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  • When will a TCP network packet be fragmented at the application layer?

    - by zooropa
    When will a TCP packet be fragmented at the application layer? When a TCP packet is sent from an application, will the recipient at the application layer ever receive the packet in two or more packets? If so, what conditions cause the packet to be divided. It seems like a packet won't be fragmented until it reaches the Ethernet (at the network layer) limit of 1500 bytes. But, that fragmentation will be transparent to the recipient at the application layer since the network layer will reassemble the fragments before sending the packet up to the next layer, right?

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  • Trying to packetize TCP with non-blocking IO is hard! Am I doing something wrong?

    - by Ricket
    Oh how I wish TCP was packet-based like UDP is! But alas, that's not the case, so I'm trying to implement my own packet layer. Here's the chain of events so far (ignoring writing packets) Oh, and my Packets are very simply structured: two unsigned bytes for length, and then byte[length] data. (I can't imagine if they were any more complex, I'd be up to my ears in if statements!) Server is in an infinite loop, accepting connections and adding them to a list of Connections. PacketGatherer (another thread) uses a Selector to figure out which Connection.SocketChannels are ready for reading. It loops over the results and tells each Connection to read(). Each Connection has a partial IncomingPacket and a list of Packets which have been fully read and are waiting to be processed. On read(): Tell the partial IncomingPacket to read more data. (IncomingPacket.readData below) If it's done reading (IncomingPacket.complete()), make a Packet from it and stick the Packet into the list waiting to be processed and then replace it with a new IncomingPacket. There are a couple problems with this. First, only one packet is being read at a time. If the IncomingPacket needs only one more byte, then only one byte is read this pass. This can of course be fixed with a loop but it starts to get sorta complicated and I wonder if there is a better overall way. Second, the logic in IncomingPacket is a little bit crazy, to be able to read the two bytes for the length and then read the actual data. Here is the code, boiled down for quick & easy reading: int readBytes; // number of total bytes read so far byte length1, length2; // each byte in an unsigned short int (see getLength()) public int getLength() { // will be inaccurate if readBytes < 2 return (int)(length1 << 8 | length2); } public void readData(SocketChannel c) { if (readBytes < 2) { // we don't yet know the length of the actual data ByteBuffer lengthBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(2 - readBytes); numBytesRead = c.read(lengthBuffer); if(readBytes == 0) { if(numBytesRead >= 1) length1 = lengthBuffer.get(); if(numBytesRead == 2) length2 = lengthBuffer.get(); } else if(readBytes == 1) { if(numBytesRead == 1) length2 = lengthBuffer.get(); } readBytes += numBytesRead; } if(readBytes >= 2) { // then we know we have the entire length variable // lazily-instantiate data buffers based on getLength() // read into data buffers, increment readBytes // (does not read more than the amount of this packet, so it does not // need to handle overflow into the next packet's data) } } public boolean complete() { return (readBytes > 2 && readBytes == getLength()+2); } Basically I need feedback on my code. Please suggest any improvements. Even overhauling my entire system would be okay, if you have suggestions for how better to implement the whole thing. Book recommendations are welcome too; I love books. I just get the feeling that something isn't quite right.

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  • After C++ - Python or Java?

    - by carleeto
    I'm fast approaching the point in my coding where I would like to quickly write object oriented code in languages other than C++ for a variety of reasons. After a lot of research, my choices have pretty much narrowed down to Python and Java. I'm leaning towards Python because of its relationship to C, but with Java, from what I can see, I get a good introduction to using and creating test suites with Eclipse - there is also Processing which is pulling me towards Java. I'm not the kind of guy to tackle two languages at once, so which one would you recommend and why? What I want at the end is to have an additional language I can use for rapid development. Ease of learning isn't important to me as I'm willing to put in the time regardless. Ability to use the new language widely is.

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  • Is it possible to design our own algorithm to create unique GUIDs?

