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  • "Strictly positive" in Agda

    - by Jason
    I'm trying to encode some denotational semantics into Agda based on a program I wrote in Haskell. data Value = FunVal (Value -> Value) | PriVal Int | ConVal Id [Value] | Error String In Agda, the direct translation would be; data Value : Set where FunVal : (Value -> Value) -> Value PriVal : N -> Value ConVal : String -> List Value -> Value Error : String -> Value but I get an error relating to the FunVal because; Value is not strictly positive, because it occurs to the left of an arrow in the type of the constructor FunVal in the definition of Value. What does this mean? Can I encode this in Agda? Am I going about it the wrong way? Thanks.

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  • Different results when applying function to equal values

    - by Johannes Stiehler
    I'm just digging a bit into Haskell and I started by trying to compute the Phi-Coefficient of two words in a text. However, I ran into some very strange behaviour that I cannot explain. After stripping everything down, I ended up with this code to reproduce the problem: let sumTup = (sumTuples°concat) frequencyLists let sumFixTup = (138, 136, 17, 204) putStrLn (show ((138, 136, 17, 204) == sumTup)) putStrLn (show (phi sumTup)) putStrLn (show (phi sumFixTup)) This outputs: True NaN 0.4574206676616167 So although the sumTupand sumFixTup show as equal, they behave differently when passed to phi. The definition of phi is: phi (a, b, c, d) = let dividend = fromIntegral(a * d - b * c) divisor = sqrt(fromIntegral((a + b) * (c + d) * (a + c) * (b + d))) in dividend / divisor

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  • Has anyone ever encountered a Monad Transformer in the wild?

    - by martingw
    In my area of business - back office IT for a financial institution - it is very common for a software component to carry a global configuration around, to log it's progress, to have some kind of error handling / computation short circuit... Things that can be modelled nicely by Reader-, Writer-, Maybe-monads and the like in Haskell and composed together with monad transformers. But there seem to some drawbacks: The concept behind monad transformers is quite tricky and hard to understand, monad transformers lead to very complex type signatures, and they inflict some performance penalty. So I'm wondering: Are monad transformers best practice when dealing with those common tasks mentioned above?

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  • What exactly is a Monad?

    - by WeNeedAnswers
    Can someone please explain to me what a Monad is. I think I grasp Monoids and I grasp that they basically control the input of state into a system. I just look at the text in Haskell and glaze over. A simple example in python would be great. My current understanding is that a Monoid is a procedural piece of code that needs to be read from top to bottom in sequence with the output being the input for the function. I think that I may even got that wrong, but hey I am here to learn.

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  • How does functional programming work?

    - by Headcrab
    I'm used to imperative/OO programming (know C, C++, Python, PHP, etc.). I wanted to get into functional programming but there are some things unclear to me. Take for example the languages F# and Haskell: How do you implement loops? By recursion? Eew. What about conditions? How can you get by without variables? I mean.. What do we have RAM for.. storing variables, right?

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  • Haskell: grid in wxHaskell

    - by snorlaks
    Hello, Could someone explain me what this code does line by line ? how t ounderstand excactly first line with declaration ? what does it mean: [Prop (Grid ())]? thanks for help gridCtrl :: Window a -> [Prop (Grid ())] -> IO (Grid ()) gridCtrl parent props = feed2 props 0 $ initialWindow $ \id rect -> \props flags -> do g <- gridCreate parent id rect flags gridCreateGrid g 0 0 0 set g props return g

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  • How do I get Cabal to bypass my Windows proxy settings?

    - by Brent.Longborough
    When retrieving packages with Cabal, I frequently get errors with this message: user error (Codec.Compression.Zlib: premature end of compressed stream) It looks like Cabal is using my Windows Networking proxy settings (for Privoxy). From digging around Google, Cabal or its libraries appear to have (had) a problem in this area. Possible solutions I can see are: Turn off proxying while using Cabal (not very keen on this one); or Get a patch and start hacking. I'm hesitant to go down this path, as I'm a complete Haskell noob and I'm not yet comfortable with Darcs; or Give it the magic "can I haz no proxy" parameter. Hence the question.

