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  • Apache virtualhost - only apply script if file does not exist in document root

    - by Brett Thomas
    Sorry for the newbie apache question. I'm wondering if it's possible to set up the following non-conventional apache virtualhost (for a Django app): -- If a file exists in the DocumentRoot (/var/www) it will be shown. So if /var/www/foo.html exists, then it can be seen at www.example.com/foo.html. -- If file does not exist, it is served via a virtualhost. I'm using mod_wsgi with a WSGIScriptAlias directive that points to a Django app. So if there is no /var/www/bar.html, www.example.com/bar.html will be passed to the Django app, which may or may not be a 404 error. One option is to create an Alias for each individual file/directory, but people want to be able to post a file without adding an alias, and we want to keep the above URL structure for legacy reasons. Simplified Virtualhost is: <VirtualHost *:80> ServerName www.example.com DocumentRoot /var/www WSGIScriptAlias / /path/to/django.wsgi <Directory /path/to/app> Order allow,deny Allow from all </Directory> Alias /hi.html /var/www/hi.html </VirtualHost> The goal is to have www.example.com/hi.html work as above, without the Alias line

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  • Why is lighttpd and fastcgi keeping sending me the *.scgi file instead of the website content?

    - by e-satis
    I have the following config: server.modules = ( "mod_compress", "mod_access", "mod_alias", "mod_rewrite", "mod_redirect", "mod_secdownload", "mod_h264_streaming", "mod_flv_streaming", "mod_accesslog", "mod_auth", "mod_status", "mod_expire", "mod_fastcgi" ) [...] fastcgi.server = ( ".php" => (( "bin-path" => "/usr/bin/php-cgi", "socket" => "/var/tmp/lighttpd/php-fastcgi.socket" + var.PID, "max-procs" => 1, "kill-signal" => 9, "idle-timeout" => 10, "bin-environment" => ( "PHP_FCGI_CHILDREN" => "200", "PHP_FCGI_MAX_REQUESTS" => "1000" ), "/pyapps/essai/blondes.fcgi" => ( "main" => ( "socket" => "/var/tmp/lighttpd/django-fastcgi.socket", ), ), "bin-copy-environment" => ( "PATH", "SHELL", "USER" ), "broken-scriptfilename" => "enable" ))) [...] $HTTP["host"] =~ "(^|www\.)cam\.com(\:[0-9]*)?$" { server.document-root = "/home/cam/web/" accesslog.filename = "/home/cam/log/access.log" server.errorlog = "/home/cam/log/error.log" server.follow-symlink = "enable" # files to check for if .../ is requested server.indexfiles = ( "index.php", "index.html", "index.htm", "index.rb") url.rewrite = ( "^(/blondes/.*)$" => "/pyapps/essai/blondes.fcgi$1" ) } I have the following dir tree: /home/tv/web/ `-- pyapps `-- essai `-- __init__.py `-- blondes.fcgi `-- blondes.pid `-- django-fcgi.py `-- manage.py `-- manage.pyo `-- plop `-- settings.py `-- urls.py No error when restarting lighthttpd. The I run: ./manage.py runfcgi method=prefork socket=/var/tmp/lighttpd/django-fastcgi.socket daemonize=false pidfile=blondes.pid No errors neither. I then go to http://cam.com/blondes/. I offers me to download an empty file. I checked permissions but everything is set to the same user and group, and they work for the PHP site. The file /var/tmp/lighttpd/django-fastcgi.socket exists. When I reload the page, I got no output in error logs, nor in the manage.py runfcgi command. I probably missed something obvious, but what ?

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  • Apache runs in console but not as a service?

    - by danspants
    I have an apache 2.2 server running Django. We have a network drive T: which we need constant access to within our Django app. When running Apache as a service, we cannot access this drive, as far as any django code is concerned the drive does not exist. If I add... <Directory "t:/"> Options Indexes FollowSymLinks MultiViews AllowOverride None Order allow,deny allow from all </Directory> to the httpd.conf file the service no longer runs, but I can start apache as a console and it works fine, Django can find the network drive and all is well. Why is there a difference between the console and the service? Should there be a difference? I have the service using my own log on so in theory it should have the same access as I do. I'm keen to keep it running as a service as it's far less obtrusive when I'm working on the server (unless there's a way to hide the console?). Any help would be most appreciated.

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  • Maven Eclipse plugin and classpath issues in Eclipse

    - by subferno
    I am using Eclipse 3.51, Maven 2.0.9, Java 1.4, with the Maven Eclipse plugin 2.7 with WTP 2.0 (not m2Eclipse). I have a flat multi module project that is set up as follows (module Parent with the parent pom, module A and B is dependent on C). Importing the four modules in for the first time will show compile errors as expected since I have not ran the eclipse plugin. With my local repository empty, running eclipse clean will resolve all compile errors and dependencies within the my local workspace. If I were to make some minor code changes to module B and run the eclipse plugin again, compile errors would show up in module A and B. Compile errors about classes that cannot be found. Its like module C is no longer in the classpath for A and B to see. I look at the .classpath file and its definitely looking at the right modules in the Eclipse workspace. If I delete the maven repository and do the eclipse clean again, the compile errors about unresolved classes are fixed. Also, if I run the eclpse clean command with the useProjectReferences flag to false and then rerun it with true, Eclipse would rebuild my workspace and the errors will go away. Whats going on?