    - by AKN
    GUID are generated by the combination of numbers and characters with a hyphen. eg) {7B156C47-05BC-4eb9-900E-89966AD1430D} In Visual studio, we have the 'Create GUID' tool to create it. I hope the same can be created programmatically through window APIs. How GUIDs are made to be unique? Why they don't use any special characters like #,^ etc... Also Is it possible to design our own algorithm to create unique GUIDs?

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  • Help me sort programing languages a bit

    - by b-gen-jack-o-neill
    Hi, so I asked here few days ago about C# and its principles. Now, if I may, I have some additional general questions about some languages, becouse for novice like me, it seems a bit confusing. To be exact I want to ask more about language functions capabilities than syntax and so. To be honest, its just these special functions that bothers me and make me so confused. For exmaple, C has its printf(), Pascal has writeln() and so. I know in basic the output in assembler of these funtions would be similiar, every language has more or less its special functions. For console output, for file manipulation, etc. But all these functions are de-facto part of its OS API, so why is for example in C distinguished between C standard library functions and (on Windows) WinAPI functions when even printf() has to use some Windows feature, call some of its function to actually show desired text on console window, becouse the actuall "showing" is done by OS. Where is the line between language functions and system API? Now languages I dont quite understand - Python, Ruby and similiar. To be more specific, I know they are similiar to java and C# in term they are compiled into bytecode. But, I do not unerstand what are its capabilities in term of building GUI applications. I saw tutorial for using Ruby to program GUI applications on Linux and Windows. But isn´t that just some kind of upgrade? I mean fram other tutorials It seemed like these languages was first intended for small scripts than building big applications. I hope you understand why I am confused. If you do, please help me sort it out a bit, I have no one to ask.

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  • suggestions on syntax to express mathematical formula concisely

    - by aaa
    hello. I am developing functional domain specific embedded language within C++ to translate formulas into working code as concisely and accurately as possible. I post prototype in the comment, it is about 2 hundred lines long. Right now my language looks something like this (well, actually is going to look like): // implies two nested loops j=0:N, i=0,j (range(i) < j < N)[T(i,j) = (T(i,j) - T(j,i))/e(i+j)]; // implies summation over above expression sum(range(i) < j < N))[(T(i,j) - T(j,i))/e(i+j)]; I am looking for possible syntax improvements/extensions or just different ideas about expressing mathematical formulas as clearly and precisely as possible (in any language, not just C++). Can you give me some syntax examples relating to my question which can be accomplished in your language of choice which consider useful. In particular, if you have some ideas about how to translate the above code segments, I would be happy to hear them. Thank you just to clarify and give actual formula, my short-term goal is to express the following expression concisely where values in <> are already computed as 4-dimensional array

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  • How do I define a monadic function to work on a list in J?

    - by Gregory Higley
    Let's say I have the following J expression: # 3 ((|=0:)#]) 1+i.1000 This counts the number of numbers between 1 and 1000 that are evenly divisible by 3. (Now, before anyone points out that there's an easier way to do this, this question is about the syntax of J, and not mathematics.) Let's say I define a monadic function for this, as follows: f =: monad define # y ((|=0:)#]) 1+i.1000 ) This works great with a single argument, e.g., f 4 250 If I pass a list in, I get a length error: f 1 2 3 |length error: f Now, I completely understand why I get the length error. When you substitute the list 1 2 3 for the y argument of the monad, you get: # 1 2 3 ((|=0:)#]) 1+i.1000 If you know anything about J, it's pretty clear why the length error is occurring. So, I don't need an explanation of that. I want to define the function such that when I pass a list, it returns a list, e.g., f 1 2 3 1000 500 333 How can I either (a) redefine this function to take a list and return a list or (b) get the function to work on a list as-is without being redefined, perhaps using some adverb or other technique?

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  • Is there any reason for a blocking call to winsock send() function on Vista to return immediately ?

