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• How to install Network Adapter Drivers for Atheros AR8161/8165 PCI-E Gigabit Ethernet Controller (NDIS 6.20) Ubuntu 12.04

  - by Jessica Burnett

  How can I install drivers for 64-bit Atheros AR8161/8165 PCI-E Gigabit Ethernet Controller (NDIS 6.20) for Ubuntu 12.04. I dual boot Windows7/Ubuntu 12.04 drivers work for 64-bit Windows 7. lspic -nn: 00:00.0 Host bridge [0600]: Intel Corporation Ivy Bridge DRAM Controller [8086:0154] (rev 09) 00:01.0 PCI bridge [0604]: Intel Corporation Ivy Bridge PCI Express Root Port [8086:0151] (rev 09) 00:02.0 VGA compatible controller [0300]: Intel Corporation Ivy Bridge Graphics Controller [8086:0166] (rev 09) 00:14.0 USB controller [0c03]: Intel Corporation Panther Point USB xHCI Host Controller [8086:1e31] (rev 04) 00:16.0 Communication controller [0780]: Intel Corporation Panther Point MEI Controller #1 [8086:1e3a] (rev 04) 00:1a.0 USB controller [0c03]: Intel Corporation Panther Point USB Enhanced Host Controller #2 [8086:1e2d] (rev 04) 00:1b.0 Audio device [0403]: Intel Corporation Panther Point High Definition Audio Controller [8086:1e20] (rev 04) 00:1c.0 PCI bridge [0604]: Intel Corporation Panther Point PCI Express Root Port 1 [8086:1e10] (rev c4) 00:1c.1 PCI bridge [0604]: Intel Corporation Panther Point PCI Express Root Port 2 [8086:1e12] (rev c4) 00:1c.3 PCI bridge [0604]: Intel Corporation Panther Point PCI Express Root Port 4 [8086:1e16] (rev c4) 00:1d.0 USB controller [0c03]: Intel Corporation Panther Point USB Enhanced Host Controller #1 [8086:1e26] (rev 04) 00:1f.0 ISA bridge [0601]: Intel Corporation Panther Point LPC Controller [8086:1e59] (rev 04) 00:1f.2 SATA controller [0106]: Intel Corporation Panther Point 6 port SATA Controller [AHCI mode] [8086:1e03] (rev 04) 00:1f.3 SMBus [0c05]: Intel Corporation Panther Point SMBus Controller [8086:1e22] (rev 04) 01:00.0 VGA compatible controller [0300]: NVIDIA Corporation Device [10de:0de9] (rev a1) 02:00.0 Ethernet controller [0200]: Atheros Communications Inc. AR8161 Gigabit Ethernet [1969:1091] (rev 08) 03:00.0 Network controller [0280]: Intel Corporation Centrino Wireless-N 2200 [8086:0891] (rev c4) 04:00.0 System peripheral [0880]: JMicron Technology Corp. SD/MMC Host Controller [197b:2392] (rev 30) 04:00.2 SD Host controller [0805]: JMicron Technology Corp. Standard SD Host Controller [197b:2391] (rev 30) 04:00.3 System peripheral [0880]: JMicron Technology Corp. MS Host Controller [197b:2393] (rev 30) 04:00.4 System peripheral [0880]: JMicron Technology Corp. xD Host Controller [197b:2394] (rev 30) sudo lshw -c network *-network UNCLAIMED description: Ethernet controller product: AR8161 Gigabit Ethernet vendor: Atheros Communications Inc. physical id: 0 bus info: pci@0000:02:00.0 version: 08 width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm pciexpress msi msix bus_master cap_list configuration: latency=0 resources: memory:d3a00000-d3a3ffff ioport:2000(size=128) *-network description: Wireless interface product: Centrino Wireless-N 2200 vendor: Intel Corporation physical id: 0 bus info: pci@0000:03:00.0 logical name: wlan0 version: c4 serial: 9c:4e:36:14:d4:7c width: 64 bits clock: 33MHz capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list ethernet physical wireless configuration: broadcast=yes driver=iwlwifi driverversion=3.2.0-23-generic firmware=18.168.6.1 latency=0 link=no multicast=yes wireless=IEEE 802.11bgn resources: irq:45 memory:d3900000-d3901fff I also tried Manually configuring wired connection. Nether wired or wireless connects

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• Why am I getting a "network is unreachable" error on Ubuntu Server?

  - by jason328

  I'm a completely new to Ubuntu server and am having a hard time connecting the server to the internet. I first ran ping -n 8.8.8.8 connect:Network is unreachable Then I ran ifconfig Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask 255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/28Scope:host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 RX packets:192 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:192 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:15360 (15.2KB) TX bytes:15360 (15.3KB) Here is ouput for sudo lspci -n 00:00.0 0600: 8086:2580 (rev 04) 00:02.0 0300: 8086:2582 (rev 04) 00:1d.0 0c03: 8086:2658 (rev 03) 00:1d.1 0c03: 8086:2659 (rev 03) 00:1d.0 0c03: 8086:265a (rev 03) 00:1d.0 0c03: 8086:265b (rev 03) 00:1d.0 0c03: 8086:265c (rev 03) 00:1e.0 0604: 8086:244e (rev d3) 00:1e.0 0401: 8086:266e (rev 03) 00:1f.0 0601: 8086:2640 (rev 03) 00:1f.0 0101: 8086:2651 (rev 03) 00:1f.0 0c05: 8086:266a (rev 03) 00:0b.0 0200: 8086:1654 (rev 03) lshw-c network returns WARNING: you should run this program as super-user. *-network DISABLED description:Ethernet interface product: NetXtreme BCM5705_2 Gigabit Ethernet vender: Broadcom Corporation physical id:b bus info:pci@0000:0a:0b.0 logical name: eth0 capabilities: bus_master_cap_list ethernet physical tp 10bt 10bt-fd 100bt 100bt-fd 1000bt 1000bt-fd autonegotiation configuration: autonegotiation=on broadcast=yes driver=tg3 driverversion= 3.121 firmware=5705-v3.18 latency=32 mingnt=64 multicast=yes port=twister pair lsmod code returned this Module Size Used By e100 37213 0 dm_crypt 23125 1 ppdev 17113 0 psmouse 87603 0 snd_intel8x0 38570 0 snd_ac97_codec 134826 1 snd_intel8x0 ac97_bus 12730 1 snd_ac97_codec snd_pcm 97188 2 snd_intel8x0, snd_ac97_codec serio_raw 13211 0 snd_timer 29990 1 snd_pcm snd 78855 4 snd_intel8x0, snd_ac97_codec, snd_pcm,snd_timer soundcore 15091 1 snd snd_page_alloc 18529 2 snd_intel8x0, snd_pcm ext2 73795 1 parport_pc 32866 1 mac_hid 13253 0 lp 17799 0 parport 46562 3 ppdev, parport_pc,lp usbhid 47199 0 hid 99559 1 usbhid tg3 152032 0 i915 468651 1 floppy 70365 0 drm_kms_helper 46978 1 i915 drm 242038 2 i915,drm_kms_helper i2c_algo_bit 13423 1 i915 video 19596 1 i915 Again there is more but it's giving info on the driver itself. I know it works, I've used it. I assume then that my network got disabled when I installed Ubuntu Server. How do I enable it? I checked and the internet cable is connected to the D-link router. I have also used this same computer for internet access when I had Ubuntu Desktop installed so internet does work.

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• How can I connect to wireless network using a wireless dongle in Ubuntu 11.10?

  - by Ajita Kumar Nayak

  i have dual operating system xp and ubuntu 11.10 and trying to connet internet by using HSDPA 3GPP Release5 Micromax Dongle but it is working in windows xp not in ubuntu.I am unable to connect internet even i have done my edit connection and all the setting using aircel network but unable to connect internet.plz give me a sugession how could i do manually. How can I connect to wireless network using a wireless dongle in Ubuntu 11.10?

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• sendto: Network unreachable

  - by devin

  Hello. I have two machines I'm testing my code on, one works fine, the other I'm having some problems and I don't know why it is. I'm using an object (C++) for the networking part of my project. On the server side, I do this: (error checking removed for clarity) res = getaddrinfo(NULL, port, &hints, &server)) < 0 for(p=server; p!=NULL; p=p->ai_next){ fd = socket(p->ai_family, p->ai_socktype, p->ai_protocol); if(fd<0){ continue; } if(bind(fd, p->ai_addr, p->ai_addrlen)<0){ close(fd); continue; } break; } This all works. I then make an object with this constructor net::net(int fd, struct sockaddr *other, socklen_t *other_len){ int counter; this->fd = fd; if(other != NULL){ this->other.sa_family = other->sa_family; for(counter=0;counter<13;counter++) this->other.sa_data[counter]=other->sa_data[counter]; } else cerr << "Networking error" << endl; this->other_len = *other_len; } void net::gsend(string s){ if(sendto(this->fd, s.c_str(), s.size()+1, 0, &(this->other), this->other_len)<0){ cerr << "Error Sending, " << s << endl; cerr << strerror(errno) << endl; } return; } string net::grecv(){ stringstream ss; string s; char buf[BUFSIZE]; buf[BUFSIZE-1] = '\0'; if(recvfrom(this->fd, buf, BUFSIZE-1, 0, &(this->other), &(this->other_len))<0){ cerr << "Error Recieving\n"; cerr << strerror(errno) << endl; } // convert to c++ string and if there are multiple trailing ';' remove them ss << buf; s=ss.str(); while(s.find(";;", s.size()-2) != string::npos) s.erase(s.size()-1,1); return s; } So my problem is, is that on one machine, everything works fine. On another, everything works fine until I call my server's gsend() function. In which I get a "Error: Network Unreachable." I call gercv() first before calling gsend() too. Can anyone help me? I would really appreciate it.