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  • ghc can't find my cabal installed packages

    - by nont
    I've installed ghc 6.12.3, and then the Haskell Platform. I'm trying to compile a test program: $ ghc test.hs test.hs:3:0: Failed to load interface for `Bindings': Use -v to see a list of the files searched for. so, naturally, I do cabal install Bindings Which works fine, and places the package in ~/.cabal/lib/bindings-0.1.2 The problem is, that when I go to compile again with ghc, it still doesn't find the package I've installed with cabal. compiling in verbose mode gives: ghc -v test.hs Using binary package database: /home/ludflu/ghc/lib/ghc-6.12.3/package.conf.d/package.cache Using binary package database: /home/ludflu/.ghc/x86_64-linux 6.12.3/package.conf.d/package.cache As suggested by another stackoverflow user, I tried: ghc-pkg describe rts > rts.pkg vi rts.pkg # add the /home/ludflu/.cabal/lib to `library-dirs` field ghc-pkg update rts.pkg But to no avail. How to I add the .cabal to the list of package directories to search? Thank you!

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  • Analysis and Design for Functional Programming

    - by edalorzo
    How do you deal with analysis and design phases when you plan to develop a system using a functional programming language like Haskell? My background is in imperative/object-oriented programming languages, and therefore, I am used to use case analysis and the use of UML to document the design of program. But the thing is that UML is inherently related to the object-oriented way of doing software. And I am intrigued about what would be the best way to develop documentation and define software designs for a system that is going to be developed using functional programming. Would you still use use case analysis or perhaps structured analysis and design instead? How do software architects define the high-level design of the system so that developers follow it? What do you show to you clients or to new developers when you are supposed to present a design of the solution? How do you document a picture of the whole thing without having first to write it all? Is there anything comparable to UML in the functional world?

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  • Why are difference lists more efficient than regular concatenation?

    - by Craig Innes
    I am currently working my way through the Learn you a haskell book online, and have come to a chapter where the author is explaining that some list concatenations can be ineffiecient: For example ((((a ++ b) ++ c) ++ d) ++ e) ++ f Is supposedly inefficient. The solution the author comes up with is to use 'difference lists' defined as newtype DiffList a = DiffList {getDiffList :: [a] -> [a] } instance Monoid (DiffList a) where mempty = DiffList (\xs -> [] ++ xs) (DiffList f) `mappend` (DiffList g) = DiffList (\xs -> f (g xs)) I am struggling to understand why DiffList is more computationally efficient than a simple concatenation in some cases. Could someone explain to me in simple terms why the above example is so inefficient, and in what way the DiffList solves this problem?

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  • Why is writing a compiler in a functional language easier?

    - by wvd
    Hello all, I've been thinking of this question very long, but really couldn't find the answer on Google as well a similar question on Stackoverflow. If there is a duplicate, I'm sorry for that. A lot of people seem to say that writing compilers and other language tools in functional languages such as OCaml and Haskell is much more efficient and easier then writing them in imperative languages. Is this true? And if so -- why is it so efficient and easy to write them in functional languages instead of in an imperative language, like C? Also -- isn't a language tool in a functional language slower then in some low-level language like C? Thanks in advance, William v. Doorn

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  • Why is writing a compiler in a functional language so efficient and easier?

    - by wvd
    Hello all, I've been thinking of this question very long, but really couldn't find the answer on Google as well a similar question on Stackoverflow. If there is a duplicate, I'm sorry for that. A lot of people seem to say that writing compilers and other language tools in functional languages such as OCaml and Haskell is much more efficient and easier then writing them in imperative languages. Is this true? And if so -- why is so efficient and easy to write them in functional languages instead of in an imperative language, like C? Also -- isn't a language tool in a functional language slower then in some low-level language like C? Thanks in advance, William v. Doorn

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  • Why isn't my IO executed in order?