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  • Spring MVC parameter validation

    - by Don
    Hi, I've defined a controller, validator and command class for a Spring 2.5 MVC application like this: public class ResourceController extends AbstractCommandController { private MessageRetriever messageRetriever; protected ModelAndView handle(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object command, BindException errors) throws Exception { ResourceCommand resourceCommand = (ResourceCommand) command; // I NEED TO CHECK HERE IF COMMAND IS VALID? } public static class ResourceCommand { private String module; private String site; private String lang; // GETTERS AND SETTERS OMITTED } public static class ResourceValidator implements Validator { public boolean supports(Class clazz) { return ResourceCommand.class.isAssignableFrom(clazz); } public void validate(Object obj, Errors errors) { ValidationUtils.rejectIfEmptyOrWhitespace(errors, "module", "MODULE_REQUIRED"); ValidationUtils.rejectIfEmptyOrWhitespace(errors, "site", "SITE_REQUIRED"); ValidationUtils.rejectIfEmptyOrWhitespace(errors, "lang", "LANG_REQUIRED"); } } } I have wired these all together in the application context: <bean id="resourceController" class="com.amadeus.jcp.ui.framework.localization.ResourceController"> <property name="commandClass" value="com.amadeus.jcp.ui.framework.localization.ResourceController.ResourceCommand"/> <property name="validator"> <bean class="com.amadeus.jcp.ui.framework.localization.ResourceController.ResourceValidator"/> </property> </bean> However, I can't figure out how to actually check whether the command is valid or not - I assume the framework calls the validator, but how do I get access to the result? Incidentally, I'm using Java 1.4, so can't use any solutions that require annotations or other Java 1.5 features. Thanks, Don

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  • Not showing error when calling another function in Spring

    - by Javi
    Hello, I have a controller with 2 methods. The first one just add some lists to the model (the lists of my comboboxes) and return a JSP with a form. The second one validates the data and if there aren't errors it saves the data. The code looks like this: public String showForm(Model model){ //load some data into some lists return "tiles:myJSPfile"; } public String save(@Valid @ModelAttribute("MyData") Data data, BindingResult result, Model model){ if(result.hasErrors()){ //there are errors: show form with error messages //(but I need to reload the combobox lists) return showForm(model); } //save data } The problem is that in this way I don't see the error messages in the form (though I see by the debugger that it has found errors). I've thought that the problem comes because the showForm method doesn't have the error messages because it can't see the BindingResult, so I've added BindingResult as a parameter of showForm method, but it still doesn't work. I've added My Model Attribute as well but I get the same problem. If I just return the JSP file in the save method I can see the errors, but in this way I would need to add again in this other method the lists I had already added in the showForm (duplicated code). I can't save the data in session scope so it's compulsory to get again the lists after getting the error. if(result.hasErrors()){ //there are errors: show form with error messages return "tiles:myJSPfile"; } Why are errors not shown when I call a function to display my JSP different from the one I used for the validation? What's the best way to do this? Thanks.

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  • java applet stops running on exceptions

    - by Marius
    I've developed a simple applet that imports an image from the clipboard. When i run the class file from NetBeans, everything works fine. But when i try to run it as an applet ... it gives me lots of errors in the java console and does not run ... - The applet is signed - There is a static method in one class, called getImageFromClipboard(). When the applet runs, it calls this method. - getImageFromClipboard() method has a try-catch block and suppresses all errors. It simply returns either a BufferedImage or null. - When applet runs, it does some visual adjustments before calling getImageFromClipboard() Now the scenario is as follows: the class from netbeans runs, fails to import the image and adjusts the interface accordingly (displays an error in a label) But when i run it in a browser, java console is filled with errors and nothing after the getImageFromClipboard() line works. Although the applet itself loads and does everything it's supposed do do before importing the image. So why am i getting errors if i accept the certificate and all of the possible errors are in try-catch blocks? None of this code should throw any exceptions. Any ideas why this is happening? Or do you need to see the errors to tell? UPDATE I've managed to find out the problem myself. The class that i'm using is not in the jar file :( How do i add it in? I'm using "add jar folder" in netbeans on the libraries package to import it but it does not seem to get copied to the jar.

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  • Compiling code at runtime, loading into current appdomain.