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• How to find entry level positions in a new city.

  - by sixtyfootersdude

  I am just graduating from a computer science degree (tomorrow is my last exam). I have been thinking about job hunting this semester but I wanted to focus on my studies and part time job so I am a bit late on the job hunt. I want to find a job in a city that I have very little professional network in (Ottawa, Ontario, Canada). How would you go about job hunting in a new city? I do not live there yet and I cannot easy go there so that makes finding places to apply a bit trickier. Normally I would ask people that I studied and worked with but I have few contacts in Ottawa. Where would you look to find jobs? I have been using Craigs-list My Universities job listings (but they are mostly focused on the east coast) This government job listing page: http://www.careerbeacon.com/ Anyone have any great job finding resources?

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• Curl_errno=55, "Failed sending network data."

  - by 4dplane

  Hi all: I have a php script that updates a database via an api. This script works on one server but not on another. Both servers have curl enabled and they have php 5.2.6 or above. The error happens in the do_put() method. The rest of the script seems to be fine. I have found that: curl_errno= 55 = "Failed sending network data". curl_error= select/poll returned error <?php //phpinfo(); require_once "class.DelveAuthUtil.php"; $access_key = ""; $secret = "W"; $org_id = ""; $media_id = ""; $new_tag_name = "uvideo"; $assign_tag_to_media_url = "http://api..com/rest/organizations/$org_id/media/$media_id/properties/tags/$new_tag_name"; $signed_create_new_tag_url = DAU::authenticate_request("PUT", $assign_tag_to_media_url, $access_key, $secret); # perform the creation of the new custom property $put_response = do_put($signed_create_new_tag_url); # Execute the POST function do_post($url, $params=array()) { # Combine parameters $param_string = ""; foreach ($params as $key => $value) { $value = urlencode($value); $param_string = $param_string . "&$key=$value"; } // Get the curl session object $session = curl_init($url); // Set the POST options. curl_setopt ($session, CURLOPT_POST, true); curl_setopt ($session, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, $param_string); curl_setopt($session, CURLOPT_HEADER, false); curl_setopt($session, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true); // Do the POST and then close the session $response = curl_exec($session); curl_close($session); return $response; } # Execute the PUT function do_put($url) { // Get the curl session object $session = curl_init($url); print(" <br> session= " . $session . "<br>"); // Set the PUT options. print ("opt0= " . curl_setopt($session, CURLOPT_VERBOSE, TRUE) . "<br>"); print ("opt1= " . curl_setopt ($session, CURLOPT_PUT, true) . "<br>"); print ("opt2= " . curl_setopt ($session, CURLOPT_HEADER, false) . "<br>"); print ("opt3= " . curl_setopt ($session, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true) . "<br>"); // Do the PUT and then close the session $response = curl_exec($session); if (curl_errno($session)) { print ( "curl_errno= " . curl_errno($session). "<br>"); print( "curl_error= " . curl_error($session) . "<br>"); } else { curl_close($session); } } I have small lead in the Apache log - there is an SSL issue that I do not know how to resolve. [Thu Mar 25 15:57:58 2010] [warn] Init: You should not use name-based virtual hosts in conjunction with SSL!! [Thu Mar 25 15:57:58 2010] [notice] Apache/2.2.3 (CentOS) configured -- resuming normal operations [Thu Mar 25 15:58:59 2010] [notice] caught SIGTERM, shutting down [Thu Mar 25 15:58:59 2010] [notice] suEXEC mechanism enabled (wrapper: /usr/sbin/suexec) [Thu Mar 25 15:58:59 2010] [warn] RSA server certificate is a CA certificate (BasicConstraints: CA == TRUE !?) [Thu Mar 25 15:58:59 2010] [warn] RSA server certificate CommonName (CN) `yourvps.a2hosting.com' does NOT match server name!? [Thu Mar 25 15:58:59 2010] [warn] RSA server certificate is a CA certificate (BasicConstraints: CA == TRUE !?) [Thu Mar 25 15:58:59 2010] [warn] RSA server certificate CommonName (CN) `yourvps.a2hosting.com' does NOT match server name!? [Thu Mar 25 15:58:59 2010] [warn] Init: SSL server IP/port conflict: my1.com:443 (/home/httpd/my.com/conf/kloxo.my1.com:69) vs. elggtest.my1.com:443 (/home/httpd/elggtest.my1.com/conf/kloxo.elggtest.my1.com:71) [Thu Mar 25 15:58:59 2010] [warn] Init: You should not use name-based virtual hosts in conjunction with SSL!! [Thu Mar 25 15:58:59 2010] [notice] Digest: generating secret for digest authentication ... [Thu Mar 25 15:58:59 2010] [notice] Digest: done [Thu Mar 25 15:59:00 2010] [warn] RSA server certificate is a CA certificate (BasicConstraints: CA == TRUE !?) [Thu Mar 25 15:59:00 2010] [warn] RSA server certificate CommonName (CN) `yourvps.a2hosting.com' does NOT match server name!? [Thu Mar 25 15:59:00 2010] [warn] RSA server certificate is a CA certificate (BasicConstraints: CA == TRUE !?) [Thu Mar 25 15:59:00 2010] [warn] RSA server certificate CommonName (CN) `yourvps.a2hosting.com' does NOT match server name!? [Thu Mar 25 15:59:00 2010] [warn] Init: SSL server IP/port conflict: my1.com:443 (/home/httpd/my1.com/conf/kloxo.my1.com:69) vs. elggtest.my1.com:443 (/home/httpd/elggtest.my1.com/conf/kloxo.elggtest.my1.com:71) [Thu Mar 25 15:59:00 2010] [warn] Init: You should not use name-based virtual hosts in conjunction with SSL!! [Thu Mar 25 15:59:00 2010] [notice] Apache/2.2.3 (CentOS) configured -- resuming normal operations[/PHP] Any help would be great! Thanks, 4dplane

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• vsftp login errors 530 login incorrect

  - by mcktimo

  Using Ubuntu 10.04 on an aws ec2 instance. I was happy just using ssh but then a wordpress plugin needs ftp access...I just need ftp access for one site www.sitebuilt.net which is in /home/sitebuil. I installed a vftpd and pam and followed suggestions that got me to the following state /etc/vftpd.conf listen=YES anonymous_enable=NO local_enable=YES write_enable=YES dirmessage_enable=YES use_localtime=YES xferlog_enable=YES connect_from_port_20=YES xferlog_file=/var/log/vsftpd.log secure_chroot_dir=/var/run/vsftpd/empty pam_service_name=vsftpd rsa_cert_file=/etc/ssl/private/vsftpd.pem guest_enable=YES user_sub_token=$USER local_root=/home/$USER chroot_local_user=YES hide_ids=YES check_shell=NO userlist_file=/etc/vsftpd_users /etc/pam.d/vsftpd # Standard behaviour for ftpd(8). auth required pam_listfile.so item=user sense=deny file=/etc/ftpusers onerr=succeed # Note: vsftpd handles anonymous logins on its own. Do not enable pam_ftp.so. # Standard pam includes @include common-account @include common-session @include common-auth auth required pam_shells.so # Customized login using htpasswd file auth required pam_pwdfile.so pwdfile /etc/vsftpd/passwd account required pam_permit.so session optional pam_keyinit.so force revoke auth include system-auth account include system-auth session include system-auth session required pam_loginuid.so /etc/vsftpd_users sitebuil tim /etc/passwd ... sitebuil:x:1002:100:sitebuilt systems:/home/sitebuil:/bin/sh ftp:x:108:113:ftp daemon,,,:/srv/ftp:/sbin/nologin /etc/vsftpd/passwd sitebuil:Kzencryptedpwd /var/log/vftpd.log Wed Feb 29 15:15:48 2012 [pid 20084] CONNECT: Client "98.217.196.12" Wed Feb 29 15:16:02 2012 [pid 20083] [sitebuil] FAIL LOGIN: Client "98.217.196.12" Wed Feb 29 16:12:33 2012 [pid 20652] CONNECT: Client "98.217.196.12" Wed Feb 29 16:12:45 2012 [pid 20651] [sitebuil] FAIL LOGIN: Client "98.217.196.12"