    - by HaskellElephant
    Hi, I'm having some fun learning about the haskell IO. However in my recent exploration of it I have encountered some problems with IO not executing in order, even inside a do construct. In the following code I am just keeping track of what cards are left, where the card is a tuple of chars (one for suit and one for value) then the user is continously asked for wich cards have been played. I want the putStr to be executed between each input, and not at the very end like it is now. module Main where main = doLoop cards doLoop xs = do putStr $ show xs s <- getChar n <- getChar doLoop $ remove (s,n) xs suits = "SCDH" vals = "A23456789JQK" cards = [(s,n) | s <- suits, n <- vals] type Card = (Char,Char) remove :: Card -> [Card] -> [Card] remove card xs = filter (/= card) xs

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  • Type signature "Maybe a" doesn't like "Just [Event]"

    - by sisif
    I'm still learning Haskell and need help with the type inference please! Using packages SDL and Yampa I get the following type signature from FRP.Yampa.reactimate: (Bool -> IO (DTime, Maybe a)) and I want to use it for: myInput :: Bool -> IO (DTime, Maybe [SDL.Event]) myInput isBlocking = do event <- SDL.pollEvent return (1, Just [event]) ... reactimate myInit myInput myOutput mySF but it says Couldn't match expected type `()' against inferred type `[SDL.Event]' Expected type: IO (DTime, Maybe ()) Inferred type: IO (DTime, Maybe [SDL.Event]) In the second argument of `reactimate', namely `input' In the expression: reactimate initialize input output process I thought Maybe a allows me to use anything, even a SDL.Event list? Why is it expecting Maybe () when the type signature is actually Maybe a? Why does it want an empty tuple, or a function taking no arguments, or what is () supposed to be?

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  • Missing something with Reader monad - passing the damn thing around everywhere

    - by Richard Huxton
    Learning Haskell, managing syntax, have a rough grasp of what monads etc are about but I'm clearly missing something. In main I can read my config file, and supply it as runReader (somefunc) myEnv just fine. But somefunc doesn't need access to the myEnv the reader supplies, nor do the next couple in the chain. The function that needs something from myEnv is a tiny leaf function. So - how do I get access to the environment in a function without tagging all the intervening functions as (Reader Env)? That can't be right because otherwise you'd just pass myEnv around in the first place. And passing unused parameters through multiple levels of functions is just ugly (isn't it?). There are plenty of examples I can find on the net but they all seem to have only one level between runReader and accessing the environment.

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  • Population count of rightmost n integers

    - by Jason Baker
    I'm implementing Bagwell's Ideal Hash Trie in Haskell. To find an element in a sub-trie, he says to do the following: Finding the arc for a symbol s, requires ?nding its corresponding bit in the bit map and then counting the one bits below it in the map to compute an index into the ordered sub-trie. What is the best way to do this? It sounds like the most straightforward way of doing this is to select the bits below that bit and do a population count on the resulting number. Is there a faster or better way to do this?

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  • (newbie) type signature "Maybe a" doesn't like "Just [Event]"

    - by sisif
    i'm still learning Haskell and need help with the type inference please! using packages SDL and Yampa i get the following type signature from FRP.Yampa.reactimate: (Bool -> IO (DTime, Maybe a)) and i want to use it for: myInput :: Bool -> IO (DTime, Maybe [SDL.Event]) myInput isBlocking = do event <- SDL.pollEvent return (1, Just [event]) ... reactimate myInit myInput myOutput mySF but it says Couldn't match expected type `()' against inferred type `[SDL.Event]' Expected type: IO (DTime, Maybe ()) Inferred type: IO (DTime, Maybe [SDL.Event]) In the second argument of `reactimate', namely `input' In the expression: reactimate initialize input output process i thought "Maybe a" allows me to use anything, even a SDL.Event list? why is it expecting "Maybe ()" when the type signature is actually "Maybe a"? why does it want an empty tuple, or a function taking no arguments, or what is () supposed to be?

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  • Last element not getting insert in Tree

    - by rdk1992
    So I was asked to make a Binary Tree in Haskell taking as input a list of Integers. Below is my code. My problem is that the last element of the list is not getting inserted in the Tree. For example [1,2,3,4] it only inserts to the tree until "3" and 4 is not inserted in the Tree. data ArbolBinario a = Node a (ArbolBinario a) (ArbolBinario a) | EmptyNode deriving(Show) insert(x) EmptyNode= insert(tail x) (Node (head x) EmptyNode EmptyNode) insert(x) (Node e izq der) |x == [] = EmptyNode --I added this line to fix the Prelude.Head Empty List error, after I added this line the last element started to be ignored and not inserted in the tree |head x == e = (Node e izq der) |head x < e = (Node e (insert x izq) der) |head x > e = (Node e izq (insert x der)) Any ideas on whats going on here? Help is much appreciated

