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  • New features of C# 4.0

    This article covers New features of C# 4.0. Article has been divided into below sections. Introduction. Dynamic Lookup. Named and Optional Arguments. Features for COM interop. Variance. Relationship with Visual Basic. Resources. Other interested readings… 22 New Features of Visual Studio 2008 for .NET Professionals 50 New Features of SQL Server 2008 IIS 7.0 New features Introduction It is now close to a year since Microsoft Visual C# 3.0 shipped as part of Visual Studio 2008. In the VS Managed Languages team we are hard at work on creating the next version of the language (with the unsurprising working title of C# 4.0), and this document is a first public description of the planned language features as we currently see them. Please be advised that all this is in early stages of production and is subject to change. Part of the reason for sharing our plans in public so early is precisely to get the kind of feedback that will cause us to improve the final product before it rolls out. Simultaneously with the publication of this whitepaper, a first public CTP (community technology preview) of Visual Studio 2010 is going out as a Virtual PC image for everyone to try. Please use it to play and experiment with the features, and let us know of any thoughts you have. We ask for your understanding and patience working with very early bits, where especially new or newly implemented features do not have the quality or stability of a final product. The aim of the CTP is not to give you a productive work environment but to give you the best possible impression of what we are working on for the next release. The CTP contains a number of walkthroughs, some of which highlight the new language features of C# 4.0. Those are excellent for getting a hands-on guided tour through the details of some common scenarios for the features. You may consider this whitepaper a companion document to these walkthroughs, complementing them with a focus on the overall language features and how they work, as opposed to the specifics of the concrete scenarios. C# 4.0 The major theme for C# 4.0 is dynamic programming. Increasingly, objects are “dynamic” in the sense that their structure and behavior is not captured by a static type, or at least not one that the compiler knows about when compiling your program. Some examples include a. objects from dynamic programming languages, such as Python or Ruby b. COM objects accessed through IDispatch c. ordinary .NET types accessed through reflection d. objects with changing structure, such as HTML DOM objects While C# remains a statically typed language, we aim to vastly improve the interaction with such objects. A secondary theme is co-evolution with Visual Basic. Going forward we will aim to maintain the individual character of each language, but at the same time important new features should be introduced in both languages at the same time. They should be differentiated more by style and feel than by feature set. The new features in C# 4.0 fall into four groups: Dynamic lookup Dynamic lookup allows you to write method, operator and indexer calls, property and field accesses, and even object invocations which bypass the C# static type checking and instead gets resolved at runtime. Named and optional parameters Parameters in C# can now be specified as optional by providing a default value for them in a member declaration. When the member is invoked, optional arguments can be omitted. Furthermore, any argument can be passed by parameter name instead of position. COM specific interop features Dynamic lookup as well as named and optional parameters both help making programming against COM less painful than today. On top of that, however, we are adding a number of other small features that further improve the interop experience. Variance It used to be that an IEnumerable<string> wasn’t an IEnumerable<object>. Now it is – C# embraces type safe “co-and contravariance” and common BCL types are updated to take advantage of that. Dynamic Lookup Dynamic lookup allows you a unified approach to invoking things dynamically. With dynamic lookup, when you have an object in your hand you do not need to worry about whether it comes from COM, IronPython, the HTML DOM or reflection; you just apply operations to it and leave it to the runtime to figure out what exactly those operations mean for that particular object. This affords you enormous flexibility, and can greatly simplify your code, but it does come with a significant drawback: Static typing is not maintained for these operations. A dynamic object is assumed at compile time to support any operation, and only at runtime will you get an error if it wasn’t so. Oftentimes this will be no loss, because the object wouldn’t have a static type anyway, in other cases it is a tradeoff between brevity and safety. In order to facilitate this tradeoff, it is a design goal of C# to allow you to opt in or opt out of dynamic behavior on