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• Linux authentication via ADS -- allowing only specific groups in PAM

  - by Kenaniah

  I'm taking the samba / winbind / PAM route to authenticate users on our linux servers from our Active Directory domain. Everything works, but I want to limit what AD groups are allowed to authenticate. Winbind / PAM currently allows any enabled user account in the active directory, and pam_winbind.so doesn't seem to heed the require_membership_of=MYDOMAIN\\mygroup parameter. Doesn't matter if I set it in the /etc/pam.d/system-auth or /etc/security/pam_winbind.conf files. How can I force winbind to honor the require_membership_of setting? Using CentOS 5.5 with up-to-date packages. Update: turns out that PAM always allows root to pass through auth, by virtue of the fact that it's root. So as long as the account exists, root will pass auth. Any other account is subjected to the auth constraints. Update 2: require_membership_of seems to be working, except for when the requesting user has the root uid. In that case, the login succeeds regardless of the require_membership_of setting. This is not an issue for any other account. How can I configure PAM to force the require_membership_of check even when the current user is root? Current PAM config is below: auth sufficient pam_winbind.so auth sufficient pam_unix.so nullok try_first_pass auth requisite pam_succeed_if.so uid >= 500 quiet auth required pam_deny.so account sufficient pam_winbind.so account sufficient pam_localuser.so account required pam_unix.so broken_shadow password ..... (excluded for brevity) session required pam_winbind.so session required pam_mkhomedir.so skel=/etc/skel umask=0077 session required pam_limits.so session required pam_unix.so require_memebership_of is currently set in the /etc/security/pam_winbind.conf file, and is working (except for the root case outlined above).

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• Python: Improving long cumulative sum

  - by Bo102010

  I have a program that operates on a large set of experimental data. The data is stored as a list of objects that are instances of a class with the following attributes: time_point - the time of the sample cluster - the name of the cluster of nodes from which the sample was taken code - the name of the node from which the sample was taken qty1 = the value of the sample for the first quantity qty2 = the value of the sample for the second quantity I need to derive some values from the data set, grouped in three ways - once for the sample as a whole, once for each cluster of nodes, and once for each node. The values I need to derive depend on the (time sorted) cumulative sums of qty1 and qty2: the maximum value of the element-wise sum of the cumulative sums of qty1 and qty2, the time point at which that maximum value occurred, and the values of qty1 and qty2 at that time point. I came up with the following solution: dataset.sort(key=operator.attrgetter('time_point')) # For the whole set sys_qty1 = 0 sys_qty2 = 0 sys_combo = 0 sys_max = 0 # For the cluster grouping cluster_qty1 = defaultdict(int) cluster_qty2 = defaultdict(int) cluster_combo = defaultdict(int) cluster_max = defaultdict(int) cluster_peak = defaultdict(int) # For the node grouping node_qty1 = defaultdict(int) node_qty2 = defaultdict(int) node_combo = defaultdict(int) node_max = defaultdict(int) node_peak = defaultdict(int) for t in dataset: # For the whole system ###################################################### sys_qty1 += t.qty1 sys_qty2 += t.qty2 sys_combo = sys_qty1 + sys_qty2 if sys_combo > sys_max: sys_max = sys_combo # The Peak class is to record the time point and the cumulative quantities system_peak = Peak(time_point=t.time_point, qty1=sys_qty1, qty2=sys_qty2) # For the cluster grouping ################################################## cluster_qty1[t.cluster] += t.qty1 cluster_qty2[t.cluster] += t.qty2 cluster_combo[t.cluster] = cluster_qty1[t.cluster] + cluster_qty2[t.cluster] if cluster_combo[t.cluster] > cluster_max[t.cluster]: cluster_max[t.cluster] = cluster_combo[t.cluster] cluster_peak[t.cluster] = Peak(time_point=t.time_point, qty1=cluster_qty1[t.cluster], qty2=cluster_qty2[t.cluster]) # For the node grouping ##################################################### node_qty1[t.node] += t.qty1 node_qty2[t.node] += t.qty2 node_combo[t.node] = node_qty1[t.node] + node_qty2[t.node] if node_combo[t.node] > node_max[t.node]: node_max[t.node] = node_combo[t.node] node_peak[t.node] = Peak(time_point=t.time_point, qty1=node_qty1[t.node], qty2=node_qty2[t.node]) This produces the correct output, but I'm wondering if it can be made more readable/Pythonic, and/or faster/more scalable. The above is attractive in that it only loops through the (large) dataset once, but unattractive in that I've essentially copied/pasted three copies of the same algorithm. To avoid the copy/paste issues of the above, I tried this also: def find_peaks(level, dataset): def grouping(object, attr_name): if attr_name == 'system': return attr_name else: return object.__dict__[attrname] cuml_qty1 = defaultdict(int) cuml_qty2 = defaultdict(int) cuml_combo = defaultdict(int) level_max = defaultdict(int) level_peak = defaultdict(int) for t in dataset: cuml_qty1[grouping(t, level)] += t.qty1 cuml_qty2[grouping(t, level)] += t.qty2 cuml_combo[grouping(t, level)] = (cuml_qty1[grouping(t, level)] + cuml_qty2[grouping(t, level)]) if cuml_combo[grouping(t, level)] > level_max[grouping(t, level)]: level_max[grouping(t, level)] = cuml_combo[grouping(t, level)] level_peak[grouping(t, level)] = Peak(time_point=t.time_point, qty1=node_qty1[grouping(t, level)], qty2=node_qty2[grouping(t, level)]) return level_peak system_peak = find_peaks('system', dataset) cluster_peak = find_peaks('cluster', dataset) node_peak = find_peaks('node', dataset) For the (non-grouped) system-level calculations, I also came up with this, which is pretty: dataset.sort(key=operator.attrgetter('time_point')) def cuml_sum(seq): rseq = [] t = 0 for i in seq: t += i rseq.append(t) return rseq time_get = operator.attrgetter('time_point') q1_get = operator.attrgetter('qty1') q2_get = operator.attrgetter('qty2') timeline = [time_get(t) for t in dataset] cuml_qty1 = cuml_sum([q1_get(t) for t in dataset]) cuml_qty2 = cuml_sum([q2_get(t) for t in dataset]) cuml_combo = [q1 + q2 for q1, q2 in zip(cuml_qty1, cuml_qty2)] combo_max = max(cuml_combo) time_max = timeline.index(combo_max) q1_at_max = cuml_qty1.index(time_max) q2_at_max = cuml_qty2.index(time_max) However, despite this version's cool use of list comprehensions and zip(), it loops through the dataset three times just for the system-level calculations, and I can't think of a good way to do the cluster-level and node-level calaculations without doing something slow like: timeline = defaultdict(int) cuml_qty1 = defaultdict(int) #...etc. for c in cluster_list: timeline[c] = [time_get(t) for t in dataset if t.cluster == c] cuml_qty1[c] = [q1_get(t) for t in dataset if t.cluster == c] #...etc. Does anyone here at Stack Overflow have suggestions for improvements? The first snippet above runs well for my initial dataset (on the order of a million records), but later datasets will have more records and clusters/nodes, so scalability is a concern. This is my first non-trivial use of Python, and I want to make sure I'm taking proper advantage of the language (this is replacing a very convoluted set of SQL queries, and earlier versions of the Python version were essentially very ineffecient straight transalations of what that did). I don't normally do much programming, so I may be missing something elementary. Many thanks!

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• SQL SERVER – ERROR – FIX – Msg 3702, Level 16, State 3, Line 1 Cannot drop database “MyDBName” because it is currently in use

  - by pinaldave

  I often go to do various seminars and presentations at various organizations. During presentations I often create and drop various databases for demonstrations purpose. Recently in one of the presentations, I tried to remove my recently created database, I got following error. Msg 3702, Level 16, State 3, Line 1 Cannot drop database “MyDBName” because it is currently in use. The reason was very simple as my database was in use by another session or window. I had option that I should go and find open session and close it right away; later followed by dropping the database. As I was in rush I quickly wrote down following code and I was able to successfully drop the database. USE MASTER GO ALTER DATABASE MyDBName SET SINGLE_USER WITH ROLLBACK IMMEDIATE; DROP DATABASE MyDBName GO Please note that I am doing all this on my demonstrations, do not run above code on production without proper approvals and supervisions. Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.SQLAuthority.com) Filed under: SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Error Messages, SQL Query, SQL Server, SQL Tips and Tricks, T SQL, Technology

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• Entity system in Lua, communication with C++ and level editor. Need advice.