    - by Richard Friend
    Hi Im compiling some code at runtime then loading the assembly into the current appdomain, however when i then try to do Type.GetType it cant find the type... Here is how i compile the code... public static Assembly CompileCode(string code) { Microsoft.CSharp.CSharpCodeProvider provider = new CSharpCodeProvider(); ICodeCompiler compiler = provider.CreateCompiler(); CompilerParameters compilerparams = new CompilerParameters(); compilerparams.GenerateExecutable = false; compilerparams.GenerateInMemory = false; foreach (Assembly assembly in AppDomain.CurrentDomain.GetAssemblies()) { try { string location = assembly.Location; if (!String.IsNullOrEmpty(location)) { compilerparams.ReferencedAssemblies.Add(location); } } catch (NotSupportedException) { // this happens for dynamic assemblies, so just ignore it. } } CompilerResults results = compiler.CompileAssemblyFromSource(compilerparams, code); if (results.Errors.HasErrors) { StringBuilder errors = new StringBuilder("Compiler Errors :\r\n"); foreach (CompilerError error in results.Errors) { errors.AppendFormat("Line {0},{1}\t: {2}\n", error.Line, error.Column, error.ErrorText); } throw new Exception(errors.ToString()); } else { AppDomain.CurrentDomain.Load(results.CompiledAssembly.GetName()); return results.CompiledAssembly; } } This bit fails after getting the type from the compiled assembly just fine, it does not seem to be able to find it using Type.GetType.... Assembly assem = RuntimeCodeCompiler.CompileCode(code); string typeName = String.Format("Peverel.AppFramework.Web.GenCode.ObjectDataSourceProxy_{0}", safeTypeName); Type t = assem.GetType(typeName); //This works just fine.. Type doesntWork = Type.GetType(t.AssemblyQualifiedName); Type doesntWork2 = Type.GetType(t.Name); ....

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  • OpenAL not playing on Max OS X 10.6

    - by Grimless
    I've been working on getting a basic audio engine running on my Mac using OpenAL. It seems relatively straightforward after working with OpenGL for a while. However, despite the fact that I believe I have everything in place, my sound will not play. Here is the order of things I am doing: //Creating a new device ALCdevice* device = alcOpenDevice(NULL); //Create a new context with the device ALCcontext* context = alcCreateContext(device, NULL); //Make that context current alcMakeContextCurrent(context); //Do lots of loading stuff to bring in an AIFF... voodooAIFF = myAIFFLoader("name"); //Then use that data ALuint buf; alGenBuffers(1, &buf); //Check for errors, but none happen... //Bind buffer data. alBufferData(buf, voodooAIFF.format, voodooAIFF.data, voodooAIFF.sizeInBytes, voodooAIFF.frequency); //Check for errors, none here either... //Create Source ALuint src; alGenSources(1, &src); //Error check again, no errors. //Bind source to buffer alSourcei(src, AL_BUFFER, buf); //Set reference distance alSourcei(sourceID, AL_REFERENCE_DISTANCE, 1); //Set source attributes including gain and pitch to 1 (direction set to 0,0,0) //Check for errors, nothing... //Set up listener attributes. //Check for errors, no errors. //Begin playing. alSourcePlay(src); Observe silence... Any insight, what steps am I missing here?

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  • OOP/MVC advice on where to place a global helper function

    - by franko75
    Hi, I have a couple of controllers on my site which are handling form data. The forms use AJAX and I have quite a few methods across different controllers which are having to do some specific processing to return errors in a JSON encoded format - see code below. Obviously this isn't DRY and I need to move this code into a single helper function which I can use globally, but I'm wondering where this should actually go! Should I create a static helper class which contains this function (e.g Validation::build_ajax_errors()), or as this code is producing a format which is application specific and tied into the jQuery validation plugin I'm using, should it be a static method stored in, for example, my main Website controller which the form handling controllers extend from? //if ajax request, output errors if (request::is_ajax()) { //need to build errors into array form for javascript validation - move this into a helper method accessible globally $errors = $post->errors('form_data/form_error_messages'); $i = 0; $new_errors = array(); foreach ($errors as $key => $value) { $new_errors[$i][0] = '#' . $key; $new_errors[$i][1] = $value; $new_errors[$i][2] = "error"; $i++; } echo '{"jsonValidateReturn":' . json_encode($new_errors) . '}'; return; }

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  • Mechanize form submit not going to the correct response page, no errors as to why. Something I'm doing?

