useful information. Since then I have not attempted to write to the disk any more. What tool would you recommend to recover the lost data? The disk is FAT32 formatted (only one partition) and I use both Linux and Windows. What filesystem format would you recommend to avoid future data losses? I currently only use this external hard drive in Linux so there are several available choices (FAT, NTFS, ext3, ext4, reiser, etc.).

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• how to restore windows 7 to a know working state every time it boots

  - by Artanis

  A couple of days ago my mother asked me to set up a computer at his house, she wants to use it to basic web browsing, video chat and nothing more. The problem is, neither my mother nor my sister know anything about using or maintaining a computer. What I want is to have a working base install of windows 7 and just discard everything installed, downloaded, ... when it reboots. That way I can set up a partition just for saving files and whatever they do the computer will always return to a working state at start up. can that be done? PS: Sadly linux is not an option since my sister wants to be able to play some games with my steam account and not all of them run with wine.

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• What could be causing LVM errors on first boot after install in Debian?

  - by ianfuture

  Hi, I've installed Debian (lenny) on a machine at home. It was set up during install to have a /boot partition, then the rest was encrypted, then had an LVM ontop of that, then all the other partitons inside LVM. After install completed and on first boot it asked for password to un-encrypt(same password for both drives) then it showed an error which said LVM could not find a physical device with a particular UUID or something similar. LVM install is over two HDs. One is 120GB and one 40GB. 120GB is Master on its IDE cable and this has /boot on it. 40GB is slave on the other IDE cable. Is there anything that could be done to rescue this install? Or diagnose problem? It took ages to get installed due to time spent enrypting drives and I'd rather not go through that again. :( Thanks.. Ian

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• Where to look for regular scripts?

  - by fontan

  It seems to me that our server freezes every 30 days around noon due to the huge utilization of xvda data transfer partition - writes are 50 times higher than normally (according to the health monitor in plesk). This seems to me as the reason why the apache & co becomes instable as (for example) all apache's processes are waiting to write their log (according to the service's full status). I am, however, unable to find any scheduled task that would be executed during that period. I have checked both cron and anacron setup and there is only one monthly anacron task which is not executed (according to the /var/log/cron - and there is nothing unusual) around noon. Are there any other places where to look for periodical processes? (I am just about to ask server's provider the same question about any external maintenance run around this time but I don't expect them to run anything time/resource consuming during the day.)

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• How can I restore GRUB without a live CD?

  - by Looterguf

  I realize that this is a duplicate of a question asked before, but in that question the asker managed to find his live CD and no real answer appeared, thus I am re-asking it. I managed to screw up my GRUB by deleting two linux partitions on my hard drive from windows. After this, GRUB gives the error "partition not found", and gives me the grub-rescue prompt. The only command I have found to work in this is 'ls', which spits out my partitions. I would use the live CD fix, but I am in India, and all my live CDs are back home in the US... What I've got is an internet connection, a 4GB flash drive with Flow OS installed (which I am currently using but can wipe if need be), and a working laptop that I can borrow. What should I do?

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• Grub loading, please wait. . . Error 22

  - by Aexyn

  Yesterday I got a problem which I posted here. Trying to solve it, I installed slitaz live CD to desktop. After that I tried to use boot other live CD's (Ubuntu, Tiny core) but they didn't boot. So I deleted the the slitaz partition through gparted(or something like that) and restarted. After that I am seeing this error message:` GRUB Loading stage 1.5. Starting cmain() ... GRUB loading, please wait... Error 22` UPDATE: I have tried Backtrack live CD to live boot laptop but that doesn't work too.

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• Fastest booting Linux ditribution on a live-cd

  - by Avindra Goolcharan

  I'm looking for a linux distro with the following: Boots quickly, as fast as possible. Has expected tools such as file browser, a web browser, etc. Doesn't need to have extraneous recovery stuff such as partition editors, and what not. These are the tools I have and use already: ophcrack Ultimate Boot CD for Windows (UBCD4Win) chntpw (Offline NT Password and Registry Editor) Hiren's BootCD gparted or Parted Magic Ubuntu nubuntu Any and all suggestions are welcome :-) The primary objective is to get a quick booting linux distro that I can grab / delete / move / copy files with. Currently, I prefer using ophcrack, it boots in (relatively) fast and I can manipulate files well. The one that takes the longest is ubuntu of course.

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• PassEnv does not find ENV variables

  - by quodlibetor

  I've got this /etc/profile.d/myfile.sh: export MYVAR=myval I also have a PassEnv MYVAR line in a <virtualhost> section of an apache conf dir. That lets me do things like: $ echo $MYVAR myval $ python >>> import os; os.getenv('MYVAR') 'myval' $ sudo echo $MYVAR myval $ sudo -i root# echo $MYVAR myval But then, despite that being the case I get: root# /sbin/service httpd restart /sbin/service httpd restart Stopping httpd: [ OK ] Starting httpd: [Mon Oct 22 14:44:02 2012] [warn] PassEnv variable MYVAR was undefined [ OK ] And all of my attempts to access MYVAR from within my wsgi scripts just don't work. Thoughts? Am I doing something obviously wrong? EDIT for more detail I've got a swarm of computers/VMs and a swarm of developers working on a swarm of projects. I need a simple central place to keep environment information, the most common is the "environment" (dev/stage/prod). The scheme that we've got (modifying *.wsgi programmatically) is turning out to be more fragile than we'd like. The main options that I see are: put things in the shell environment put things in other config files Getting things into the shell environment is the best, because we won't need to write yet more duplicated "what is my environment" code.

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• Installing grub2 on ubutntu with software raid mirroring

  - by Marko

  Hi guys, Can someone help me out on this? I accidentally installed grub on usb flash drive during ubuntu server installation. Now I cant boot system without drive attached to server. I want to install grub on hard drive with grub-install but i don't know what to set as location for boot loader? my fstab looks like this: file system mount point type options dump pass proc /proc proc nodev,noexec,nosuid 0 0 /dev/mapper/pdc_jdbeghhjg1 / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1 /dev/mapper/pdc_jdbeghhjg5 none swap sw 0 0 and partition tables for hard drives as this: Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 2048 1215662079 607830016 83 Linux /dev/sda2 1215664126 1249998847 17167361 5 Extended /dev/sda5 1215664128 1249998847 17167360 82 Linux swap / Solaris Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1 75672 607830016 83 Linux /dev/sdb2 75672 77809 17167361 5 Extended /dev/sdb5 75672 77809 17167360 82 Linux swap / Solaris ?

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