  - by Notbad

  Hi!, I know this is a really difficult subject. I have been reading a lot this days about Entity systems, etc... And now I'm ready to ask some questions (if you don't mind answering them) because I'm really messed. First of all, I have a 2D basic editor written in Qt, and I'm in the process of adding entitiy edition. I want the editor to be able to receive RTTI information from entities to change properties, create some logic being able to link published events to published actions (Ex:A level activate event throws a door open action), etc... Because all of this I guess my entity system should be written in scripting, in my case Lua. In the other hand I want to use a component based design for my entities, and here starts my questions: 1) Should I define my componentes en C++? If I do this en C++ won't I loose all the RTTI information I want for my editor?. In the other hand, I use box2d for physics, if I define all my components in script won't it be a lot of work to expose third party libs to lua? 2) Where should I place the messa system for my game engine? Lua? C++?. I'm tempted to just have C++ object to behave as servers, offering services to lua business logic. Things like physics system, rendering system, input system, World class, etc... And for all the other things, lua. Creation/Composition of entities based on components, game logic, etc... Could anyone give any insight on how to accomplish this? And what aproach is better?. Thanks in advance, HexDump.

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• What are some good courses to take my programming to the next level?

  - by absentx

  I am in search of either some in person, or online training that could take my coding to the next level. I am looking to attack two specific areas: Javascript: While I have been getting by with javascript for three or four years, I still feel like it takes a back seat to my other programming. I use Jquery a lot but would prefer to be proficient in pure JS also. PHP: I feel pretty proficient at PHP but I know there is only room to improve. Here I am interested in something that can teach me the more advanced aspects of the language, improve my code writing and perhaps cover object oriented php in depth also. I have looked into Netcom's training courses before but I can't tell if there advanced webmaster professional would be a good fit or not. Seems kind of like a force fed course but I am interested in it because I am looking for something in the one to two week range that is targeted at what I am looking for. I have zero experience with any type of online courses in terms of programming. It appears lots are available, but I am not sure on the quality.

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• What level of detail to use in an interface members descriptions?

  - by famousgarkin

  I am extracting interfaces from some classes in .NET, and I am not completely sure about what level of detail of description to use for some of the interface members (properties, methods). An example: interface ISomeInterface { /// <summary> /// Checks if the object is checked out. /// </summary> /// <returns> /// Returns true if the object is checked out, or if the object locking is not enabled, /// otherwise returns false. /// </returns> bool IsObjectCheckedOut(); } class SomeImplementation : ISomeInterface { public bool IsObjectCheckedOut() { // An implementation of the method that returns true if the object is checked out, // or if the object locking is not enabled } } The part in question is the <returns>...</returns> section of the IsObjectCheckedOut description in the interface. Is it ok to include such a detail about return value in the interface itself, as the code that will work with the interface should know exactly what that method will do? All the current implementations of the method will do just that. But is it ok to limit the possible other/future implementations by description this way? Or should this not be included in the interface description, as there is no way to actually ensure that other/future implementations will do exactly this? Is it better to be as general as possible regarding the interface in such circumstances? I am currently inclined to the latter option.

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• High-level description of how experimental C++ features are developed?

  - by Praxeolitic

  Herb Sutter in a video answers a question about the concepts proposal considered for C++11 and from his remarks it sounds like multiple groups offered prototype implementations but all of them left concerns about slow compile times. The comment surprised me because it suggests that, at least in some cases, the prototypes being developed are not just proofs of concept -- they're even expected to perform. All the work that must take has me curious. For mature languages, especially C++, how are experimental language features developed? Is it much different from developing a compiler that implements a standard? Does a developer have a sense of if it will work and perform or even if it ever could? What are the most time consuming parts and are any parts surprisingly easier than one might expect? The question is not what does the C++ standards committee do, but rather the part that comes before. When an experimental implementation for a proposal is being put together and there aren't any completely solidified rules, how is the sausage made? I'm not a professional compiler developer nor do I expect answers with step by step accounts. I'd like a high-level idea of how this would be done or if there are any general patterns at all. I don't know what to expect from the answers but even if there are no rules to the process and the small number of people who do this just cowboy it and then, for stuff that worked out, write up the "official version" as a proposal, that answer would still be informative.

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• Why does my ping command (Windows) results alternate between "timeout" and "network is not reachable"?

  - by Sopalajo de Arrierez

  My Windows is in Spanish, so I will have to paste console outputs in that language (I think that translating without knowing the exact terms used in english versions could give worse results than leaving it as it appears on screen). This is the issue: when pinging a non-existent IP from a WinXP-SP3 machine (clean Windows install, just formatted), I get sometimes a "Timeout" result, and sometimes a "network is not reachable" message. This is the result of: ping 192.168.210.1 Haciendo ping a 192.168.210.1 con 32 bytes de datos: Tiempo de espera agotado para esta solicitud. Respuesta desde 80.58.67.86: Red de destino inaccesible. Respuesta desde 80.58.67.86: Red de destino inaccesible. Tiempo de espera agotado para esta solicitud. Estadísticas de ping para 192.168.210.1: Paquetes: enviados = 4, recibidos = 2, perdidos = 2 (50% perdidos), Tiempos aproximados de ida y vuelta en milisegundos: Mínimo = 0ms, Máximo = 0ms, Media = 0ms 192.168.210.1 does not exist on the network. DHCP client is enabled, and the computer gets assigned those network config by the router. My IP: 192.168.11.2 Netmask: 255.255.255.0 Gateway: 192.168.11.1 DNS: 80.58.0.33/194.224.52.36 This is the output from "route print command": =========================================================================== Rutas activas: Destino de red Máscara de red Puerta de acceso Interfaz Métrica 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.11.1 192.168.11.2 20 127.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 1 192.168.11.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.11.2 192.168.11.2 20 192.168.11.2 255.255.255.255 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 20 192.168.11.255 255.255.255.255 192.168.11.2 192.168.11.2 20 224.0.0.0 240.0.0.0 192.168.11.2 192.168.11.2 20 255.255.255.255 255.255.255.255 192.168.11.2 192.168.11.2 1 255.255.255.255 255.255.255.255 192.168.11.2 3 1 Puerta de enlace predeterminada: 192.168.11.1 =========================================================================== Rutas persistentes: ninguno The output of: ping 1.1.1.1 Haciendo ping a 1.1.1.1 con 32 bytes de datos: Tiempo de espera agotado para esta solicitud. Tiempo de espera agotado para esta solicitud. Tiempo de espera agotado para esta solicitud. Tiempo de espera agotado para esta solicitud. Estadísticas de ping para 1.1.1.1: Paquetes: enviados = 4, recibidos = 0, perdidos = 4 1.1.1.1 does not exist on the network. and the output of: ping 10.1.1.1 Haciendo ping a 10.1.1.1 con 32 bytes de datos: Respuesta desde 80.58.67.86: Red de destino inaccesible. Tiempo de espera agotado para esta solicitud. Tiempo de espera agotado para esta solicitud. Respuesta desde 80.58.67.86: Red de destino inaccesible. Estadísticas de ping para 10.1.1.1: Paquetes: enviados = 4, recibidos = 2, perdidos = 2 (50% perdidos), 10.1.1.1 does not exist on the network. I can do some aproximate translation of what you demand if necessary. I have another computers in the same network (WinXP-SP3 and Win7-SP1), and they have, too, this problem. Gateway (Router): Buffalo WHR-HP-GN (official Buffalo firmware, not DD-WRT). I have some Linux (Debian/Kali) machine in my network, so I tested things on it: ping 192.168.210.1 PING 192.168.210.1 (192.168.210.1) 56(84) bytes of data. From 80.58.67.86 icmp_seq=1 Packet filtered From 80.58.67.86 icmp_seq=2 Packet filtered From 80.58.67.86 icmp_seq=3 Packet filtered From 80.58.67.86 icmp_seq=4 Packet filtered to the non-existing 1.1.1.1 : ping 1.1.1.1 PING 1.1.1.1 (1.1.1.1) 56(84) bytes of data. ^C --- 1.1.1.1 ping statistics --- 153 packets transmitted, 0 received, 100% packet loss, time 153215ms (no response after waiting a few minutes). and the non-existing 10.1.1.1: ping 10.1.1.1 PING 10.1.1.1 (10.1.1.1) 56(84) bytes of data. From 80.58.67.86 icmp_seq=20 Packet filtered From 80.58.67.86 icmp_seq=22 Packet filtered From 80.58.67.86 icmp_seq=23 Packet filtered From 80.58.67.86 icmp_seq=24 Packet filtered From 80.58.67.86 icmp_seq=25 Packet filtered What is going on here? I am posing this question mainly for learning purposes, but there is another reason: when all pings are returning "timeout", it creates an %ERRORLEVEL% value of 1, but if there is someone of "Network is not reachable" type, %ERRORLEVEL% goes to 0 (no error), and this could be inappropriate for a shell script (we can not use ping to detect, for example, if the network is down due to loss of contact with the gateway).

