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  • Is there a way to write a Python script that creates and executes code?

    - by KaliMa
    Is there a way in Python to create Python code inside the Python script and then execute/test it? My function has the following type of form (as an example) def f(n): if n<=3: return [0, 0, 6, 12][n] return 2*f(n-1) - 4*f(n-2) - 5*f(n-3) + 15*f(n-4) But I want to be able to create these kinds of functions dynamically (or any arbitrary function for that matter) and then test their outputs during runtime (as opposed to copying/pasting this function into the script and then manually testing it). Not sure if this makes sense, please ask for elaboration if needed. I've already looked into eval and exec but couldn't get them to work with entire function definitions, just basic statements like 1+2, etc.

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  • ColdFusion Server crash after thousands of HTTP requests

    - by Jason Bristol
    We are running ColdFusion 8 on a windows server 2003 VPS with an API that exposes student records to a partner API through a connector. Our API returns around 50k student records serialized in XML format pretty seamlessly. My question originates when something very frightening happened today when we tested our connector to our partners API. Our entire website and web host went down. We assumed that our host was just having some issues and after 4 hours with no resolution and no response from their customer service we finally got a response from them claiming that they had an "unauthorized user" in their network. After our server was back up we were unable to connect to our website as if the web service or coldfusion itself had froze. This is really where my concern comes from as I fear we may have overloaded the web service. As I mentioned before we tried sending over 50k HTTP POST requests over to our partner's API, however everything stopped after around 1.6k Is this bad practice or is there some sort of rate limiting I can relax somewhere in server configuration? We managed to find a workaround, but it bypasses our connector which is critical to our design. This would have been a one time deal as the purpose of so many requests was to populate our partner's website with current data, after that hourly syncs will keep requests down to around 100 per hour. UPDATE Our partner API is owned and operated by Pardot. We are converting students to prospects by passing student data to their API which unfortunately only seems to accept one student at a time. For that reason we have to do all 50k requests individually. Our server has 4GB of RAM, an Intel Core 2 Duo @ 2.8GHz running Windows Server 2003 SP2. I monitored the server during a 100 student sync, a 400 student sync, and a 1.4k student sync with the following results: 100 students - 2.25GB of Memory, 30-40% CPU utilization, 0.2-0.3% network bandwidth 400 students - 2.30GB of Memory, 30-50% CPU utilization, 0.2-1.0% network bandwidth 1.4k students - 2.30GB of Memory, 30-70% CPU utilization, 0.2-1.0% network bandwidth I know this is a far cry from 50k students, but I don't want to risk taking down our CMS system again assuming that was the cause. To give you a look at our code: <cfif (#getStudents.statusCode# eq "200 OK")> <cftry> <cfloop index="StudentXML" array="#XmlSearch(responseSTUD,'/students/student')#"> <cfset StudentXML = XmlParse(StudentXML)> <cfhttp url="#PARDOT_CMS_UPSERT#" method="post" timeout="10000" > <cfhttpparam type="url" name="user_key" value="#PARDOT_CMS_USERKEY#"> <cfhttpparam type="url" name="api_key" value="#api_key#"> <cfhttpparam type="url" name="email" value="#StudentXML.student.email.XmlText#"> <cfhttpparam type="url" name="first_name" value="#StudentXML.student.first.XmlText#"> <cfhttpparam type="url" name="last_name" value="#StudentXML.student.last.XmlText#"> <cfhttpparam type="url" name="in_cms" value="#StudentXML.student.studentid.XmlText#"> <cfhttpparam type="url" name="company" value="#StudentXML.student.agencyname.XmlText#"> <cfhttpparam type="url" name="country" value="#StudentXML.student.countryname.XmlText#"> <cfhttpparam type="url" name="address_one" value="#StudentXML.student.address.XmlText#"> <cfhttpparam type="url" name="address_two" value="#StudentXML.student.address2.XmlText#"> <cfhttpparam type="url" name="city" value="#StudentXML.student.city.XmlText#"> <cfhttpparam type="url" name="state" value="#StudentXML.student.state_province.XmlText#"> <cfhttpparam type="url" name="zip" value="#StudentXML.student.postalcode.XmlText#"> <cfhttpparam type="url" name="phone" value="#StudentXML.student.phone.XmlText#"> <cfhttpparam type="url" name="fax" value="#StudentXML.student.fax.XmlText#"> <cfhttpparam type="url" name="output" value="simple"> </cfhttp> </cfloop> <cfcatch type="any"> <cfdump var="#cfcatch.Message#"> </cfcatch> </cftry> </cfif> UPDATE 2 I checked the CF logs and found a couple of these: "Error","jrpp-8","06/06/13","16:10:18","CMS-API","Java heap space The specific sequence of files included or processed is: D:\Clients\www.xxx.com\www\dev.cms\api\v1\api.cfm, line: 675 " java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: Java heap space at java.util.Arrays.copyOf(Arrays.java:2882) at java.io.CharArrayWriter.write(CharArrayWriter.java:105) at coldfusion.runtime.CharBuffer.replace(CharBuffer.java:37) at coldfusion.runtime.CharBuffer.replace(CharBuffer.java:50) at coldfusion.runtime.NeoBodyContent.write(NeoBodyContent.java:254) at cfapi2ecfm292155732._factor30(D:\Clients\www.xxx.com\www\dev.cms\api\v1\api.cfm:675) at cfapi2ecfm292155732._factor31(D:\Clients\www.xxx.com\www\dev.cms\api\v1\api.cfm:662) at cfapi2ecfm292155732._factor36(D:\Clients\www.xxx.com\www\dev.cms\api\v1\api.cfm:659) at cfapi2ecfm292155732._factor42(D:\Clients\www.xxx.com\www\dev.cms\api\v1\api.cfm:657) at cfapi2ecfm292155732._factor37(D:\Clients\www.xxx.com\www\dev.cms\api\v1\api.cfm) at cfapi2ecfm292155732._factor44(D:\Clients\www.xxx.com\www\dev.cms\api\v1\api.cfm:456) at cfapi2ecfm292155732._factor38(D:\Clients\www.xxx.com\www\dev.cms\api\v1\api.cfm) at cfapi2ecfm292155732._factor46(D:\Clients\www.xxx.com\www\dev.cms\api\v1\api.cfm:455) at cfapi2ecfm292155732._factor39(D:\Clients\www.xxx.com\www\dev.cms\api\v1\api.cfm) at cfapi2ecfm292155732._factor47(D:\Clients\www.xxx.com\www\dev.cms\api\v1\api.cfm:453) at cfapi2ecfm292155732.runPage(D:\Clients\www.xxx.com\www\dev.cms\api\v1\api.cfm:1) at coldfusion.runtime.CfJspPage.invoke(CfJspPage.java:192) at coldfusion.tagext.lang.IncludeTag.doStartTag(IncludeTag.java:366) at coldfusion.filter.CfincludeFilter.invoke(CfincludeFilter.java:65) at coldfusion.filter.ApplicationFilter.invoke(ApplicationFilter.java:279) at coldfusion.filter.RequestMonitorFilter.invoke(RequestMonitorFilter.java:48) at coldfusion.filter.MonitoringFilter.invoke(MonitoringFilter.java:40) at coldfusion.filter.PathFilter.invoke(PathFilter.java:86) at coldfusion.filter.ExceptionFilter.invoke(ExceptionFilter.java:70) at coldfusion.filter.ClientScopePersistenceFilter.invoke(ClientScopePersistenceFilter.java:28) at coldfusion.filter.BrowserFilter.invoke(BrowserFilter.java:38) at coldfusion.filter.NoCacheFilter.invoke(NoCacheFilter.java:46) at coldfusion.filter.GlobalsFilter.invoke(GlobalsFilter.java:38) at coldfusion.filter.DatasourceFilter.invoke(DatasourceFilter.java:22) at coldfusion.CfmServlet.service(CfmServlet.java:175) at coldfusion.bootstrap.BootstrapServlet.service(BootstrapServlet.java:89) at jrun.servlet.FilterChain.doFilter(FilterChain.java:86) Looks like I might have crashed the JVM in CF, is there a better way to do this? We are thinking of just exporting all records initially as a CSV file and importing it into Pardot seeing as we will never have to do a request this large again.