    - by Zack Shapiro
    I threw this all in one controller for testing purposes. My code fills out the form correctly for adding a new address to your Amazon account. There are two buttons that submit this form, one takes you to add a new address which is what I don't want, and the other is just a Save & Continue input/image. When I submit the form via that button, as I do below, the form is still on the page, filled out as I have with my code. Inspecting the page titles, they're the same. There are no discernible errors that Mechanize or Amazon spit back. Any ideas? class AmazonCrawler def initialize @agent = Mechanize.new do |agent| agent.user_agent_alias = 'Mac Safari' agent.follow_meta_refresh = true agent.redirect_ok = true end end def login # login_url = "https://www.amazon.com/ap/signin?_encoding=UTF8&openid.assoc_handle=usflex&openid.claimed_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspecs.openid.net%2Fauth%2F2.0%2Fidentifier_select&openid.identity=http%3A%2F%2Fspecs.openid.net%2Fauth%2F2.0%2Fidentifier_select&openid.mode=checkid_setup&openid.ns=http%3A%2F%2Fspecs.openid.net%2Fauth%2F2.0&openid.ns.pape=http%3A%2F%2Fspecs.openid.net%2Fextensions%2Fpape%2F1.0&openid.pape.max_auth_age=0&openid.return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fgp%2Fcss%2Fhomepage.html%3Fie%3DUTF8%26ref_%3Dgno_yam_ya" login_url = "https://www.amazon.com/gp/css/account/address/view.html?ie=UTF8&ref_=ya_add_address&viewID=newAddress" @agent.get(login_url) form = @agent.page.forms.first form.email = "[email protected]" form.radiobuttons.first.value = "0" form.radiobuttons.last.check form.password = "my_password" dashboard = @agent.submit(form) end end class UsersController < ApplicationController def index response = AmazonCrawler.new.login form = response.forms[1] # fill out form form.enterAddressFullName == "Your Name" form.enterAddressAddressLine1 = "123 Main Street" form.enterAddressAddressLine2 = "Apartment 34" form.enterAddressCity = "San Francisco" form.enterAddressStateOrRegion = "CA" form.enterAddressPostalCode = "94101" form.enterAddressPhoneNumber = "415-555-1212" form.AddressType = "RES" new_response = form.submit( form.button_with(value: /Save.*Continue/) ) end end

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  • Diving into OpenStack Network Architecture - Part 1