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• How to create a column containing a string of stars to inidcate levels of a factor in a data frame i

  - by PaulHurleyuk

  (second question today - must be a bad day) I have a dataframe with various columns, inculding a concentration column (numeric), a flag highlighting invalid results (boolean) and a description of the problem (character) dput(df) structure(list(x = c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10), rawconc = c(77.4, 52.6, 86.5, 44.5, 167, 16.2, 59.3, 123, 1.95, 181), reason = structure(c(NA, NA, 2L, NA, NA, NA, 2L, 1L, NA, NA), .Label = c("Fails Acceptance Criteria", "Poor Injection"), class = "factor"), flag = c("False", "False", "True", "False", "False", "False", "True", "True", "False", "False" )), .Names = c("x", "rawconc", "reason", "flag"), row.names = c(NA, -10L), class = "data.frame") I can create a column with the numeric level of the reason column df$level<-as.numeric(df$reason) df x rawconc reason flag level 1 1 77.40 <NA> False NA 2 2 52.60 <NA> False NA 3 3 86.50 Poor Injection True 2 4 4 44.50 <NA> False NA 5 5 167.00 <NA> False NA 6 6 16.20 <NA> False NA 7 7 59.30 Poor Injection True 2 8 8 123.00 Fails Acceptance Criteria True 1 9 9 1.95 <NA> False NA 10 10 181.00 <NA> False NA and here's what I want to do to create a column with 'level' many stars, but it fails df$stars<-paste(rep("*",df$level)sep="",collapse="") Error: unexpected symbol in "df$stars<-paste(rep("*",df$level)sep" df$stars<-paste(rep("*",df$level),sep="",collapse="") Error in rep("*", df$level) : invalid 'times' argument rep("*",df$level) Error in rep("*", df$level) : invalid 'times' argument df$stars<-paste(rep("*",pmax(df$level,0,na.rm=TRUE)),sep="",collapse="") Error in rep("*", pmax(df$level, 0, na.rm = TRUE)) : invalid 'times' argument It seems that rep needs to be fed one value at a time. I feel that this should be possible (and my gut says 'use lapply' but my apply fu is v. poor) ANy one want to try ?

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• Route URL laravel 4

  - by nabil l.

  How can I do this in Laravel 4 URL::route('auth.reset', array('kh34KHh4K342')) Instead of http://domain.tld/auth/reset?kh34KHh4K342 I want to get this : http://domain.tld/auth/reset/kh34KHh4K342 EDIT This my routes.php : The problem is because I have two routes with the same name? How do you explain that ? Should i set a different name event is the same kind, and different methods // Set locale $locale = Request::segment(1); if(in_array($locale, Config::get('app.languages'))) { \App::setLocale($locale); } else { $locale = null; } Route::group( array( 'prefix' => $locale ), function () { Route::get('/'), array( 'uses' => 'HomeController@getIndex', 'as' => '/' )); // Auth Route::group( array( 'prefix' => 'auth' ), function () { // Login Route::get( 'login', array( 'before' => 'guest', 'uses' => 'UserController@getLogin', 'as' => 'auth.login' ) ); Route::post( 'login', array( 'before' => 'guest|csrf', 'uses' => 'UserController@postLogin', 'as' => 'auth.login' ) ); Route::get( 'reset/{$token}', array( 'uses' => 'UserController@getReset', 'as' => 'auth.reset' ) ); Route::post( 'reset', array( 'uses' => 'UserController@postReset', 'as' => 'auth.reset' ) ); } );

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• PostgreSQL pg_hba.conf with "password" auth wouldn't work with PHP pg_connect?

  - by tftd

  I've recently experimented with the settings in pg_hba.conf. I read the PostgreSQL documentation and I though that the "password" auth method is what I want. There are many people that have access to the server PostgreSQL is working on so I don't want the "trust" method. So I changed it. But then PHP stopped working with the database. The message I get is "Warning: pg_connect(): Unable to connect to PostgreSQL server: FATAL: password authentication failed for user "myuser" in /my/path/to/connection/class.php on line 35". It is kind of strange because I can connect via phppgadmin without any problems and also I can connect from my home computer with psql - again without any problems. This is my pg_hba.conf: # TYPE DATABASE USER CIDR-ADDRESS METHOD # "local" is for Unix domain socket connections only local all all password # IPv4 local connections: host all all 127.0.0.1/32 password # IPv6 local connections: host all all ::1/128 password The connection string I'm using with pg_conenct is: $connect_string = "host=localhost port=5432 dbname=mydbname user=auser password=apassword"; $dbConnection = pg_connect($connection_string); Does anybody know why is this happening ? Did I misconfigured something ?

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• Begin the Clone Wars Have!

  - by Antony Reynolds

  Creating a New Virtual Machine from an Existing Virtual Disk In previous posts I described how I set up an OEL6 machine under VirtualBox that can run an 11gR2 database and FMW 11.1.1.5.  That is great if you want the DB and FMW running in the same virtual image and it has served me well for some proof of concepts and also for some testing of different JVMs.  However I also wanted to run some testing of FMW with the database running on a separate physical machine.  So in this post I will show how to take a VirtualBox image and create a new image based on the disks from that original image. What are my Options? There is more than one way to skin a cat, or in this case to create two separate VMs that can run on different hardware.  Some of the options include: Create new virtual disk images for each new VM. Clone the existing disk images and point the new VM at the cloned images. Point the new VM at the existing snapshots. #1 is too much like hard work, install OEL twice, install a database again, install FMW again, run RCU again!  Life is too short! #2 is probably the safest way of doing things.  VirtualBox allows you to clone a disk image for use in a separate machine.  However this of course duplicates the disk and means that it is now occupying 3 times the space, once for the original disk and twice more for the two clones I would need. #3 is the most space efficient way of doing things.  It does mean however that I can only run the new “cloned” images if I have access to the original image because that is where the base snapshots reside.  However this is not a problem for me as long as I remember to keep all threee images together.  So this is the approach we will follow. Snapshot, What Snapshot? As we are going to create new virtual machines based on existing snapshots we need to figure out which snapshot to use.  We do this by opening the “Media Manager” from within VirtualBox and moving the mouse over the snapshot images until we find the snapshots we want – the snapshot name is identified in the “Attached to:” comment.  In my case I wanted the FMW installed snapshot because that had a database configured for FMW alongside the FMW software.  I made a note of the filename of that snapshot (actually I just noted the first 5 characters as that was all that was needed to uniquely identify the snapshot file). When we create the new machines we will point them at the snapshot filename we have just checked. Network or NotWork? Because we want the two new machines to communicate with each other when hosted in different physical machines we can’t use the default NAT networking mode without a lot of hassle.  But at the same time we need them to have fixed IP addresses relative to each other so that they can see each other whilst also being able to see the outside world. To achieve all these requirements I created two network adapters for each machine.  Adapter 1 was a standard NAT mapping.  This will allow each machine to get a dynamic IP address (10.0.2.15 by default) that can be used to access the external world through the VBox provided NAT gateway.  This is the same as the existing configuration. The second adapter I created as a bridged adapter.  This gives the virtual machine direct access to the host network card and by using fixed IP addresses each machine can see the other.  It is important to choose fixed IP addresses that are not routable across your internal network so you don’t get any clashes with other machines on your network.  Of course you could always get proper fixed IP addresses from your network people, but I have serveral people using my images and as long as I don’t have two instances of the same VM on the same network segment this is easier and avoids reconfiguring the network every time someone wants a copy of my VM.  If it is available I would suggest using the 10.0.3.* network as 10.0.2.* is the default NAT network.  You can check availability by pinging 10.0.3.1 and 10.0.3.2 from your host machine.  If it times out then you are probably safe to use that. Creating the New VMs Now that I had collected the data that I needed I went ahead and created the new VMs. When asked for a “Boot Hard Disk” I used the “Choose a virtual hard disk file…” link to find the snapshot I had previously selected and set that to be the existing hard disk.  I chose the previously existing SOA 11.1.1.5 install for both the new DB and FMW machines because that snapshot had the database with the RCU completed that I wanted for my DB machine and it had the SOA software installed which I wanted for my FMW machine. After the initial creation of the virtual machine go into the network setting section and enable a second adapter which will be bridged.  Make a note of the MAC addresses (the last four digits should be sufficient) of the two adapters so that you can later set the bridged adapter to use fixed IP and the NAT adapter to use DHCP. We are now ready to start the VMs and reconfigure Linux. Reconfiguring Linux Because I now have two new machines I need to change their network configuration.  In particular I need to change the hostname, update the hosts file and change the network settings. Changing the Hostname I renamed both hosts by running the hostname command as root: hostname vboxfmw.oracle.com I also edited the /etc/sysconfig file and set the correct hostname in there. HOSTNAME=vboxfmw.oracle.com Changing the Network Settings I needed to change the network configuration to give the bridged network a fixed IP address.  I first explicitly set the MAC addresses of the two adapters, because the order of the virtual adapters in the VirtualBox Manager is not necessarily the same as the order of the adapters in the guest OS.  So I went in to the System->Preferences->Network Connections screen and explicitly set the “Device MAC address” for the two adapters. Having correctly mapped the Linux adapters to the VirtualBox adapters I then set the Bridged adapter to use fixed IP addressing rather than DHCP.  There is no need for additional routing or default gateways because we expect the two machine to be on the same LAN segment. Updating the Hosts File Having renamed the machines and reconfigured the network I then updated the /etc/hosts file to refer to the new machine name add a new line to the hosts file to provide an additional IP address for my server (the new fixed IP address) add a new line for the fixed IP address of the other virtual machine 10.0.3.101      vboxdb.oracle.com       vboxdb  # Added by NetworkManager 10.0.2.15       vboxdb.oracle.com       vboxdb  # Added by NetworkManager 10.0.3.102      vboxfmw.oracle.com      vboxfmw # Added by NetworkManager 127.0.0.1       localhost.localdomain   localhost ::1     vboxdb.oracle.com       vboxdb  localhost6.localdomain6 localhost6 To make sure everything takes effect I restarted the server. Reconfiguring the Database on the DB Machine Because we changed the hostname the listener and the EM console no longer start so I need to modify the listener.ora to use the new hostname and I also need to rebuild the EM configuration because it also relies on the hostname. I edited the $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/listener.ora and changed the listening address to the new hostname:       (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = vboxdb.oracle.com)(PORT = 1521)) After changing the listener.ora I was able to start the listener using: lsnrctl start I also had to reconfigure the EM database control.  I first deconfigured it using the command: emca -deconfig dbcontrol db -repos drop This drops the repository and removes any existing registered dbcontrols. I then re-configured it using the following command: emca -config dbcontrol db -repos create This creates the EM repository and then configures and starts dbcontrol. Now my database machine is ready so I can close it down and take a snapshot. Disabling the Database on the FMW Machine I set up the database to start automatically by creating a service called “dbora”.  On the FMW machine I do not need the database running so I can prevent it auto-starting by running the following command: chkconfig –del dbora Note that because I am using a snapshot it is not a waste of disk space to have the DB installed but not used.  As long as I don’t run it, it won’t cost me anything. I can now close the FMW machine down and take a snapshot. Creating a New Domain The FMW machine is now ready to create a new domain.  When creating the domain I can point it at the second machine which is running the database.  I can potentially run these machines on two separate physical machines as long as I have the original virtual machine available to both of the physical machines. Gotchas in Snapshotting VirtualBox does not support the concept of linked machines in a network like some virtualization technologies so when creating a snapshot it is a good idea to shut both VMs down and then take a snapshot on both of them.  This is because we want to keep the database in sync with the middleware.  One way to make sure that this happens would be to place all the domain configuration files on the database server via an NFS share, this would mean that all we would need to snapshot would be the database machine because that would hold all the state and configuration. The Sky’s the Limit We have covered a simple case of having just two machines.  I have a more complicated configuration in which two machine run a RAC database off the same base OS image, and two more machines run a SOA cluster based on the same OS image.  Just remember what machine holds state and what are the consequences of taking a snapshot.