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  • DHCPDISCOVER requests from an off-by-one MAC address

    - by Aleksandr Levchuk
    In a Linux DHCP server I'm getting a bunch of these log lines: dhcpd: DHCPDISCOVER from 00:30:48:fe:5c:9c via eth1: network 192.168.2.0/24: no free leases I don't have any machines with 00:30:48:fe:5c:9c and I don't intend to give out an IP to 00:30:48:fe:5c:9c (whatever that could be). I tracked down the server that this is coming from and killed all the DHCP clients that were running but the DHCPDISCOVER requests do not stop. I can prove that this is the sending server by pulling the Ethernet cable - the requests stop. The strange thing is that the sending server only has 2 interfaces which are: 00:30:48:fe:5c:9a 00:30:48:fe:5c:9b What can be the cause of the off-by-one address? Who could be sending the requests? Details On the DHCP client: root@n34:~# ip link 1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 16436 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP qlen 100 link/ether 00:30:48:fe:5c:9a brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff 3: eth1: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state DOWN qlen 1000 link/ether 00:30:48:fe:5c:9b brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff 4: ib0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 2044 qdisc noop state DOWN qlen 256 link/infiniband 80:00:00:48:fe:80:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:02:c9:03:00:08:81:9f brd 00:ff:ff:ff:ff:12:40:1b:ff:ff:00:00:00:00:00:00:ff:ff:ff:ff 5: ib1: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 2044 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 256 link/infiniband 80:00:00:49:fe:80:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:02:c9:03:00:08:81:a0 brd 00:ff:ff:ff:ff:12:40:1b:ff:ff:00:00:00:00:00:00:ff:ff:ff:ff Same info: root@n34:~# ifconfig -a eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:30:48:fe:5c:9a inet addr:192.168.2.234 Bcast:192.168.2.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::230:48ff:fefe:5c9a/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:72544 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:152773 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:100 RX bytes:4908592 (4.6 MiB) TX bytes:89815782 (85.6 MiB) Memory:dfd60000-dfd80000 eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:30:48:fe:5c:9b UP BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:0 (0.0 B) TX bytes:0 (0.0 B) Memory:dfde0000-dfe00000 ib0 Link encap:UNSPEC HWaddr 80-00-00-48-FE-80-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00 BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:2044 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:256 RX bytes:0 (0.0 B) TX bytes:0 (0.0 B) ib1 Link encap:UNSPEC HWaddr 80-00-00-49-FE-80-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00 inet addr:192.168.3.234 Bcast:192.168.3.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::202:c903:8:81a0/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:2044 Metric:1 RX packets:1330 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:255 errors:0 dropped:5 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:256 RX bytes:716415 (699.6 KiB) TX bytes:17584 (17.1 KiB) lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:8 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:8 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:560 (560.0 B) TX bytes:560 (560.0 B) The nodes were imaged with Perseus which uses kexec instead of rebooting.