    - by Ronen Kofman
    v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} rkofman Normal rkofman 83 3045 2014-05-23T21:11:00Z 2014-05-27T06:58:00Z 3 1883 10739 Oracle Corporation 89 25 12597 12.00 140 Clean Clean false false false false EN-US X-NONE HE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;} Before we begin OpenStack networking has very powerful capabilities but at the same time it is quite complicated. In this blog series we will review an existing OpenStack setup using the Oracle OpenStack Tech Preview and explain the different network components through use cases and examples. The goal is to show how the different pieces come together and provide a bigger picture view of the network architecture in OpenStack. This can be very helpful to users making their first steps in OpenStack or anyone wishes to understand how networking works in this environment.  We will go through the basics first and build the examples as we go. According to the recent Icehouse user survey and the one before it, Neutron with Open vSwitch plug-in is the most widely used network setup both in production and in POCs (in terms of number of customers) and so in this blog series we will analyze this specific OpenStack networking setup. As we know there are many options to setup OpenStack networking and while Neturon + Open vSwitch is the most popular setup there is no claim that it is either best or the most efficient option. Neutron + Open vSwitch is an example, one which provides a good starting point for anyone interested in understanding OpenStack networking. Even if you are using different kind of network setup such as different Neutron plug-in or even not using Neutron at all this will still be a good starting point to understand the network architecture in OpenStack. The setup we are using for the examples is the one used in the Oracle OpenStack Tech Preview. Installing it is simple and it would be helpful to have it as reference. In this setup we use eth2 on all servers for VM network, all VM traffic will be flowing through this interface.The Oracle OpenStack Tech Preview is using VLANs for L2 isolation to provide tenant and network isolation. The following diagram shows how we have configured our deployment: This first post is a bit long and will focus on some basic concepts in OpenStack networking. The components we will be discussing are Open vSwitch, network namespaces, Linux bridge and veth pairs. Note that this is not meant to be a comprehensive review of these components, it is meant to describe the component as much as needed to understand OpenStack network architecture. All the components described here can be further explored using other resources. Open vSwitch (OVS) In the Oracle OpenStack Tech Preview OVS is used to connect virtual machines to the physical port (in our case eth2) as shown in the deployment diagram. OVS contains bridges and ports, the OVS bridges are different from the Linux bridge (controlled by the brctl command) which are also used in this setup. To get started let’s view the OVS structure, use the following command: # ovs-vsctl show 7ec51567-ab42-49e8-906d-b854309c9edf     Bridge br-int         Port br-int             Interface br-int type: internal         Port "int-br-eth2"             Interface "int-br-eth2"     Bridge "br-eth2"         Port "br-eth2"             Interface "br-eth2" type: internal         Port "eth2"             Interface "eth2"         Port "phy-br-eth2"             Interface "phy-br-eth2" ovs_version: "1.11.0" We see a standard post deployment OVS on a compute node with two bridges and several ports hanging off of each of them. The example above is a compute node without any VMs, we can see that the physical port eth2 is connected to a bridge called “br-eth2”. We also see two ports "int-br-eth2" and "phy-br-eth2" which are actually a veth pair and form virtual wire between the two bridges, veth pairs are discussed later in this post. When a virtual machine is created a port is created on one the br-int bridge and this port is eventually connected to the virtual machine (we will discuss the exact connectivity later in the series). Here is how OVS looks after a VM was launched: # ovs-vsctl show efd98c87-dc62-422d-8f73-a68c2a14e73d     Bridge br-int         Port "int-br-eth2"             Interface "int-br-eth2"         Port br-int             Interface br-int type: internal         Port "qvocb64ea96-9f" tag: 1             Interface "qvocb64ea96-9f"     Bridge "br-eth2"         Port "phy-br-eth2"             Interface "phy-br-eth2"         Port "br-eth2"             Interface "br-eth2" type: internal         Port "eth2"             Interface "eth2" ovs_version: "1.11.0" Bridge "br-int" now has a new port "qvocb64ea96-9f" which connects to the VM and tagged with VLAN 1. Every VM which will be launched will add a port on the “br-int” bridge for every network interface the VM has. Another useful command on OVS is dump-flows for example: # ovs-ofctl dump-flows br-int NXST_FLOW reply (xid=0x4): cookie=0x0, duration=735.544s, table=0, n_packets=70, n_bytes=9976, idle_age=17, priority=3,in_port=1,dl_vlan=1000 actions=mod_vlan_vid:1,NORMAL cookie=0x0, duration=76679.786s, table=0, n_packets=0, n_bytes=0, idle_age=65534, hard_age=65534, priority=2,in_port=1 actions=drop cookie=0x0, duration=76681.36s, table=0, n_packets=68, n_bytes=7950, idle_age=17, hard_age=65534, priority=1 actions=NORMAL As we see the port which is connected to the VM has the VLAN tag 1. However the port on the VM network (eth2) will be using tag 1000. OVS is modifying the vlan as the packet flow from the VM to the physical interface. In OpenStack the Open vSwitch agent takes care of programming the flows in Open vSwitch so the users do not have to deal with this at all. If you wish to learn more about how to program the Open vSwitch you can read more about it at http://openvswitch.org looking at the documentation describing the ovs-ofctl command. Network Namespaces (netns) Network namespaces is a very cool Linux feature can be used for many purposes and is heavily used in OpenStack networking. Network namespaces are isolated containers which can hold a network configuration and is not seen from outside of the namespace. A network namespace can be used to encapsulate specific network functionality or provide a network service in isolation as well as simply help to organize a complicated network setup. Using the Oracle OpenStack Tech Preview we are using the latest Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel R3 (UEK3), this kernel provides a complete support for netns. Let's see how namespaces work through couple of examples to control network namespaces we use the ip netns command: Defining a new namespace: # ip netns add my-ns # ip netns list my-ns As mentioned the namespace is an isolated container, we can perform all the normal actions in the namespace context using the exec command for example running the ifconfig command: # ip netns exec my-ns ifconfig -a lo        Link encap:Local Loopback           LOOPBACK  MTU:16436 Metric:1           RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0           TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0           RX bytes:0 (0.0 b)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 b) We can run every command in the namespace context, this is especially useful for debug using tcpdump command, we can ping or ssh or define iptables all within the namespace. Connecting the namespace to the outside world: There are various ways to connect into a namespaces and between namespaces we will focus on how this is done in OpenStack. OpenStack uses a combination of Open vSwitch and network namespaces. OVS defines the interfaces and then we can add those interfaces to namespace. So first let's add a bridge to OVS: # ovs-vsctl add-br my-bridge Now let's add a port on the OVS and make it internal: # ovs-vsctl add-port my-bridge my-port # ovs-vsctl set Interface my-port type=internal And let's connect it into the namespace: # ip link set my-port netns my-ns Looking inside the namespace: # ip netns exec my-ns ifconfig -a lo        Link encap:Local Loopback           LOOPBACK  MTU:65536 Metric:1           RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0           TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0           RX bytes:0 (0.0 b)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 b) my-port   Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 22:04:45:E2:85:21           BROADCAST  MTU:1500 Metric:1           RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0           TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0           RX bytes:0 (0.0 b)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 b) Now we can add more ports to the OVS bridge and connect it to other namespaces or other device like physical interfaces. Neutron is using network namespaces to implement network services such as DCHP, routing, gateway, firewall, load balance and more. In the next post we will go into this in further details. Linux Bridge and veth pairs Linux bridge is used to connect the port from OVS to the VM. Every port goes from the OVS bridge to a Linux bridge and from there to the VM. The reason for using regular Linux bridges is for security groups’ enforcement. Security groups are implemented using iptables and iptables can only be applied to Linux bridges and not to OVS bridges. Veth pairs are used extensively throughout the network setup in OpenStack and are also a good tool to debug a network problem. Veth pairs are simply a virtual wire and so veths always come in pairs. Typically one side of the veth pair will connect to a bridge and the other side to another bridge or simply left as a usable interface. In this example we will create some veth pairs, connect them to bridges and test connectivity. This example is using regular Linux server and not an OpenStack node: Creating a veth pair, note that we define names for both ends: # ip link add veth0 type veth peer name veth1 # ifconfig -a . . veth0     Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 5E:2C:E6:03:D0:17           BROADCAST MULTICAST  MTU:1500 Metric:1           RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0           TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000           RX bytes:0 (0.0 b)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 b) veth1     Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr E6:B6:E2:6D:42:B8           BROADCAST MULTICAST  MTU:1500 Metric:1           RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0           TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000           RX bytes:0 (0.0 b)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 b) . . To make the example more meaningful this we will create the following setup: veth0 => veth1 => br-eth3 => eth3 ======> eth2 on another Linux server br-eth3 – a regular Linux bridge which will be connected to veth1 and eth3 eth3 – a physical interface with no IP on it, connected to a private network eth2 – a physical interface on the remote Linux box connected to the private network and configured with the IP of 50.50.50.1 Once we create the setup we will ping 50.50.50.1 (the remote IP) through veth0 to test that the connection is up: # brctl addbr br-eth3 # brctl addif br-eth3 eth3 # brctl addif br-eth3 veth1 # brctl show bridge name     bridge id               STP enabled     interfaces br-eth3         8000.00505682e7f6       no              eth3                                                         veth1 # ifconfig veth0 50.50.50.50 # ping -I veth0 50.50.50.51 PING 50.50.50.51 (50.50.50.51) from 50.50.50.50 veth0: 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 50.50.50.51: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.454 ms 64 bytes from 50.50.50.51: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.298 ms When the naming is not as obvious as the previous example and we don't know who are the paired veth interfaces we can use the ethtool command to figure this out. The ethtool command returns an index we can look up using ip link command, for example: # ethtool -S veth1 NIC statistics: peer_ifindex: 12 # ip link . . 12: veth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000 Summary That’s all for now, we quickly reviewed OVS, network namespaces, Linux bridges and veth pairs. These components are heavily used in the OpenStack network architecture we are exploring and understanding them well will be very useful when reviewing the different use cases. In the next post we will look at how the OpenStack network is laid out connecting the virtual machines to each other and to the external world. @RonenKofman