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• Friday Tips #33

  - by Chris Kawalek

  Happy Friday, everyone! Our tip this week is from an excellent white paper written by our own Greg King titled Oracle VM 3: Building a Demo Environment using Oracle VM VirtualBox. In it, Greg gives you everything you need to know to set up Oracle VM Server inside of Oracle VM VirtualBox for testing and demoing. The section we're highlighting below is on how to configure the network interfaces of your virtual machines: VirtualBox comes with a few different types of network interfaces that can be used to allow communication between the VM guests and the host operating system, including network interfaces that will allow the VM guests to communicate with local and wide area networks accessed from your laptop or personal computer. However, for the purpose of the demonstration environment we will limit the network communication to include access just between your desktop and the virtual machines being managed by VirtualBox. The install process for Oracle VM VirtualBox creates a single host-only network device on your laptop or personal computer. Using the host-only network device will allow you to open a browser on your desktop to access the Oracle VM Manager running within the VirtualBox VM guest. The device will only allow network traffic between the VM guests and your host operating system, but nothing outside the confines of your laptop or personal computer. We will need to add a second host-only network since the Oracle VM Server appliance has both eth0 and eth1 configured. You can choose to use eth1 on the Oracle VM Servers or not use them – the choice is yours. But, at least the host side network device will exist if you decide to use it. Greg goes on to describe in detail how to setup the network interfaces, so you can head on over to the paper and get even more info. See you next week! -Chris 

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• How to create a Semantic Network like wordnet based on Wikipedia?

  - by Forbidden Overseer

  I am an undergraduate student and I have to create a Semantic Network based on Wikipedia. This Semantic Network would be similar to Wordnet(except for it is based on Wikipedia and is concerned with "streams of text/topics" rather than simple words etc.) and I am thinking of using the Wikipedia XML dumps for the purpose. I guess I need to learn parsing an XML and "some other things" related to NLP and probably Machine Learning, but I am no way sure about anything involved herein after the XML parsing. Is the starting step: XML dump parsing into text a good idea/step? Any alternatives? What would be the steps involved after parsing XML into text to create a functional Semantic Network? What are the things/concepts I should learn in order to do them? I am not directly asking for book recommendations, but if you have read a book/article that teaches any thing related/helpful, please mention them. This may include a refernce to already existing implementations regarding the subject. Please correct me if I was wrong somewhere. Thanks!

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• "AND Operator" in PAM

  - by d_inevitable

  I need to prevent users from authenticating through Kerberos when the encrypted /home/users has not yet been mounted. (This is to avoid corrupting the ecryptfs mountpoint) Currently I have these lines in /etc/pam.d/common-auth: auth required pam_group.so use_first_pass auth [success=2 default=ignore] pam_krb5.so minimum_uid=1000 try_first_pass auth [success=1 default=ignore] pam_unix.so nullok_secure try_first_pass I am planning to use pam_exec.so to execute a script that will exit 1 if the ecyptfs mounts are not ready yet. Doing this: auth required pam_exec.so /etc/security/check_ecryptfs will lock me out for good if ecryptfs for some reason fails. In such case I would like to at least be able to login with a local (non-kerberos) user to fix the issue. Is there some sort of AND-Operator in which I can say that login through kerberos+ldap is only sufficient if both kerberos authentication and the ecryptfs mount has succeeded?

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• Computer Networks UNISA - Chap 14 &ndash; Insuring Integrity &amp; Availability

  - by MarkPearl

  After reading this section you should be able to Identify the characteristics of a network that keep data safe from loss or damage Protect an enterprise-wide network from viruses Explain network and system level fault tolerance techniques Discuss issues related to network backup and recovery strategies Describe the components of a useful disaster recovery plan and the options for disaster contingencies What are integrity and availability? Integrity – the soundness of a networks programs, data, services, devices, and connections Availability – How consistently and reliably a file or system can be accessed by authorized personnel A number of phenomena can compromise both integrity and availability including… security breaches natural disasters malicious intruders power flaws human error users etc Although you cannot predict every type of vulnerability, you can take measures to guard against the most damaging events. The following are some guidelines… Allow only network administrators to create or modify NOS and application system users. Monitor the network for unauthorized access or changes Record authorized system changes in a change management system’ Install redundant components Perform regular health checks on the network Check system performance, error logs, and the system log book regularly Keep backups Implement and enforce security and disaster recovery policies These are just some of the basics… Malware Malware refers to any program or piece of code designed to intrude upon or harm a system or its resources. Types of Malware… Boot sector viruses Macro viruses File infector viruses Worms Trojan Horse Network Viruses Bots Malware characteristics Some common characteristics of Malware include… Encryption Stealth Polymorphism Time dependence Malware Protection There are various tools available to protect you from malware called anti-malware software. These monitor your system for indications that a program is performing potential malware operations. A number of techniques are used to detect malware including… Signature Scanning Integrity Checking Monitoring unexpected file changes or virus like behaviours It is important to decide where anti-malware tools will be installed and find a balance between performance and protection. There are several general purpose malware policies that can be implemented to protect your network including… Every compute in an organization should be equipped with malware detection and cleaning software that regularly runs Users should not be allowed to alter or disable the anti-malware software Users should know what to do in case the anti-malware program detects a malware virus Users should be prohibited from installing any unauthorized software on their systems System wide alerts should be issued to network users notifying them if a serious malware virus has been detected. Fault Tolerance Besides guarding against malware, another key factor in maintaining the availability and integrity of data is fault tolerance. Fault tolerance is the ability for a system to continue performing despite an unexpected hardware or software malfunction. Fault tolerance can be realized in varying degrees, the optimal level of fault tolerance for a system depends on how critical its services and files are to productivity. Generally the more fault tolerant the system, the more expensive it is. The following describe some of the areas that need to be considered for fault tolerance. Environment (Temperature and humidity) Power Topology and Connectivity Servers Storage Power Typical power flaws include Surges – a brief increase in voltage due to lightening strikes, solar flares or some idiot at City Power Noise – Fluctuation in voltage levels caused by other devices on the network or electromagnetic interference Brownout – A sag in voltage for just a moment Blackout – A complete power loss The are various alternate power sources to consider including UPS’s and Generators. UPS’s are found in two categories… Standby UPS – provides continuous power when mains goes down (brief period of switching over) Online UPS – is online all the time and the device receives power from the UPS all the time (the UPS is charged continuously) Servers There are various techniques for fault tolerance with servers. Server mirroring is an option where one device or component duplicates the activities of another. It is generally an expensive process. Clustering is a fault tolerance technique that links multiple servers together to appear as a single server. They share processing and storage responsibilities and if one unit in the cluster goes down, another unit can be brought in to replace it. Storage There are various techniques available including the following… RAID Arrays NAS (Storage (Network Attached Storage) SANs (Storage Area Networks) Data Backup A backup is a copy of data or program files created for archiving or safekeeping. Many different options for backups exist with various media including… These vary in cost and speed. Optical Media Tape Backup External Disk Drives Network Backups Backup Strategy After selecting the appropriate tool for performing your servers backup, devise a backup strategy to guide you through performing reliable backups that provide maximum data protection. Questions that should be answered include… What data must be backed up At what time of day or night will the backups occur How will you verify the accuracy of the backups Where and for how long will backup media be stored Who will take responsibility for ensuring that backups occurred How long will you save backups Where will backup and recovery documentation be stored Different backup methods provide varying levels of certainty and corresponding labour cost. There are also different ways to determine which files should be backed up including… Full backup – all data on all servers is copied to storage media Incremental backup – Only data that has changed since the last full or incremental backup is copied to a storage medium Differential backup – Only data that has changed since the last backup is coped to a storage medium Disaster Recovery Disaster recovery is the process of restoring your critical functionality and data after an enterprise wide outage has occurred. A disaster recovery plan is for extreme scenarios (i.e. fire, line fault, etc). A cold site is a place were the computers, devices, and connectivity necessary to rebuild a network exist but they are not appropriately configured. A warm site is a place where the computers, devices, and connectivity necessary to rebuild a network exists with some appropriately configured devices. A hot site is a place where the computers, devices, and connectivity necessary to rebuild a network exists and all are appropriately configured.