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  • Terminal OS X Error when using Python

    - by Stephen
    Hey, I'm trying to learn how to program so I've installed the latest version of Python and I've been following the Byte of Python tutorial. I'm using Textwrangler I've only gotten as far as the simple "Hello World" intro and I'm already having a problem. I type out the code (just without the ""): "#!/usr/bin/python" "#Filename: helloworld.py" "print('Hello World')" and save it to my desktop as helloworld.py. I then go into terminal and type "python3 helloworld.py" and I get the following error message: /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.1/Resources/Python.app/Contents/MacOS/Python: can't open file 'helloworld.py': [Errno 2] No such file or directory I was hoping someone could tell me what I'm doing wrong. If I choose to run the script from Textwrangler it operates just fine however I'm not able to access it from the Terminal. Thanks so much!

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  • Belkin router issue

    - by walr1
    Hi, My cousin and I bought a wireless Belkin router for testing purposes. Please keep in mind for all of our tests there is no ethernet cable plugged in, just the router's power cord. We have been trying to "flood" it with PING requests on its default address 192.168.2.1, but it isn't doing a thing; not even logging any attempts of too many requests. I've disabled the firewall, disabled PING request block, etc. Any idea why this thing isn't being affected? We sent 4 million packets and it hasn't done a thing. Quite odd! Thanks.

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  • Make mod_wsgi use python2.7.2 instead of python2.6?

    - by guron
    i am running Ubuntu 10.04.1 LTS and it came pre-packed with python2.6 but i need to replace it with python2.7.2. (The reason is simple, 2.7 has a lot of features backported from 3 ) i had installed python2.7.2 using ./configure make make altinstall the altinstall option installed it, without touching the system default version, to /usr/local/lib/python2.7 and placed the interpreter in /usr/local/bin/python2.7 Then to help mod_wsgi find python2.7 i added the following to /etc/apache2/sites-available/wsgisite WSGIPythonHome /usr/local i start apache and run a test wsgi app BUT i am greeted by python 2.6.5 and not Python2.7 Later i replaced the default python simlink to point to python 2.7 ln -f /usr/local/bin/python2.7 /usr/bin/python Now typing 'python' on the console opens python2.7 but somehow mod_wsgi still picks up python2.6 Next i tried, PATH=/usr/local/bin:$PATH export PATH then do a quick restart apache, but yet again its python2.6 !! Here is my $PATH /usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games contents of /etc/apache2/sites-available/wsgisite WSGIPythonHome /usr/local <VirtualHost *:80> ServerName wsgitest.local DocumentRoot /home/wwwhost/pydocs/wsgi <Directory /home/wwwhost/pydocs/wsgi> Order allow,deny Allow from all </Directory> WSGIScriptAlias / /home/wwwhost/pydocs/wsgi/app.wsgi </VirtualHost> app.wsgi import sys def application(environ, start_response): status = '200 OK' output = sys.version response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain'), ('Content-Length', str(len(output)))] start_response(status, response_headers) return [output] Apache error.log 'import site' failed; use -v for traceback [Sun Jun 19 00:27:21 2011] [info] mod_wsgi (pid=23235): Initializing Python. [Sun Jun 19 00:27:21 2011] [notice] Apache/2.2.14 (Ubuntu) mod_wsgi/2.8 Python/2.6.5 configured -- resuming normal operations [Sun Jun 19 00:27:21 2011] [info] Server built: Nov 18 2010 21:20:56 [Sun Jun 19 00:27:21 2011] [info] mod_wsgi (pid=23238): Attach interpreter ''. [Sun Jun 19 00:27:21 2011] [info] mod_wsgi (pid=23239): Attach interpreter ''. [Sun Jun 19 00:27:31 2011] [info] mod_wsgi (pid=23238): Create interpreter 'wsgitest.local|'. [Sun Jun 19 00:27:31 2011] [info] [client 192.168.1.205] mod_wsgi (pid=23238, process='', application='wsgitest.local|'): Loading WSGI script '/home/wwwhost/pydocs/$ [Sun Jun 19 00:27:50 2011] [info] mod_wsgi (pid=23239): Create interpreter 'wsgitest.local|'. Has anybody ever managed to make mod_wsgi run on a non-system default version of python ?

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  • Best style for Python programs: what do you suggest?