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  • Setting up a "cookieless domain" to improve site performance

    - by Django Reinhardt
    I was reading in Google's documentation about improving site speed. One of their recommendations is serving static content (images, css, js, etc.) from a "cookieless domain": Static content, such as images, JS and CSS files, don't need to be accompanied by cookies, as there is no user interaction with these resources. You can decrease request latency by serving static resources from a domain that doesn't serve cookies. Google then says that the best way to do this is to buy a new domain and set it to point to your current one: To reserve a cookieless domain for serving static content, register a new domain name and configure your DNS database with a CNAME record that points the new domain to your existing domain A record. Configure your web server to serve static resources from the new domain, and do not allow any cookies to be set anywhere on this domain. In your web pages, reference the domain name in the URLs for the static resources. This is pretty straight forward stuff, except for the bit where it says to "configure your web server to serve static resources from the new domain, and do not allow any cookies to be set anywhere on this domain". From what I've read, there's no setting in IIS that allows you to say "serve static resources", so how do I prevent ASP.NET from setting cookies on this new domain? At present, even if I'm just requesting a .jpg from the new domain, it sets a cookie on my browser, even though our application's cookies are set to our old domain. For example, ASP.NET sets an ".ASPXANONYMOUS" cookie that (as far as I'm aware) we're not telling it to do. Apologies if this is a real newb question, I'm new at this! Thanks.

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  • Booking form works but does not give feedback

    - by Naim
    I have a form where people can book seats for a given event. It's actually a WordPress plugin. When someone sends his booking, email notifications are sent properly and the event booking status is updated accordingly. The issue is that the booking form does not give any feedback whatsoever. Once you hit "book now", the graphic keeps loading and no feedback is ever displayed like for instance "booking sent successfully" or "there are errors in your form", even though the booking is saved correctly with both sides notified by email. I guess it's a JavaScript issue,Firebug console is not showing any error... So here is the code source of the booking form : Also please experience the issue live Here username: tester password: testsa Thanks! $('#em-booking-form').submit( function(e){ e.preventDefault(); var em_booking_doing_ajax = false; $.ajax({ url: EM.bookingajaxurl, data:$('#em-booking-form').serializeArray(), dataType: 'jsonp', type:'post', beforeSend: function(formData, jqForm, options) { if(em_booking_doing_ajax){ alert(EM.bookingInProgress); return false; } em_booking_doing_ajax = true; $('.em-booking-message').remove(); $('#em-booking').append('<div id="em-loading"></div>'); }, success : function(response, statusText, xhr, $form) { $('#em-loading').remove(); $('.em-booking-message').remove(); $('.em-booking-message').remove(); //show error or success message if(response.result){ $('<div class="em-booking-message-success em-booking-message">'+response.message+'</div>').insertBefore('#em-booking-form'); $('#em-booking-form').hide(); $('.em-booking-login').hide(); $(document).trigger('em_booking_success', [response]); }else{ if( response.errors != null ){ if( $.isArray(response.errors) && response.errors.length > 0 ){ var error_msg; response.errors.each(function(i, el){ error_msg = error_msg + el; }); $('<div class="em-booking-message-error em-booking-message">'+error_msg.errors+'</div>').insertBefore('#em-booking-form'); }else{ $('<div class="em-booking-message-error em-booking-message">'+response.errors+'</div>').insertBefore('#em-booking-form'); } }else{ $('<div class="em-booking-message-error em-booking-message">'+response.message+'</div>').insertBefore('#em-booking-form'); } } $('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: $("#em-booking").first().offset().top - 50 }); //sends user back to top of form //run extra actions after showing the message here if( response.gateway != null ){ $(document).trigger('em_booking_gateway_add_'+response.gateway, [response]); } if( !response.result && typeof Recaptcha != 'undefined'){ Recaptcha.reload(); } }, complete : function(){ em_booking_doing_ajax = false; $('#em-loading').remove(); } }); return false; });