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  • Cartesian Plane

    - by NuNu
    I'm trying to define a function in Haskell that takes an integer argument c and returns the list of all points on the cartesian plane of the form (x/c,y/c) where x and y are integers. x/c is between -2 and 1 and y/r is between -1 and 1 This is what I've gotten so far which I'm almost sure is right but I'm getting a parse error on input = when I run it particularly at this line: cart xs ys c = [(y/c,x/c) | x <- xs, y <- ys] plane :: Int -> [a] plane c = cart [-1*c .. 1*c] [-2*c .. 1*c] c cart xs ys c = [(y/c,x/c) | x <- xs, y <- ys] A sample output would be: plane 1 would generate: [(-2.0, -1.0), (-1.0, -1.0), ( 0.0, -1.0), ( 1.0, -1.0), (-2.0, 0.0), (-1.0, 0.0), ( 0.0, 0.0), ( 1.0, 0.0), (-2.0, 1.0), (-1.0, 1.0), ( 0.0, 1.0), ( 1.0, 1.0)] Anyone have any idea how I can fix this! Thanks

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  • Multiplying numbers on horizontal, vertial, and diagonal lines

    - by untwisted
    I'm currently working on a project Euler problem (www.projecteuler.net) for fun but have hit a stumbling block. One of the problem provides a 20x20 grid of numbers and asks for the greatest product of 4 numbers on a straight line. This line can be either horizontal, vertical, or diagonal. Using a procedural language I'd have no problem solving this, but part of my motivation for doing these problems in the first place is to gain more experience and learn more Haskell. As of right now I'm reading in the grid and converting it to a list of list of ints, eg -- [[Int]]. This makes the horizontal multiplication trivial, and by transposing this grid the vertical also becomes trivial. The diagonal is what is giving me trouble. I've thought of a few ways where I could use explicit array slicing or indexing, to get a solution, but it seems overly complicated and hackey. I believe there is probably an elegant, functional solution here, and I'd love to hear what others can come up with.

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  • Project ideas for automated deduction/automated theorem proving?

    - by wsh
    Dear Stack Overflow brethren, I'm a second-semester junior who will embark upon my thesis soon, and I have an interest in automated deduction and automated theorem provers. As in, I'd like to advance the art in some way (I don't mean that pretentiously, but I do want to do something productive). I've Googled pretty far and wide and so far few promising ideas have emerged. There are a few student project idea pages, but most seem either horribly outdated or too advanced (I was originally going to attempt to synthesize postmodernist thought (hahaha) and abstract its logical content, build a complete and consistent model (if possible, of course), and attempt to automate it, grounding said model as possible in a nonstandard logic a la these. My advisor thought that gave postmodernist thought too much credit (a while ago I reimplemented the Postmodernism Generator in Haskell with Parsec, so that is in part where the idea came from); I am tempted to concur.) So, yeah. Does anyone have ideas? I apologize if there is some obvious gap in my approach here/if I haven't appropriately done my homework (and if there is one, please tell me!), but in large part I don't even know where to start, and thank you for reading all that.

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  • mtl, transformers, monads-fd, monadLib, and the paradox of choice

    - by yairchu
    Hackage has several packages for monad transformers: mtl: Monad transformer library transformers: Concrete functor and monad transformers monads-fd: Monad classes, using functional dependencies monads-tf: Monad classes, using type families monadLib: A collection of monad transformers. mtl-tf: Monad transformer library using type families mmtl: Modular Monad transformer library mtlx: Monad transformer library with type indexes, providing 'free' copies. compose-trans: Composable monad transformers (and maybe I missed some) Which one shall we use? mtl is the one in the Haskell Platform, but I keep hearing on reddit that it's uncool. But what's bad about choice anyway, isn't it just a good thing? Well, I saw how for example the authors of data-accessor had to make all these to cater to just the popular choices: data-accessor-monadLib library: Accessor functions for monadLib's monads data-accessor-monads-fd library: Use Accessor to access state in monads-fd State monad class data-accessor-monads-tf library: Use Accessor to access state in monads-tf State monad type family data-accessor-mtl library: Use Accessor to access state in mtl State monad class data-accessor-transformers library: Use Accessor to access state in transformers State monad I imagine that if this goes on and for example several competing Arrow packages evolve, we might see something like: spoonklink-arrows-transformers, spoonklink-arrows-monadLib, spoonklink-tfArrows-transformers, spoonklink-tfArrows-monadLib, ... And then I worry that if spoonklink gets forked, Hackage will run out of disk space. :) Questions: Why are there so many monad transformer packages? Why is mtl [considered] uncool? What are the key differences? Most of these seemingly competing packages were written by Andy Gill and are maintained by Ross Paterson. Does this mean that these packages are not competing but rather work together in some way? And do Andy and Ross consider any of their own packages as obsolete? Which one should me and you use?