every single call. The dynamic type C# 4.0 introduces a new static type called dynamic. When you have an object of type dynamic you can “do things to it” that are resolved only at runtime: dynamic d = GetDynamicObject(…); d.M(7); The C# compiler allows you to call a method with any name and any arguments on d because it is of type dynamic. At runtime the actual object that d refers to will be examined to determine what it means to “call M with an int” on it. The type dynamic can be thought of as a special version of the type object, which signals that the object can be used dynamically. It is easy to opt in or out of dynamic behavior: any object can be implicitly converted to dynamic, “suspending belief” until runtime. Conversely, there is an “assignment conversion” from dynamic to any other type, which allows implicit conversion in assignment-like constructs: dynamic d = 7; // implicit conversion int i = d; // assignment conversion Dynamic operations Not only method calls, but also field and property accesses, indexer and operator calls and even delegate invocations can be dispatched dynamically: dynamic d = GetDynamicObject(…); d.M(7); // calling methods d.f = d.P; // getting and settings fields and properties d[“one”] = d[“two”]; // getting and setting thorugh indexers int i = d + 3; // calling operators string s = d(5,7); // invoking as a delegate The role of the C# compiler here is simply to package up the necessary information about “what is being done to d”, so that the runtime can pick it up and determine what the exact meaning of it is given an actual object d. Think of it as deferring part of the compiler’s job to runtime. The result of any dynamic operation is itself of type dynamic. Runtime lookup At runtime a dynamic operation is dispatched according to the nature of its target object d: COM objects If d is a COM object, the operation is dispatched dynamically through COM IDispatch. This allows calling to COM types that don’t have a Primary Interop Assembly (PIA), and relying on COM features that don’t have a counterpart in C#, such as indexed properties and default properties. Dynamic objects If d implements the interface IDynamicObject d itself is asked to perform the operation. Thus by implementing IDynamicObject a type can completely redefine the meaning of dynamic operations. This is used intensively by dynamic languages such as IronPython and IronRuby to implement their own dynamic object models. It will also be used by APIs, e.g. by the HTML DOM to allow direct access to the object’s properties using property syntax. Plain objects Otherwise d is a standard .NET object, and the operation will be dispatched using reflection on its type and a C# “runtime binder” which implements C#’s lookup and overload resolution semantics at runtime. This is essentially a part of the C# compiler running as a runtime component to “finish the work” on dynamic operations that was deferred by the static compiler. Example Assume the following code: dynamic d1 = new Foo(); dynamic d2 = new Bar(); string s; d1.M(s, d2, 3, null); Because the receiver of the call to M is dynamic, the C# compiler does not try to resolve the meaning of the call. Instead it stashes away information for the runtime about the call. This information (often referred to as the “payload”) is essentially equivalent to: “Perform an instance method call of M with the following arguments: 1. a string 2. a dynamic 3. a literal int 3 4. a literal object null” At runtime, assume that the actual type Foo of d1 is not a COM type and does not implement IDynamicObject. In this case the C# runtime binder picks up to finish the overload resolution job based on runtime type information, proceeding as follows: 1. Reflection is used to obtain the actual runtime types of the two objects, d1 and d2, that did not have a static type (or rather had the static type dynamic). The result is Foo for d1 and Bar for d2. 2. Method lookup and overload resolution is performed on the type Foo with the call M(string,Bar,3,null) using ordinary C# semantics. 3. If the method is found it is invoked; otherwise a runtime exception is thrown. Overload resolution with dynamic arguments Even if the receiver of a method call is of a static type, overload resolution can still happen at runtime. This can happen if one or more of the arguments have the type dynamic: Foo foo = new Foo(); dynamic d = new Bar(); var result = foo.M(d); The C# runtime binder will choose between the statically known overloads of M on Foo, based on the runtime type of d, namely Bar. The result is again of type dynamic. The Dynamic Language Runtime An important component in the underlying implementation of dynamic lookup is the Dynamic Language Runtime (DLR), which is a new API in .NET 4.0. The DLR provides most of the infrastructure behind not only C# dynamic lookup but also the implementation of several dynamic programming languages on .NET, such as IronPython and IronRuby. Through this common infrastructure a high degree of interoperability is