    - by Noctis Skytower
    A friend of mine wanted help learning to program, so he gave me all the programs that he wrote for his previous classes. The last program that he wrote was an encryption program, and after rewriting all his programs in Python, this is how his encryption program turned out (after adding my own requirements). #! /usr/bin/env python ################################################################################ """\ CLASS INFORMATION ----------------- Program Name: Program 11 Programmer: Stephen Chappell Instructor: Stephen Chappell for CS 999-0, Python Due Date: 17 May 2010 DOCUMENTATION ------------- This is a simple encryption program that can encode and decode messages.""" ################################################################################ import sys KEY_FILE = 'Key.txt' BACKUP = '''\ !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNO\ PQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~ _@/6-UC'GzaV0%5Mo9g+yNh8b">Bi=<Lx [sQn#^R.D2Xc(\ Jm!4e${lAEWud&t7]H\`}pvPw)FY,Z~?qK|3SOfk*:1;jTrI''' ################################################################################ def main(): "Run the program: loads key, runs processing loop, and saves key." encode_map, decode_map = load_key(KEY_FILE) try: run_interface_loop(encode_map, decode_map) except SystemExit: pass save_key(KEY_FILE, encode_map) def run_interface_loop(encode_map, decode_map): "Shows the menu and runs the appropriate command." print('This program handles encryption via a customizable key.') while True: print('''\ MENU ==== (1) Encode (2) Decode (3) Custom (4) Finish''') switch = get_character('Select: ', tuple('1234')) FUNC[switch](encode_map, decode_map) def get_character(prompt, choices): "Gets a valid menu option and returns it." while True: sys.stdout.write(prompt) sys.stdout.flush() line = sys.stdin.readline()[:-1] if not line: sys.exit() if line in choices: return line print(repr(line), 'is not a valid choice.') ################################################################################ def load_key(filename): "Gets the key file data and returns encoding/decoding dictionaries." plain, cypher = open_file(filename) return dict(zip(plain, cypher)), dict(zip(cypher, plain)) def open_file(filename): "Load the keys and tries to create it when not available." while True: try: with open(filename) as file: plain, cypher = file.read().split('\n') return plain, cypher except: with open(filename, 'w') as file: file.write(BACKUP) def save_key(filename, encode_map): "Dumps the map into two buffers and saves them to the key file." plain = cypher = str() for p, c in encode_map.items(): plain += p cypher += c with open(filename, 'w') as file: file.write(plain + '\n' + cypher) ################################################################################ def encode(encode_map, decode_map): "Encodes message for the user." print('Enter your message to encode (EOF when finished).') message = get_message() for char in message: sys.stdout.write(encode_map[char] if char in encode_map else char) def decode(encode_map, decode_map): "Decodes message for the user." print('Enter your message to decode (EOF when finished).') message = get_message() for char in message: sys.stdout.write(decode_map[char] if char in decode_map else char) def custom(encode_map, decode_map): "Allows user to edit the encoding/decoding dictionaries." plain, cypher = get_new_mapping() for p, c in zip(plain, cypher): encode_map[p] = c decode_map[c] = p ################################################################################ def get_message(): "Gets and returns text entered by the user (until EOF)." buffer = [] while True: line = sys.stdin.readline() if line: buffer.append(line) else: return ''.join(buffer) def get_new_mapping(): "Prompts for strings to edit encoding/decoding maps." while True: plain = get_unique_chars('What do you want to encode from?') cypher = get_unique_chars('What do you want to encode to?') if len(plain) == len(cypher): return plain, cypher print('Both lines should have the same length.') def get_unique_chars(prompt): "Gets strings that only contain unique characters." print(prompt) while True: line = input() if len(line) == len(set(line)): return line print('There were duplicate characters: please try again.') ################################################################################ # This map is used for dispatching commands in the interface loop. FUNC = {'1': encode, '2': decode, '3': custom, '4': lambda a, b: sys.exit()} ################################################################################ if __name__ == '__main__': main() For all those Python programmers out there, your help is being requested. How should the formatting (not necessarily the coding by altered to fit Python's style guide? My friend does not need to be learning things that are not correct. If you have suggestions on the code, feel free to post them to this wiki as well.

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  • Differing styles in Python program: what do you suggest?