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  • struct assignment operator on arrays

    - by Django fan
    Suppose I defined a structure like this: struct person { char name [10]; int age; }; and declared two person variables: person Bob; person John; where Bob.name = "Bob", Bob.age = 30 and John.name = "John",John.age = 25. and I called Bob = John; struct person would do a Memberwise assignment and assign Johns's member values to Bob's. But arrays can't assign to arrays, so how does the assignment of the "name" array work?

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  • ASP: Updating an image's IMAGEURL within a REPEATER

    - by Django Reinhardt
    Hi, I hope someone can help me. It's a pretty newbie question, I'm afraid. I have an image inside a repeater, and I would like to change its IMAGEURL based on parameter that's being passed to it. <asp:Repeater ID="Repeater" runat="server"> <HeaderTemplate> <asp:Image ID="imgType" runat="server" /> </HeaderTemplate> <ItemTemplate> <%# Eval("DisplayName")%> </ItemTemplate> <SeparatorTemplate> <hr /> </SeparatorTemplate> </asp:Repeater> There is a SWITCH statement in the code behind that is altering the IMAGEURL depending on what's being passed to it. Inevitably, however, the images ID ("imgType") is not visible to the SWITCH statement (presumably because it's inside a REPEATER). Any suggestions on the best way to implement this would be greatly appreciated. Sorry for such a newbie question. Thanks!

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  • Scriptaculous problem in IE

    - by Django Reinhardt
    Hi there. We've got this very annoying problem with Scriptaculous and Internet Explorer 7/8. We have two Effect.toggles on the same page, but only one of them is ever working (the first one). I hope it's some simple mistake in my implementation, but I can't seem to find any decent documentation. Hopefully somebody here can help. The HTML/JS looks like this: <ul> <li id="LinkA" class="icon"> <a onclick="new Effect.toggle('divA', 'slide', { duration: 0.6 }); return false;" href="#">Show List A</a> </li> </ul> <div id="divA" style="display:none"> <div> -- Things to display -- </div> </div> <ul> <li id="LinkB" class="icon"> <a onclick="new Effect.toggle('divB', 'slide', { duration: 0.6 }); return false;" href="#">Show List B</a> </li> </ul> <div id="divB" style="display:none"> <div> -- Things to display -- </div> </div> It works perfectly in Chrome and Firefox, but the second one never works in IE 7 or 8, no matter what I do. Any help would be greatly appreciated!

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  • Google Web Optimizer -- How long until winning combination?

    - by Django Reinhardt
    I've had an A/B Test running in Google Web Optimizer for six weeks now, and there's still no end in sight. Google is still saying: "We have not gathered enough data yet to show any significant results. When we collect more data we should be able to show you a winning combination." Is there any way of telling how close Google is to making up its mind? (Does anyone know what algorithm does it use to decide if there's been any "high confidence winners"?) According to the Google help documentation: Sometimes we simply need more data to be able to reach a level of high confidence. A tested combination typically needs around 200 conversions for us to judge its performance with certainty. But all of our conversions have over 200 conversations at the moment: 230 / 4061 (Original) 223 / 3937 (Variation 1) 205 / 3984 (Variation 2) 205 / 4007 (Variation 3) How much longer is it going to have to run?? Thanks for any help.

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  • Asking browsers to cache our images (ASP.NET/IIS)

    - by Django Reinhardt
    I just ran Google's Page Speed application against our site and one of the recommendations was to Leverage browser caching. Expanding this revealed the following: The following cacheable resources have a short freshness lifetime: Specify an expiration at least one week in the future for the following resources: <a long list of images > <some javascript files > How do I go about lengthening the "freshness lifetime" of particular images? It's an ASP.NET project running on IIS7.5 Thanks for any help!