ensured, but just as importantly the DLR provides excellent caching mechanisms which serve to greatly enhance the efficiency of runtime dispatch. To the user of dynamic lookup in C#, the DLR is invisible except for the improved efficiency. However, if you want to implement your own dynamically dispatched objects, the IDynamicObject interface allows you to interoperate with the DLR and plug in your own behavior. This is a rather advanced task, which requires you to understand a good deal more about the inner workings of the DLR. For API writers, however, it can definitely be worth the trouble in order to vastly improve the usability of e.g. a library representing an inherently dynamic domain. Open issues There are a few limitations and things that might work differently than you would expect. · The DLR allows objects to be created from objects that represent classes. However, the current implementation of C# doesn’t have syntax to support this. · Dynamic lookup will not be able to find extension methods. Whether extension methods apply or not depends on the static context of the call (i.e. which using clauses occur), and this context information is not currently kept as part of the payload. · Anonymous functions (i.e. lambda expressions) cannot appear as arguments to a dynamic method call. The compiler cannot bind (i.e. “understand”) an anonymous function without knowing what type it is converted to. One consequence of these limitations is that you cannot easily use LINQ queries over dynamic objects: dynamic collection = …; var result = collection.Select(e => e + 5); If the Select method is an extension method, dynamic lookup will not find it. Even if it is an instance method, the above does not compile, because a lambda expression cannot be passed as an argument to a dynamic operation. There are no plans to address these limitations in C# 4.0. Named and Optional Arguments Named and optional parameters are really two distinct features, but are often useful together. Optional parameters allow you to omit arguments to member invocations, whereas named arguments is a way to provide an argument using the name of the corresponding parameter instead of relying on its position in the parameter list. Some APIs, most notably COM interfaces such as the Office automation APIs, are written specifically with named and optional parameters in mind. Up until now it has been very painful to call into these APIs from C#, with sometimes as many as thirty arguments having to be explicitly passed, most of which have reasonable default values and could be omitted. Even in APIs for .NET however you sometimes find yourself compelled to write many overloads of a method with different combinations of parameters, in order to provide maximum usability to the callers. Optional parameters are a useful alternative for these situations. Optional parameters A parameter is declared optional simply by providing a default value for it: public void M(int x, int y = 5, int z = 7); Here y and z are optional parameters and can be omitted in calls: M(1, 2, 3); // ordinary call of M M(1, 2); // omitting z – equivalent to M(1, 2, 7) M(1); // omitting both y and z – equivalent to M(1, 5, 7) Named and optional arguments C# 4.0 does not permit you to omit arguments between commas as in M(1,,3). This could lead to highly unreadable comma-counting code. Instead any argument can be passed by name. Thus if you want to omit only y from a call of M you can write: M(1, z: 3); // passing z by name or M(x: 1, z: 3); // passing both x and z by name or even M(z: 3, x: 1); // reversing the order of arguments All forms are equivalent, except that arguments are always evaluated in the order they appear, so in the last example the 3 is evaluated before the 1. Optional and named arguments can be used not only with methods but also with indexers and constructors. Overload resolution Named and optional arguments affect overload resolution, but the changes are relatively simple: A signature is applicable if all its parameters are either optional or have exactly one corresponding argument (by name or position) in the call which is convertible to the parameter type. Betterness rules on conversions are only applied for arguments that are explicitly given – omitted optional arguments are ignored for betterness purposes. If two signatures are equally good, one that does not omit optional parameters is preferred. M(string s, int i = 1); M(object o); M(int i, string s = “Hello”); M(int i); M(5); Given these overloads, we can see the working of the rules above. M(string,int) is not applicable because 5 doesn’t convert to string. M(int,string) is applicable because its second parameter is optional, and so, obviously are M(object) and M(int). M(int,string) and M(int) are both better than M(object) because the conversion from 5 to int is better than the conversion from 5 to object. Finally M(int) is better than M(int,string) because no optional arguments are omitted. Thus the method that gets called is M(int). Features for COM