    - by Noctis Skytower
    A friend of mine wanted help learning to program, so he gave me all the programs that he wrote for his previous classes. The last program that he wrote was an encryption program, and after rewriting all his programs in Python, this is how his encryption program turned out (after adding my own requirements). #! /usr/bin/env python ################################################################################ """\ CLASS INFORMATION ----------------- Program Name: Program 11 Programmer: Stephen Chappell Instructor: Stephen Chappell for CS 999-0, Python Due Date: 17 May 2010 DOCUMENTATION ------------- This is a simple encryption program that can encode and decode messages.""" ################################################################################ import sys KEY_FILE = 'Key.txt' BACKUP = '''\ !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNO\ PQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~ _@/6-UC'GzaV0%5Mo9g+yNh8b">Bi=<Lx [sQn#^R.D2Xc(\ Jm!4e${lAEWud&t7]H\`}pvPw)FY,Z~?qK|3SOfk*:1;jTrI''' ################################################################################ def main(): "Run the program: loads key, runs processing loop, and saves key." encode_map, decode_map = load_key(KEY_FILE) try: run_interface_loop(encode_map, decode_map) except SystemExit: pass save_key(KEY_FILE, encode_map) def run_interface_loop(encode_map, decode_map): "Shows the menu and runs the appropriate command." print('This program handles encryption via a customizable key.') while True: print('''\ MENU ==== (1) Encode (2) Decode (3) Custom (4) Finish''') switch = get_character('Select: ', tuple('1234')) FUNC[switch](encode_map, decode_map) def get_character(prompt, choices): "Gets a valid menu option and returns it." while True: sys.stdout.write(prompt) sys.stdout.flush() line = sys.stdin.readline()[:-1] if not line: sys.exit() if line in choices: return line print(repr(line), 'is not a valid choice.') ################################################################################ def load_key(filename): "Gets the key file data and returns encoding/decoding dictionaries." plain, cypher = open_file(filename) return dict(zip(plain, cypher)), dict(zip(cypher, plain)) def open_file(filename): "Load the keys and tries to create it when not available." while True: try: with open(filename) as file: plain, cypher = file.read().split('\n') return plain, cypher except: with open(filename, 'w') as file: file.write(BACKUP) def save_key(filename, encode_map): "Dumps the map into two buffers and saves them to the key file." plain = cypher = str() for p, c in encode_map.items(): plain += p cypher += c with open(filename, 'w') as file: file.write(plain + '\n' + cypher) ################################################################################ def encode(encode_map, decode_map): "Encodes message for the user." print('Enter your message to encode (EOF when finished).') message = get_message() for char in message: sys.stdout.write(encode_map[char] if char in encode_map else char) def decode(encode_map, decode_map): "Decodes message for the user." print('Enter your message to decode (EOF when finished).') message = get_message() for char in message: sys.stdout.write(decode_map[char] if char in decode_map else char) def custom(encode_map, decode_map): "Allows user to edit the encoding/decoding dictionaries." plain, cypher = get_new_mapping() for p, c in zip(plain, cypher): encode_map[p] = c decode_map[c] = p ################################################################################ def get_message(): "Gets and returns text entered by the user (until EOF)." buffer = [] while True: line = sys.stdin.readline() if line: buffer.append(line) else: return ''.join(buffer) def get_new_mapping(): "Prompts for strings to edit encoding/decoding maps." while True: plain = get_unique_chars('What do you want to encode from?') cypher = get_unique_chars('What do you want to encode to?') if len(plain) == len(cypher): return plain, cypher print('Both lines should have the same length.') def get_unique_chars(prompt): "Gets strings that only contain unique characters." print(prompt) while True: line = input() if len(line) == len(set(line)): return line print('There were duplicate characters: please try again.') ################################################################################ # This map is used for dispatching commands in the interface loop. FUNC = {'1': encode, '2': decode, '3': custom, '4': lambda a, b: sys.exit()} ################################################################################ if __name__ == '__main__': main() For all those Python programmers out there, your help is being requested. How should the formatting (not necessarily the coding by altered to fit Python's style guide? My friend does not need to be learning things that are not correct. If you have suggestions on the code, feel free to post them to this wiki as well.

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  • hosting simple python scripts in a container to handle concurrency, configuration, caching, etc.

    - by Justin Grant
    My first real-world Python project is to write a simple framework (or re-use/adapt an existing one) which can wrap small python scripts (which are used to gather custom data for a monitoring tool) with a "container" to handle boilerplate tasks like: fetching a script's configuration from a file (and keeping that info up to date if the file changes and handle decryption of sensitive config data) running multiple instances of the same script in different threads instead of spinning up a new process for each one expose an API for caching expensive data and storing persistent state from one script invocation to the next Today, script authors must handle the issues above, which usually means that most script authors don't handle them correctly, causing bugs and performance problems. In addition to avoiding bugs, we want a solution which lowers the bar to create and maintain scripts, especially given that many script authors may not be trained programmers. Below are examples of the API I've been thinking of, and which I'm looking to get your feedback about. A scripter would need to build a single method which takes (as input) the configuration that the script needs to do its job, and either returns a python object or calls a method to stream back data in chunks. Optionally, a scripter could supply methods to handle startup and/or shutdown tasks. HTTP-fetching script example (in pseudocode, omitting the actual data-fetching details to focus on the container's API): def run (config, context, cache) : results = http_library_call (config.url, config.http_method, config.username, config.password, ...) return { html : results.html, status_code : results.status, headers : results.response_headers } def init(config, context, cache) : config.max_threads = 20 # up to 20 URLs at one time (per process) config.max_processes = 3 # launch up to 3 concurrent processes config.keepalive = 1200 # keep process alive for 10 mins without another call config.process_recycle.requests = 1000 # restart the process every 1000 requests (to avoid leaks) config.kill_timeout = 600 # kill the process if any call lasts longer than 10 minutes Database-data fetching script example might look like this (in pseudocode): def run (config, context, cache) : expensive = context.cache["something_expensive"] for record in db_library_call (expensive, context.checkpoint, config.connection_string) : context.log (record, "logDate") # log all properties, optionally specify name of timestamp property last_date = record["logDate"] context.checkpoint = last_date # persistent checkpoint, used next time through def init(config, context, cache) : cache["something_expensive"] = get_expensive_thing() def shutdown(config, context, cache) : expensive = cache["something_expensive"] expensive.release_me() Is this API appropriately "pythonic", or are there things I should do to make this more natural to the Python scripter? (I'm more familiar with building C++/C#/Java APIs so I suspect I'm missing useful Python idioms.) Specific questions: is it natural to pass a "config" object into a method and ask the callee to set various configuration options? Or is there another preferred way to do this? when a callee needs to stream data back to its caller, is a method like context.log() (see above) appropriate, or should I be using yield instead? (yeild seems natural, but I worry it'd be over the head of most scripters) My approach requires scripts to define functions with predefined names (e.g. "run", "init", "shutdown"). Is this a good way to do it? If not, what other mechanism would be more natural? I'm passing the same config, context, cache parameters into every method. Would it be better to use a single "context" parameter instead? Would it be better to use global variables instead? Finally, are there existing libraries you'd recommend to make this kind of simple "script-running container" easier to write?