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• Can't get Wireless to work! (Fujitsu siemens ESPRIMO Mobile u9200) Ubuntu 12.4

  - by Martin Oscarsson

  I can't get wireless to work on my computer. I have recently installed 12.04. Computer name: (Fujitsu siemens ESPRIMO Mobile u9200) Hardware button starts bluetooth - so can't start that way. Have searched the Internet for help but can't find any on my specific problem! State: connected (global) - Device: wlan0 ---------------------------------------------------------------- Type: 802.11 WiFi Driver: ath5k State: disconnected Default: no *-network beskrivning: Trådlöst gränssnitt produkt: AR242x / AR542x Wireless Network Adapter (PCI-Express) tillverkare: Atheros Communications Inc. *-network beskrivning: Ethernet interface produkt: 88E8055 PCI-E Gigabit Ethernet Controller tillverkare: Marvell Technology Group Ltd. HERE IS ALL THE NETWORK INFO: ellika@ellikas:~$ ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:1e:33:00:96:9a inet addr:192.168.1.26 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::21e:33ff:fe00:969a/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:13778 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:9510 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:14022669 (14.0 MB) TX bytes:1001621 (1.0 MB) Interrupt:17 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:1542 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:1542 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:125040 (125.0 KB) TX bytes:125040 (125.0 KB) ellika@ellikas:~$ sudo ifconfig [sudo] password for ellika: eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:1e:33:00:96:9a inet addr:192.168.1.26 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::21e:33ff:fe00:969a/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:13801 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:9528 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:14024965 (14.0 MB) TX bytes:1002836 (1.0 MB) Interrupt:17 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:1542 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:1542 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:125040 (125.0 KB) TX bytes:125040 (125.0 KB) ellika@ellikas:~$ sudo ifconfig wlan0 up SIOCSIFFLAGS: Operationen inte möjlig p.g.a. RF-kill ellika@ellikas:~$ phy0 Wireless LAN phy0: command not found ellika@ellikas:~$ rfkill Usage: rfkill [options] command Options: --version show version (0.4-1ubuntu2 (Ubuntu)) Commands: help event list [IDENTIFIER] block IDENTIFIER unblock IDENTIFIER where IDENTIFIER is the index no. of an rfkill switch or one of: <idx> all wifi wlan bluetooth uwb ultrawideband wimax wwan gps fm ellika@ellikas:~$ sudo rf-kill unblock all sudo: rf-kill: kommandot hittades inte ellika@ellikas:~$ sudo rfkill unblock all ellika@ellikas:~$ sedan sudo ifconfig wlan0 sedan: command not found ellika@ellikas:~$ sudo ifconfig wlan0 wlan0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:22:5f:3f:63:76 BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:0 (0.0 B) TX bytes:0 (0.0 B) ellika@ellikas:~$ ^C ellika@ellikas:~$ ^C ellika@ellikas:~$ sudo rfkill unblock all ellika@ellikas:~$ sudo ifconfig wlan0 up SIOCSIFFLAGS: Operationen inte möjlig p.g.a. RF-kill ellika@ellikas:~$ sudo rfkill unblock all ellika@ellikas:~$ sudo rfkill list 0: phy0: Wireless LAN Soft blocked: no Hard blocked: yes ellika@ellikas:~$ sudo rfkill unblock all ellika@ellikas:~$ echo -e "sudo lshw --class network:\n\n$(sudo lshw -c network)\n\nlspci -nnn | grep Ethernet:\n\n$(lspci -nnn | grep Ethernet)\n\nlsusb:\n\n$(lsusb)\n\niwlist wlan0 scanning:\n\n$(iwlist wlan0 scanning)\n\nrfkill list:\n\n$(rfkill list)\n\nping -c 5 google.com:\n\n$(ping -c 5 google.com)\n\nhost google.com 8.8.8.8:\n\n$(host google.com 8.8.8.8)\n\nlsb_release -a:\n\n$(lsb_release -a)\n\nuname -a:\n\n$(uname -a)" ^[[C^[[C^[[C^[[C^[[C^[[B wlan0 Failed to read scan data : Network is down No LSB modules are available. sudo lshw --class network: *-network beskrivning: Ethernet interface produkt: 88E8055 PCI-E Gigabit Ethernet Controller tillverkare: Marvell Technology Group Ltd. physical id: 0 bus info: pci@0000:04:00.0 logiskt namn: eth0 version: 14 serienummer: 00:1e:33:00:96:9a storlek: 100Mbit/s kapacitet: 1Gbit/s bredd: 64 bits klocka: 33MHz förmågor: pm vpd msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list rom ethernet physical tp 10bt 10bt-fd 100bt 100bt-fd 1000bt 1000bt-fd autonegotiation konfiguration: autonegotiation=on broadcast=yes driver=sky2 driverversion=1.30 duplex=full firmware=N/A ip=192.168.1.26 latency=0 link=yes multicast=yes port=twisted pair speed=100Mbit/s resurser: irq:44 memory:f8000000-f8003fff ioport:3000(storlek=256) memory:f2000000-f201ffff *-network INAKTIVERAD beskrivning: Trådlöst gränssnitt produkt: AR242x / AR542x Wireless Network Adapter (PCI-Express) tillverkare: Atheros Communications Inc. physical id: 0 bus info: pci@0000:06:00.0 logiskt namn: wlan0 version: 04 serienummer: 00:22:5f:3f:63:76 bredd: 64 bits klocka: 33MHz förmågor: pm msi pciexpress msix bus_master cap_list ethernet physical wireless konfiguration: broadcast=yes driver=ath5k driverversion=3.2.0-30-generic-pae firmware=N/A latency=0 link=no multicast=yes wireless=IEEE 802.11bg resurser: irq:18 memory:fa000000-fa00ffff lspci -nnn | grep Ethernet: 04:00.0 Ethernet controller [0200]: Marvell Technology Group Ltd. 88E8055 PCI-E Gigabit Ethernet Controller [11ab:4363] (rev 14) 06:00.0 Ethernet controller [0200]: Atheros Communications Inc. AR242x / AR542x Wireless Network Adapter (PCI-Express) [168c:001c] (rev 04) lsusb: Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub Bus 003 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub Bus 004 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub Bus 005 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub Bus 006 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub Bus 007 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub Bus 001 Device 002: ID 05e3:0715 Genesys Logic, Inc. USB 2.0 microSD Reader Bus 001 Device 003: ID 05c8:0103 Cheng Uei Precision Industry Co., Ltd (Foxlink) FO13FF-65 PC-CAM iwlist wlan0 scanning: rfkill list: 0: phy0: Wireless LAN Soft blocked: no Hard blocked: yes ping -c 5 google.com: PING google.com (173.194.32.34) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from arn06s02-in-f2.1e100.net (173.194.32.34): icmp_req=1 ttl=55 time=10.6 ms 64 bytes from arn06s02-in-f2.1e100.net (173.194.32.34): icmp_req=2 ttl=55 time=10.5 ms 64 bytes from arn06s02-in-f2.1e100.net (173.194.32.34): icmp_req=3 ttl=55 time=10.4 ms 64 bytes from arn06s02-in-f2.1e100.net (173.194.32.34): icmp_req=4 ttl=55 time=10.4 ms 64 bytes from arn06s02-in-f2.1e100.net (173.194.32.34): icmp_req=5 ttl=55 time=10.4 ms --- google.com ping statistics --- 5 packets transmitted, 5 received, 0% packet loss, time 4004ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 10.451/10.517/10.631/0.062 ms host google.com 8.8.8.8: Using domain server: Name: 8.8.8.8 Address: 8.8.8.8#53 Aliases: google.com has