interop Dynamic lookup as well as named and optional parameters greatly improve the experience of interoperating with COM APIs such as the Office Automation APIs. In order to remove even more of the speed bumps, a couple of small COM-specific features are also added to C# 4.0. Dynamic import Many COM methods accept and return variant types, which are represented in the PIAs as object. In the vast majority of cases, a programmer calling these methods already knows the static type of a returned object from context, but explicitly has to perform a cast on the returned value to make use of that knowledge. These casts are so common that they constitute a major nuisance. In order to facilitate a smoother experience, you can now choose to import these COM APIs in such a way that variants are instead represented using the type dynamic. In other words, from your point of view, COM signatures now have occurrences of dynamic instead of object in them. This means that you can easily access members directly off a returned object, or you can assign it to a strongly typed local variable without having to cast. To illustrate, you can now say excel.Cells[1, 1].Value = "Hello"; instead of ((Excel.Range)excel.Cells[1, 1]).Value2 = "Hello"; and Excel.Range range = excel.Cells[1, 1]; instead of Excel.Range range = (Excel.Range)excel.Cells[1, 1]; Compiling without PIAs Primary Interop Assemblies are large .NET assemblies generated from COM interfaces to facilitate strongly typed interoperability. They provide great support at design time, where your experience of the interop is as good as if the types where really defined in .NET. However, at runtime these large assemblies can easily bloat your program, and also cause versioning issues because they are distributed independently of your application. The no-PIA feature allows you to continue to use PIAs at design time without having them around at runtime. Instead, the C# compiler will bake the small part of the PIA that a program actually uses directly into its assembly. At runtime the PIA does not have to be loaded. Omitting ref Because of a different programming model, many COM APIs contain a lot of reference parameters. Contrary to refs in C#, these are typically not meant to mutate a passed-in argument for the subsequent benefit of the caller, but are simply another way of passing value parameters. It therefore seems unreasonable that a C# programmer should have to create temporary variables for all such ref parameters and pass these by reference. Instead, specifically for COM methods, the C# compiler will allow you to pass arguments by value to such a method, and will automatically generate temporary variables to hold the passed-in values, subsequently discarding these when the call returns. In this way the caller sees value semantics, and will not experience any side effects, but the called method still gets a reference. Open issues A few COM interface features still are not surfaced in C#. Most notably these include indexed properties and default properties. As mentioned above these will be respected if you access COM dynamically, but statically typed C# code will still not recognize them. There are currently no plans to address these remaining speed bumps in C# 4.0. Variance An aspect of generics that often comes across as surprising is that the following is illegal: IList<string> strings = new List<string>(); IList<object> objects = strings; The second assignment is disallowed because strings does not have the same element type as objects. There is a perfectly good reason for this. If it were allowed you could write: objects[0] = 5; string s = strings[0]; Allowing an int to be inserted into a list of strings and subsequently extracted as a string. This would be a breach of type safety. However, there are certain interfaces where the above cannot occur, notably where there is no way to insert an object into the collection. Such an interface is IEnumerable<T>. If instead you say: IEnumerable<object> objects = strings; There is no way we can put the wrong kind of thing into strings through objects, because objects doesn’t have a method that takes an element in. Variance is about allowing assignments such as this in cases where it is safe. The result is that a lot of situations that were previously surprising now just work. Covariance In .NET 4.0 the IEnumerable<T> interface will be declared in the following way: public interface IEnumerable<out T> : IEnumerable { IEnumerator<T> GetEnumerator(); } public interface IEnumerator<out T> : IEnumerator { bool MoveNext(); T Current { get; } } The “out” in these declarations signifies that the T can only occur in output position in the interface – the compiler will complain otherwise. In return for this restriction, the interface becomes “covariant” in T, which means that an IEnumerable<A> is considered an IEnumerable<B> if A has a reference conversion to B. As a result, any sequence of strings is also e.g. a sequence of objects. This is useful e.g. in many LINQ methods. Using