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  • Why do I get a connection error / timeout when using python suds to connect to Microsoft CRM?

    - by Chris R
    When I try to connect to an MS CRM web service using suds/python-ntlm, I am getting a timeout on requests. However, the code that I'm trying to replace -- which calls out to the cURL command line app to do the same call -- succeeds. Clearly something is different in the way that cURL is sending the command data, but I'll be damned if I know what the difference is. Below are the full details of the various calls. Anyone got any tips? Here's the code that is making the request, followed by the output. The cURL command code is below that, and its response follows. Hosts, users, and passwords have been changed to protect the innocent, of course. wsdl_url = 'https://client.service.host/MSCrmServices/2007/MetadataService.asmx?WSDL' username = r'domain\user.name' password = 'userpass' from suds.transport.https import WindowsHttpAuthenticated from suds.client import Client import logging logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO) logging.getLogger('suds.client').setLevel(logging.DEBUG) logging.getLogger('suds.transport').setLevel(logging.DEBUG) ntlmTransport = WindowsHttpAuthenticated(username=username, password=password) metadata_client = Client(wsdl_url, transport=ntlmTransport) request = metadata_client.factory.create('RetrieveAttributeRequest') request.MetadataId = '00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000' request.EntityLogicalName = 'opportunity' request.LogicalName = 'new_typeofcontact' request.RetrieveAsIfPublished = 'false' attr = metadata_client.service.Execute(request) print attr Here's the output: DEBUG:suds.client:sending to (http://client.service.host/MSCrmServices/2007/MetadataService.asmx) message: <SOAP-ENV:Envelope xmlns:ns0="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/" xmlns:ns1="http://schemas.microsoft.com/crm/2007/WebServices" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:SOAP-ENV="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/"> <SOAP-ENV:Header/> <ns0:Body> <ns1:Execute> <ns1:Request xsi:type="ns1:RetrieveAttributeRequest"> <ns1:MetadataId>00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000</ns1:MetadataId> <ns1:EntityLogicalName>opportunity</ns1:EntityLogicalName> <ns1:LogicalName>new_typeofcontact</ns1:LogicalName> <ns1:RetrieveAsIfPublished>false</ns1:RetrieveAsIfPublished> </ns1:Request> </ns1:Execute> </ns0:Body> </SOAP-ENV:Envelope> DEBUG:suds.client:headers = {'SOAPAction': u'"http://schemas.microsoft.com/crm/2007/WebServices/Execute"', 'Content-Type': 'text/xml'} DEBUG:suds.transport.http:sending: URL:http://client.service.host/MSCrmServices/2007/MetadataService.asmx HEADERS: {'SOAPAction': u'"http://schemas.microsoft.com/crm/2007/WebServices/Execute"', 'Content-Type': 'text/xml', 'Content-type': 'text/xml', 'Soapaction': u'"http://schemas.microsoft.com/crm/2007/WebServices/Execute"'} MESSAGE: <SOAP-ENV:Envelope xmlns:ns0="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/" xmlns:ns1="http://schemas.microsoft.com/crm/2007/WebServices" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:SOAP-ENV="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/"> <SOAP-ENV:Header/> <ns0:Body> <ns1:Execute> <ns1:Request xsi:type="ns1:RetrieveAttributeRequest"> <ns1:MetadataId>00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000</ns1:MetadataId> <ns1:EntityLogicalName>opportunity</ns1:EntityLogicalName> <ns1:LogicalName>new_typeofcontact</ns1:LogicalName> <ns1:RetrieveAsIfPublished>false</ns1:RetrieveAsIfPublished> </ns1:Request> </ns1:Execute> </ns0:Body> </SOAP-ENV:Envelope> ERROR: An unexpected error occurred while tokenizing input The following traceback may be corrupted or invalid The error message is: ('EOF in multi-line statement', (16, 0)) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- URLError Traceback (most recent call last) /Users/crose/projects/2366/crm/<ipython console> in <module>() /var/folders/nb/nbJAzxR1HbOppPcs6xO+dE+++TY/-Tmp-/python-67186icm.py in <module>() 19 request.LogicalName = 'new_typeofcontact' 20 request.RetrieveAsIfPublished = 'false' 21 ---> 22 attr = metadata_client.service.Execute(request) 23 print attr /Users/crose/virtualenv/advanis/lib/python2.6/site-packages/suds/client.pyc in __call__(self, *args, **kwargs) 537 return (500, e) 538 else: --> 539 return client.invoke(args, kwargs) 540 541 def faults(self): /Users/crose/virtualenv/advanis/lib/python2.6/site-packages/suds/client.pyc in invoke(self, args, kwargs) 596 self.method.name, timer) 597 timer.start() --> 598 result = self.send(msg) 599 timer.stop() 600 metrics.log.debug( /Users/crose/virtualenv/advanis/lib/python2.6/site-packages/suds/client.pyc in send(self, msg) 621 request = Request(location, str(msg)) 