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  • Handling incremental Data Modeling Changes in Functional Programming

    - by Adam Gent
    Most of the problems I have to solve in my job as a developer have to do with data modeling. For example in a OOP Web Application world I often have to change the data properties that are in a object to meet new requirements. If I'm lucky I don't even need to programmatically add new "behavior" code (functions,methods). Instead I can declarative add validation and even UI options by annotating the property (Java). In Functional Programming it seems that adding new data properties requires lots of code changes because of pattern matching and data constructors (Haskell, ML). How do I minimize this problem? This seems to be a recognized problem as Xavier Leroy states nicely on page 24 of "Objects and Classes vs. Modules" - To summarize for those that don't have a PostScript viewer it basically says FP languages are better than OOP languages for adding new behavior over data objects but OOP languages are better for adding new data objects/properties. Are there any design pattern used in FP languages to help mitigate this problem? I have read Phillip Wadler's recommendation of using Monads to help this modularity problem but I'm not sure I understand how?

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  • An unusual type signature

    - by Travis Brown
    In Monads for natural language semantics, Chung-Chieh Shan shows how monads can be used to give a nicely uniform restatement of the standard accounts of some different kinds of natural language phenomena (interrogatives, focus, intensionality, and quantification). He defines two composition operations, A_M and A'_M, that are useful for this purpose. The first is simply ap. In the powerset monad ap is non-deterministic function application, which is useful for handling the semantics of interrogatives; in the reader monad it corresponds to the usual analysis of extensional composition; etc. This makes sense. The secondary composition operation, however, has a type signature that just looks bizarre to me: (<?>) :: (Monad m) => m (m a -> b) -> m a -> m b (Shan calls it A'_M, but I'll call it <?> here.) The definition is what you'd expect from the types; it corresponds pretty closely to ap: g <?> x = g >>= \h -> return $ h x I think I can understand how this does what it's supposed to in the context of the paper (handle question-taking verbs for interrogatives, serve as intensional composition, etc.). What it does isn't terribly complicated, but it's a bit odd to see it play such a central role here, since it's not an idiom I've seen in Haskell before. Nothing useful comes up on Hoogle for either m (m a -> b) -> m a -> m b or m (a -> b) -> a -> m b. Does this look familiar to anyone from other contexts? Have you ever written this function?

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  • How can I make a Maybe-Transformer MaybeT into an instance of MonadWriter?

    - by martingw
    I am trying to build a MaybeT-Transformer Monad, based on the example in the Real World Haskell, Chapter Monad Transformers: data MaybeT m a = MaybeT { runMT :: m (Maybe a) } instance (Monad m) => Monad (MaybeT m) where m >>= f = MaybeT $ do a <- runMT m case a of Just x -> runMT (f x) Nothing -> return Nothing return a = MaybeT $ return (Just a) instance MonadTrans MaybeT where lift m = MaybeT $ do a <- m return (Just a) This works fine, but now I want to make MaybeT an instance of MonadWriter: instance (MonadWriter w m) => MonadWriter w (MaybeT m) where tell = lift . tell listen m = MaybeT $ do unwrapped <- listen (runMT m) return (Just unwrapped) The tell is ok, but I can't get the listen function right. The best I could come up with after 1 1/2 days of constructor origami is the one you see above: unwrapped is supposed to be a tuple of (Maybe a, w), and that I want to wrap up in a Maybe-Type and put the whole thing in an empty MonadWriter. But the compiler complains with: Occurs check: cannot construct the infinite type: a = Maybe a When generalising the type(s) for `listen' In the instance declaration for `MonadWriter w (MaybeT m)' What am I missing?

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