    - by ivymike
    Hi All, Is there any reason for a blocking call to winsock's send() function on Vista to return immediately ? It works with expected delay on XP and below. I'm wondering if this has got anything to do with auto-tuning feature of Vista. Code: char *pBuffer; // pointer to data int bytes; // total size int i = 0, j=0; while (i < bytes) { j = send(m_sock, pBuffer+i, bytes-i, 0); i+=j; } Thanks, Pavan

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  • How do I clear the text contents of a div in javascript?

    - by Ben
    I'm temporarily adding contents to a div,tempDiv, and adding that to a link which is appended to a div, #contentHere, that's displayed. I need to clear the contents of tempDiv so that the links aren't appended to each other, creating a string of urls that don't link to anywhere. $(document).ready(function(){ $.getJSON("data.php", function(data){ for(i = 0; i < 5; i++){ $("#tempDiv").append(data.justIn[i].dataLink+ ' '); $("#contentHere").append("<a href=\"#tempDiv\">Click to go to the div link</a>"); //I need to clear the contents of tempDiv here } }); }); Solutions to clearing the temporary contents of the div as I go?

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  • how works applications which blocks web sites?

    - by noisy
    I know only one low-level way of blocking websites - hosts file. However, it is obvious that main stream programs has some other way of achieving this. I have an idea for new model of this kind of program, but without possibility of blocking sites it is useless :(

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  • Is it possible to use a serial port like session in c#?

    - by Pandiya Chendur
    I am using serial port communication in my asp.net webform application... private bool sendSMS(int portNo, string mobNo, string details) { try { SerialPort SerialPort1 = new SerialPort(); SerialPort1.PortName = "COM" + portNo.ToString(); SerialPort1.BaudRate = 9600; SerialPort1.Parity = Parity.None; SerialPort1.DataBits = 8; SerialPort1.StopBits = StopBits.One; SerialPort1.RtsEnable = true; SerialPort1.DtrEnable = true; SerialPort1.Encoding.GetEncoder(); SerialPort1.ReceivedBytesThreshold = 1; SerialPort1.NewLine = Environment.NewLine; SerialPort1.Open(); SerialPort1.Write("AT" + SerialPort1.NewLine); Sleep(500); SerialPort1.Write("AT+CMGF=1" + SerialPort1.NewLine); Sleep(500); SerialPort1.Write("AT+CMGS=" + (char)34 + mobNo + (char)34 + SerialPort1.NewLine); Sleep(1000); SerialPort1.Write(details + (char)26); Sleep(2000); SerialPort1.Close(); } catch { } return true; } This method works when i send i single message... But when want to send sms in bulk opening and closing port everytime is not a good idea... So my question is it possible to use a serial port like session in c#?... When i open a port i want it to be open for 1 hour and then if my time expires i want to close the port and open it the next time... Any suggestion...

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  • What does $this generally mean in PHP?

    - by xczzhh
    I am really new to PHP, so I am kind of confused seeing these different operators all day. Here is some code I came across when watching a video tutorail, I'd appreciate it if some could explain a little bit: function index() { $config = Array( 'protocol' => 'smtp', 'smtp_host' => 'ssl://smtp.googlemail.com', 'smtp_port' => 465, 'smtp_user' => '[email protected]', 'smtp_pass' =>'password', ); $this->load->library('email', $config); $this->email->set_newline("\r\n"); $this->email->from('[email protected]', 'Jerry'); $this->email->to('[email protected]'); $this->email->subject('this is an email test'); $this->email->message('this is test message!'); if($this->email->send()) { echo 'Your email was sent'; } else { show_error($this->email->print_debugger()); } } ...

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  • Java me : Can we retrieve bluetooth address of connected device from an open slave connection ?

    - by Rohit
    Here is a typical sequence of events that occur : Host device opens a service ( Host device accepts and opens all incoming connections) A remote device connects to host device. Now, we have a slave connection open at host device. At host device, I want to know the bluetooth address of remote device. I can always pass it as data from remote to host device, but can I extract it from connection object somehow without any data transfer? Thanks in advance...

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  • How can I write simulations in Erlang?