622 request.headers = self.headers() --> 623 reply = transport.send(request) 624 if retxml: 625 result = reply.message /Users/crose/virtualenv/advanis/lib/python2.6/site-packages/suds/transport/https.pyc in send(self, request) 62 def send(self, request): 63 self.addcredentials(request) ---> 64 return HttpTransport.send(self, request) 65 66 def addcredentials(self, request): /Users/crose/virtualenv/advanis/lib/python2.6/site-packages/suds/transport/http.pyc in send(self, request) 75 request.headers.update(u2request.headers) 76 log.debug('sending:\n%s', request) ---> 77 fp = self.u2open(u2request) 78 self.getcookies(fp, u2request) 79 result = Reply(200, fp.headers.dict, fp.read()) /Users/crose/virtualenv/advanis/lib/python2.6/site-packages/suds/transport/http.pyc in u2open(self, u2request) 116 return url.open(u2request) 117 else: --> 118 return url.open(u2request, timeout=tm) 119 120 def u2opener(self): /System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.6/lib/python2.6/urllib2.pyc in open(self, fullurl, data, timeout) 381 req = meth(req) 382 --> 383 response = self._open(req, data) 384 385 # post-process response /System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.6/lib/python2.6/urllib2.pyc in _open(self, req, data) 399 protocol = req.get_type() 400 result = self._call_chain(self.handle_open, protocol, protocol + --> 401 '_open', req) 402 if result: 403 return result /System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.6/lib/python2.6/urllib2.pyc in _call_chain(self, chain, kind, meth_name, *args) 359 func = getattr(handler, meth_name) 360 --> 361 result = func(*args) 362 if result is not None: 363 return result /System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.6/lib/python2.6/urllib2.pyc in http_open(self, req) 1128 1129 def http_open(self, req): -> 1130 return self.do_open(httplib.HTTPConnection, req) 1131 1132 http_request = AbstractHTTPHandler.do_request_ /System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.6/lib/python2.6/urllib2.pyc in do_open(self, http_class, req) 1103 r = h.getresponse() 1104 except socket.error, err: # XXX what error? -> 1105 raise URLError(err) 1106 1107 # Pick apart the HTTPResponse object to get the addinfourl URLError: <urlopen error [Errno 60] Operation timed out> The cURL command is: /opt/local/bin/curl --ntlm -u "domain\user.name:userpass" -k -d @- -A "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.2; SV1; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.0.04506.648; .NET CLR 3.5.21022; InfoPath.1)" -H "Connection: Keep-Alive" -H "Content-Type: text/xml; charset=utf-8" -H "SOAPAction: http://schemas.microsoft.com/crm/2007/WebServices/Execute" https://client.service.host/MSCrmServices/2007/MetadataService.asmx The data that is piped to that cURL command: <soap:Envelope xmlns:soap="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"> <soap:Header> <CrmAuthenticationToken xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/crm/2007/WebServices"> <AuthenticationType xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/crm/2007/CoreTypes">0</AuthenticationType> <CrmTicket xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/crm/2007/CoreTypes"></CrmTicket> <OrganizationName xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/crm/2007/CoreTypes">CMIFS</OrganizationName> <CallerId xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/crm/2007/CoreTypes">00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000</CallerId> </CrmAuthenticationToken> </soap:Header> <soap:Body> <Execute xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/crm/2007/WebServices"> <Request xsi:type="RetrieveAttributeRequest"> <MetadataId>00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000</MetadataId> <EntityLogicalName>opportunity</EntityLogicalName> <LogicalName>new_typeofcontact</LogicalName> <RetrieveAsIfPublished>false</RetrieveAsIfPublished> </Request> </Execute> </soap:Body> </soap:Envelope> Here's the response: <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <soap:Envelope xmlns:soap="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"> <soap:Body> <ExecuteResponse xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/crm/2007/WebServices"> <Response xsi:type="RetrieveAttributeResponse"> <AttributeMetadata xsi:type="PicklistAttributeMetadata"> <MetadataId>101346cf-a6af-4eb4-a4bf-9c3c6bbd6582</MetadataId> <SchemaName>New_TypeofContact</SchemaName> <LogicalName>new_typeofcontact</LogicalName> <EntityLogicalName>opportunity</EntityLogicalName> <AttributeType> <Value>Picklist</Value> </AttributeType> <!-- stuff here --> </AttributeMetadata> </Response> </ExecuteResponse> </soap:Body> </soap:Envelope>

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  • Apachebench on node.js server returning "apr_poll: The timeout specified has expired (70007)" after ~30 requests