address 173.194.32.36 google.com has address 173.194.32.38 google.com has address 173.194.32.41 google.com has address 173.194.32.37 google.com has address 173.194.32.35 google.com has address 173.194.32.39 google.com has address 173.194.32.33 google.com has address 173.194.32.34 google.com has address 173.194.32.46 google.com has address 173.194.32.32 google.com has address 173.194.32.40 google.com has IPv6 address 2a00:1450:400f:801::100e google.com mail is handled by 40 alt3.aspmx.l.google.com. google.com mail is handled by 20 alt1.aspmx.l.google.com. google.com mail is handled by 30 alt2.aspmx.l.google.com. google.com mail is handled by 50 alt4.aspmx.l.google.com. google.com mail is handled by 10 aspmx.l.google.com. lsb_release -a: Distributor ID: Ubuntu Description: Ubuntu 12.04.1 LTS Release: 12.04 Codename: precise uname -a: Linux ellikas 3.2.0-30-generic-pae #48-Ubuntu SMP Fri Aug 24 17:14:09 UTC 2012 i686 i686 i386 GNU/Linux ellika@ellikas:~$ ellika@ellikas:~$ clear ellika@ellikas:~$ echo -e "sudo lshw --class network:\n\n$(sudo lshw -c network)\n\nlspci -nnn | grep Ethernet:\n\n$(lspci -nnn | grep Ethernet)\n\nlsusb:\n\n$(lsusb)\n\niwlist wlan0 scanning:\n\n$(iwlist wlan0 scanning)\n\nrfkill list:\n\n$(rfkill list)\n\nping -c 5 google.com:\n\n$(ping -c 5 google.com)\n\nhost google.com 8.8.8.8:\n\n$(host google.com 8.8.8.8)\n\nlsb_release -a:\n\n$(lsb_release -a)\n\nuname -a:\n\n$(uname -a)" wlan0 Failed to read scan data : Network is down No LSB modules are available. sudo lshw --class network: *-network beskrivning: Ethernet interface produkt: 88E8055 PCI-E Gigabit Ethernet Controller tillverkare: Marvell Technology Group Ltd. physical id: 0 bus info: pci@0000:04:00.0 logiskt namn: eth0 version: 14 serienummer: 00:1e:33:00:96:9a storlek: 100Mbit/s kapacitet: 1Gbit/s bredd: 64 bits klocka: 33MHz förmågor: pm vpd msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list rom ethernet physical tp 10bt 10bt-fd 100bt 100bt-fd 1000bt 1000bt-fd autonegotiation konfiguration: autonegotiation=on broadcast=yes driver=sky2 driverversion=1.30 duplex=full firmware=N/A ip=192.168.1.26 latency=0 link=yes multicast=yes port=twisted pair speed=100Mbit/s resurser: irq:44 memory:f8000000-f8003fff ioport:3000(storlek=256) memory:f2000000-f201ffff *-network INAKTIVERAD beskrivning: Trådlöst gränssnitt produkt: AR242x / AR542x Wireless Network Adapter (PCI-Express) tillverkare: Atheros Communications Inc. physical id: 0 bus info: pci@0000:06:00.0 logiskt namn: wlan0 version: 04 serienummer: 00:22:5f:3f:63:76 bredd: 64 bits klocka: 33MHz förmågor: pm msi pciexpress msix bus_master cap_list ethernet physical wireless konfiguration: broadcast=yes driver=ath5k driverversion=3.2.0-30-generic-pae firmware=N/A latency=0 link=no multicast=yes wireless=IEEE 802.11bg resurser: irq:18 memory:fa000000-fa00ffff lspci -nnn | grep Ethernet: 04:00.0 Ethernet controller [0200]: Marvell Technology Group Ltd. 88E8055 PCI-E Gigabit Ethernet Controller [11ab:4363] (rev 14) 06:00.0 Ethernet controller [0200]: Atheros Communications Inc. AR242x / AR542x Wireless Network Adapter (PCI-Express) [168c:001c] (rev 04) lsusb: Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub Bus 003 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub Bus 004 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub Bus 005 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub Bus 006 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub Bus 007 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub Bus 001 Device 002: ID 05e3:0715 Genesys Logic, Inc. USB 2.0 microSD Reader Bus 001 Device 003: ID 05c8:0103 Cheng Uei Precision Industry Co., Ltd (Foxlink) FO13FF-65 PC-CAM iwlist wlan0 scanning: rfkill list: 0: phy0: Wireless LAN Soft blocked: no Hard blocked: yes ping -c 5 google.com: PING google.com (173.194.32.34) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from arn06s02-in-f2.1e100.net (173.194.32.34): icmp_req=1 ttl=55 time=10.6 ms 64 bytes from arn06s02-in-f2.1e100.net (173.194.32.34): icmp_req=2 ttl=55 time=10.5 ms 64 bytes from arn06s02-in-f2.1e100.net (173.194.32.34): icmp_req=3 ttl=55 time=10.4 ms 64 bytes from arn06s02-in-f2.1e100.net (173.194.32.34): icmp_req=4 ttl=55 time=10.4 ms 64 bytes from arn06s02-in-f2.1e100.net (173.194.32.34): icmp_req=5 ttl=55 time=10.5 ms --- google.com ping statistics --- 5 packets transmitted, 5 received, 0% packet loss, time 4004ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 10.476/10.522/10.602/0.045 ms host google.com 8.8.8.8: Using domain server: Name: 8.8.8.8 Address: 8.8.8.8#53 Aliases: google.com has address 173.194.32.36 google.com has address 173.194.32.38 google.com has address 173.194.32.41 google.com has address 173.194.32.37 google.com has address 173.194.32.35 google.com has address 173.194.32.39 google.com has address 173.194.32.33 google.com has address 173.194.32.34 google.com has address 173.194.32.46 google.com has address 173.194.32.32 google.com has address 173.194.32.40 google.com has IPv6 address 2a00:1450:400f:801::100e google.com mail is handled by 40 alt3.aspmx.l.google.com. google.com mail is handled by 20 alt1.aspmx.l.google.com. google.com mail is handled by 30 alt2.aspmx.l.google.com. google.com mail is handled by 50 alt4.aspmx.l.google.com. google.com mail is handled by 10 aspmx.l.google.com. lsb_release -a: Distributor ID: Ubuntu Description: Ubuntu 12.04.1 LTS Release: 12.04 Codename: precise uname -a: Linux ellikas 3.2.0-30-generic-pae #48-Ubuntu SMP Fri Aug 24 17:14:09 UTC 2012 i686 i686 i386 GNU/Linux

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• generate parent child relation from the array to print a multi-level menu?

  - by Karthick Selvam

  How to get parent child relation from this array to print a multi-level menu $menus = array ( 0 => array ( 'id'=>0, 'check' => 1, 'display' =>'Arete Home', 'ordering' => -10, 'parent' => none, ), 1 => array ( 'id'=>1, 'check' => 1, 'display' => 'Submit Paper', 'ordering' => -10, 'parent' => 2, 'subordering' => -10, ), 2 => array ( 'id'=>2, 'check' => 1, 'display' => 'Buy Now', 'ordering' => -10, 'parent' => 1, 'subordering' => -10, ), 1461 => array ( 'id'=>1461, 'check' => 1, 'display' => 'Where are We?', 'ordering' => -10, 'parent' => 2, 'subordering' => -10, ), 1463 => array ( 'id'=>1463, 'check' => 1, 'display' =>' About Me?', 'ordering' => -10, 'parent' => 2, 'subordering' => -10, ), 1464 => array ( 'id'=>1464, 'check' => 1, 'display' => 'About You?', 'ordering' => -10, 'parent' => 2, 'subordering' => -10, ), 1465 => array ( 'id'=>1465, 'check' => 1, 'display' => 'About who?', 'ordering' => -10, 'parent' => 1, 'subordering' => -10, ), ); code sample: foreach($menus as $id=>$values) { $values['parent']=isset($values['parent']) ? $values['parent'] : 0; $menus[$values['parent']]['childs'][$id]=$values; unset($menus[$id]); } foreach($menus as $id1=>$value2) { $value2['parent']=isset($value2['parent']) ? $value2['parent'] : 0; $menus[$value2['parent']]['childs'][$id1]=$value2; unset($menus[$id1]); }

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