    - by rick
    Hi guys, I want to do some numerical stuff in Erlang like this: You've got an array with the following values: [2,3,4] In each iteration, you calculate 0.1 * [n-1] + 0.7 *[n] + 0.2 * [n+1] This becomes the new [n]. If n == 0 then [n-1] = 0. If [n] == length of array then [n] = 0. So I try an example: [2,3,4] calculations: 0.1 * 0 + 0.7 * 2 + 0.2 * 3 = 2 0.1 * 2 + 0.7 * 3 + 0.2 * 4 = 3.1 0.1 * 3 + 0.7 * 4 + 0.2 * 0 = 3.1 So [2,3,4] becomes to [2, 3.1, 3.1] after one iteration. I know how to write this in a non-functional language like C. But I have difficulties to imagine, how this could be done in Erlang. I found some tutorials on how you read a file to a list. So this is not the problem. How can I spawn different Erlang processes that each process has one element of the list? How can I do calculations by communicating with 'the neighbors', so that the neighbors know where their neigbors are generically, without specifying each? How can I collect the data into a list? Eventually, is it possible to solve that problem in Erlang at all? Thanks for your help.

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  • Is there any interesting jobs available for C++ other than device drivers / firmwares developments?

    - by AKN
    Hi, Initially C was used for designing drivers / firmwares and all that. Right now this has been taken over by C++. Ok. Let me not deviate this question. I would like to know where else C++ is being used and how you see its future? You can also list out pros and cons of C++ compared to other languages. Would like to see a healthy and meaningful discussion on C++ current usage and its future?! Cheers! AKN

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  • Easy way to convert c code to assembly?

    - by Bob
    Is there an easy way (like a free program) that can covert c/c++ code to x86 assembly? I know that any c compiler does something very similar and that I can just compile the c code and then disassemble the complied executable, but that's kind of an overkill, all I want is to convert a few lines of code. Does anyone know of some program that can do that?

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  • Udp server sending only 0 bytes of data

    - by mawia
    Hi all, This is a simple Udp server.I am trying to transmit data to some clients,but unfortunetly it is unable to transmit data.Though send is running quite successfully but it is returning with a return value meaning it has send nothing.On the client they are receiving but again obviously,zero bytes. void* UdpServerStreamToClients(void *fileToServe) { int sockfd,n=0,k; struct sockaddr_in servaddr,cliaddr; socklen_t len; char dataToSend[1000]; sockfd=socket(AF_INET,SOCK_DGRAM,0); bzero(&servaddr,sizeof(servaddr)); servaddr.sin_family = AF_INET; servaddr.sin_addr.s_addr=htonl(INADDR_ANY); servaddr.sin_port=htons(32000); bind(sockfd,(struct sockaddr *)&servaddr,sizeof(servaddr)); FILE *fp; if((fp=fopen((char*)fileToServe,"r"))==NULL) { printf("can not open file "); perror("fopen"); exit(1); } int dataRead=1; while(dataRead) { len = sizeof(cliaddr); if((dataRead=fread(dataToSend,1,500,fp))<0) { perror("fread"); exit(1); } //sleep(2); for(list<clientInfo>::iterator it=clients.begin();it!=clients.end();it++) { cliaddr.sin_family = AF_INET; inet_aton(inet_ntoa(it->addr.sin_addr),&cliaddr.sin_addr); cliaddr.sin_port = htons(it->udp_port); n=sendto(sockfd,dataToSend,sizeof(dataToSend),0,(struct sockaddr *)&cliaddr,len); cout<<"number of bytes send by udp: "<< n << endl; printf("SEND this message %d : %s to %s :%d \n",n,dataToSend,inet_ntoa(cliaddr.sin_addr), ntohs(cliaddr.sin_port)); } } } I am checking the value of sizeof(dataTosend) and it is pretty much as expected ie thousand ie the size of buffer. Are you people seeing some possible flaw in it. All of the help in this regard will be appreciated. Thanks!

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