    - by Scott
    I just started working with node.js and doing some experimental load testing with ab is returning an error at around 30 requests or so. I've found other pages showing a lot better concurrency numbers than I am such as: http://zgadzaj.com/benchmarking-nodejs-basic-performance-tests-against-apache-php Are there some critical server configuration settings that need done to achieve those numbers? I've watched memory on top and I still see a decent amount of free memory while running ab, watched mongostat as well and not seeing anything that looks suspicious. The command I'm running, and the error is: ab -k -n 100 -c 10 postrockandbeyond.com/ This is ApacheBench, Version 2.0.41-dev <$Revision: 1.121.2.12 $> apache-2.0 Copyright (c) 1996 Adam Twiss, Zeus Technology Ltd, http://www.zeustech.net/ Copyright (c) 2006 The Apache Software Foundation, http://www.apache.org/ Benchmarking postrockandbeyond.com (be patient)...apr_poll: The timeout specified has expired (70007) Total of 32 requests completed Does anyone have any suggestions on things I should look in to that may be causing this? I'm running it on osx lion, but have also run the same command on the server with the same results. EDIT: I eventually solved this issue. I was using a TTAPI, which was connecting to turntable.fm through websockets. On the homepage, I was connecting on every request. So what was happening was that after a certain number of connections, everything would fall apart. If you're running into the same issue, check out whether you are hitting external services each request.

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  • Python: How to display the calculated MD5 value in my browser?

    - by brilliant
    Hello, I was given this Python code that would calculate an MD5 value for any phrase: import md5 md5.new("Nobody inspects the spammish repetition").digest() (The phrase here is: "Nobody inspects the spammish repetition") What I want to do is display this value in my browser. How do I do it in Python? I tried all these variants, none of them worked: import md5 show = md5.new("Nobody inspects the spammish repetition").digest() print show import md5 print md5.new("Nobody inspects the spammish repetition").digest() import md5 md5.new("Nobody inspects the spammish repetition").digest() print md5 import md5 md5.new("Nobody inspects the spammish repetition").digest() print md5.new

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  • Munin Aggregated Graphs Configuration Error

    - by Sparsh Gupta
    I tried making some Munin Aggregated graphs but somehow I am unable to make the configuration work. I think I have followed the instructions but since its not working, I would love some assistance or guidance as to what I am doing wrong. I want to Aggregate (sum) the total number of requests / second all my nginx servers are doing combined together. The configuration looks like [TRAFFIC.AGGREGATED] update no requests.graph_title nGinx requests requests.graph_vlabel nGinx requests per second requests.draw LINE2 requests.graph_args --base 1000 requests.graph_category nginx requests.label req/sec requests.type DERIVE requests.min 0 requests.graph_order output requests.output.sum \ lb1.visualwebsiteoptimizer.com:nginx_request_lb1.visualwebsiteoptimizer.com_request.request \ lb3.visualwebsiteoptimizer.com:nginx_request_lb2.visualwebsiteoptimizer.com_request.request \ lb3.visualwebsiteoptimizer.com:nginx_request_lb3.visualwebsiteoptimizer.com_request.request The munin graph I want to aggregate is http://exchange.munin-monitoring.org/plugins/nginx_request/details Thanks Sparsh Gupta

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  • Python code to use a regular expression to make sure a string is alphanumeric plus . - _

    - by Warlax
    Hi, I looked and searched and couldn't find what I needed although I think it should be simple (if you have any Python experience, which I don't). Given a string, I want to verify, in Python, that it contains ONLY alphanumeric characters: a-zA-Z0-9 and . _ - examples: Accepted: bill-gates Steve_Jobs Micro.soft Rejected: Bill gates -- no spaces allowed [email protected] -- @ is not alphanumeric I'm trying to use: if re.match("^[a-zA-Z0-9_.-]+$", username) == True: But that doesn't seem to do the job...

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  • Why doesn't Python require exactly four spaces per indentation level?

    - by knorv
    Whitespace is signification in Python in that code blocks are defined by their indentation. Furthermore, Guido van Rossum recommends using four spaces per indentation level (see PEP 8: Style Guide for Python Code). What was the reasoning behind not requiring exactly four spaces per indentation level as well? Are there any technical reasons? It seems like all the arguments that can be made for making whitespace define code blocks can also be used to argument for setting an exact whitespace length for one indentation level (say four spaces).

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  • Apache / PHP Begins to Deny SQL Requests after about 2000

    - by Daniel Stern
    We have a web page on our server that we use to run administrative scripts. For example, we might run the script "unenrolStudents()" which runs 5,000 SQL SET commands one after another and sets 5000 student entries in an SQL database to unenrolled. However, we are finding that after running a few thousand queries (it is not totally consistent) we will be "locked out" by our server. SYMPTOMS OF LOCKING OUT: - unable to connect to server with winSCP - opening putty with that connection shows a blank screen (no login / pass) - clearing cookies / cache in chrome does NOT fix locking out - other computers in the office ALSO become locked out - locking out can be triggered with a high frequency of requests (10000 in 1 second) or by less over time (10000 in 500 seconds - this will still cause a lockout even though the frequency is much less) We believe this is a security feature of our own Apache. I know we are using Suhosin but I didn't configure it so I don't know. How can I disable this locking effect so that I can confidently run all my SQL requests and they will go through? Has anyone else dealt with this and found workarounds? Thanks DS

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  • Why can't I find `len(list)` in Python?

    - by FarmBoy
    I'm new to Python. I have a method that begins: def foo(self, list): length = len(list) I've called len() successfully in other cases, but here I get: TypeError: object of type 'type' has no len() How do I convince Python that this object passed in is a list? What am I missing?

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