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  • Stopping cookies being set from a domain (aka "cookieless domain") to increase site performance

    - by Django Reinhardt
    I was reading in Google's documentation about improving site speed. One of their recommendations is serving static content (images, css, js, etc.) from a "cookieless domain": Static content, such as images, JS and CSS files, don't need to be accompanied by cookies, as there is no user interaction with these resources. You can decrease request latency by serving static resources from a domain that doesn't serve cookies. Google then says that the best way to do this is to buy a new domain and set it to point to your current one: To reserve a cookieless domain for serving static content, register a new domain name and configure your DNS database with a CNAME record that points the new domain to your existing domain A record. Configure your web server to serve static resources from the new domain, and do not allow any cookies to be set anywhere on this domain. In your web pages, reference the domain name in the URLs for the static resources. This is pretty straight forward stuff, except for the bit where it says to "configure your web server to serve static resources from the new domain, and do not allow any cookies to be set anywhere on this domain". From what I've read, there's no setting in IIS that allows you to say "serve static resources", so how do I prevent ASP.NET from setting cookies on this new domain? At present, even if I'm just requesting a .jpg from the new domain, it sets a cookie on my browser, even though our application's cookies are set to our old domain. For example, ASP.NET sets an ".ASPXANONYMOUS" cookie that (as far as I'm aware) we're not telling it to do. Apologies if this is a real newb question, I'm new at this! Thanks.

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  • Great guide for JavaScript GZIP compression in IIS?

    - by Django Reinhardt
    Hi there, we're looking to compress our gargantuan JavaScript files with GZip to speed up the page loads of our site. I know this can be done through IIS, but I can't seem to find a simple step-by-step guide on how to implement it. If someone could point me towards such a guide, I'd really appreciate it. I've never done this before, so it would need to be quite basic. We're running IIS7.5 on Windows Server 2008 R2. Your time is much appreciated.

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  • Is it possible to serve an ASPX page without it setting a cookie on your browser?

    - by Django Reinhardt
    Hi, we're in the process of trying to speed up the performance of our website by serving static content from a cookieless domain. That seems to be going well, but I have a new question: I know that it's "static content" that we're talking about when serving it from a cookieless domain, but we also have static content being served by ASPX pages, specifically images. For example: domain.com/resizeImages.aspx?src=images/image123.jpg&width=400&height=400 Pretty standard stuff, and although it's being served by managed code, it's still a static image. So my question is: Is it ok to serve the resizeImages.aspx image from our cookieless/static domain? And if so, how do I go about stopping ASP.NET from setting a ANONYMOUSASPX cookie every time I try? Thanks for any help!

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  • Updating an image's ImageUrl within a Repeater

    - by Django Reinhardt
    I hope someone can help me. It's a pretty newbie question, I'm afraid. I have an image inside a repeater, and I would like to change its IMAGEURL based on parameter that's being passed to it. <asp:Repeater ID="Repeater" runat="server"> <HeaderTemplate> <asp:Image ID="imgType" runat="server" /> </HeaderTemplate> <ItemTemplate> <%# Eval("DisplayName")%> </ItemTemplate> <SeparatorTemplate> <hr /> </SeparatorTemplate> </asp:Repeater> There is a SWITCH statement in the code behind that is altering the IMAGEURL depending on what's being passed to it. Inevitably, however, the images ID ("imgType") is not visible to the SWITCH statement (presumably because it's inside a REPEATER). Any suggestions on the best way to implement this would be greatly appreciated. Sorry for such a newbie question.

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  • C# - Converting a float to an int... and changing the int depending on the remainder

    - by Django Reinhardt
    Hi, this is probably the really newbie question (well, I'm pretty sure it is), but I have a float that's being returned and I need a quick and efficient way of turning it into an int. Pretty simple, but I have an exception. If the remainder of the float is anything other than .0 then I want to increment the int. Some quick examples: Float = 98.0, Int = 98 Float = 98.1, Int = 99 Float = 6.6, Int = 7 etc. Thanks for any help!

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  • Publishing via "File System" in Visual Studio 2010 - Doesn't work!

    - by Django Reinhardt
    Hi, this is an extremely frustrating situation. We have just upgraded to Visual Studio 2010, and very nice it is, except for when it won't do something really simple, like Publish your ASP.NET Web Application to a folder on your desktop. For some unearthly reason, what used to work flawlessly in 2008 is now generating an error: It stops Publishing, after successfully Building, saying: Error: Copying file Images\Profile\32_32.JPG to obj\x64\Release\Package\PackageTmp\Images\Prolfile\32_32.JPG failed. Could not find file 'Images\CelebrityProfileImages\32_32.JPG'. The problem is that there isn't any reference to that file in the project code (in the database, yes, but not in the code itself), and we don't want to store such images with the project (and they're not). Why (and how) has it suddenly decided that this unreferenced image (and presumably more if I get it to move past this one) is suddenly necessary to run the project? How can I stop this from happening? Thanks for any help.

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