the declarations above: var result = strings.Union(objects); // succeeds with an IEnumerable<object> This would previously have been disallowed, and you would have had to to some cumbersome wrapping to get the two sequences to have the same element type. Contravariance Type parameters can also have an “in” modifier, restricting them to occur only in input positions. An example is IComparer<T>: public interface IComparer<in T> { public int Compare(T left, T right); } The somewhat baffling result is that an IComparer<object> can in fact be considered an IComparer<string>! It makes sense when you think about it: If a comparer can compare any two objects, it can certainly also compare two strings. This property is referred to as contravariance. A generic type can have both in and out modifiers on its type parameters, as is the case with the Func<…> delegate types: public delegate TResult Func<in TArg, out TResult>(TArg arg); Obviously the argument only ever comes in, and the result only ever comes out. Therefore a Func<object,string> can in fact be used as a Func<string,object>. Limitations Variant type parameters can only be declared on interfaces and delegate types, due to a restriction in the CLR. Variance only applies when there is a reference conversion between the type arguments. For instance, an IEnumerable<int> is not an IEnumerable<object> because the conversion from int to object is a boxing conversion, not a reference conversion. Also please note that the CTP does not contain the new versions of the .NET types mentioned above. In order to experiment with variance you have to declare your own variant interfaces and delegate types. COM Example Here is a larger Office automation example that shows many of the new C# features in action. using System; using System.Diagnostics; using System.Linq; using Excel = Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel; using Word = Microsoft.Office.Interop.Word; class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { var excel = new Excel.Application(); excel.Visible = true; excel.Workbooks.Add(); // optional arguments omitted excel.Cells[1, 1].Value = "Process Name"; // no casts; Value dynamically excel.Cells[1, 2].Value = "Memory Usage"; // accessed var processes = Process.GetProcesses() .OrderByDescending(p =&gt; p.WorkingSet) .Take(10); int i = 2; foreach (var p in processes) { excel.Cells[i, 1].Value = p.ProcessName; // no casts excel.Cells[i, 2].Value = p.WorkingSet; // no casts i++; } Excel.Range range = excel.Cells[1, 1]; // no casts Excel.Chart chart = excel.ActiveWorkbook.Charts. Add(After: excel.ActiveSheet); // named and optional arguments chart.ChartWizard( Source: range.CurrentRegion, Title: "Memory Usage in " + Environment.MachineName); //named+optional chart.ChartStyle = 45; chart.CopyPicture(Excel.XlPictureAppearance.xlScreen, Excel.XlCopyPictureFormat.xlBitmap, Excel.XlPictureAppearance.xlScreen); var word = new Word.Application(); word.Visible = true; word.Documents.Add(); // optional arguments word.Selection.Paste(); } } The code is much more terse and readable than the C# 3.0 counterpart. Note especially how the Value property is accessed dynamically. This is actually an indexed property, i.e. a property that takes an argument; something which C# does not understand. However the argument is optional. Since the access is dynamic, it goes through the runtime COM binder which knows to substitute the default value and call the indexed property. Thus, dynamic COM allows you to avoid accesses to the puzzling Value2 property of Excel ranges. Relationship with Visual Basic A number of the features introduced to C# 4.0 already exist or will be introduced in some form or other in Visual Basic: · Late binding in VB is similar in many ways to dynamic lookup in C#, and can be expected to make more use of the DLR in the future, leading to further parity with C#. · Named and optional arguments have been part of Visual Basic for a long time, and the C# version of the feature is explicitly engineered with maximal VB interoperability in mind. · NoPIA and variance are both being introduced to VB and C# at the same time. VB in turn is adding a number of features that have hitherto been a mainstay of C#. As a result future versions of C# and VB will have much better feature parity, for the benefit of everyone. Resources All available resources concerning C# 4.0 can be accessed through the C# Dev Center. Specifically, this white paper and other resources can be found at the Code Gallery site. Enjoy! span.fullpost {display:none;}

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  • ASP.NET / WCF - Execute Server.Execute Asynchronously

    - by user208662
    Hello, I need to run the HttpContext.Current.Server.Execute method in my ASP.NET application. This application has a WCF operation that does some processing. Currently, I am to do my processing correctly from within my WCF operation. However, I would like to do this asynchronously. In an error to attempt this asynchronously, I tried running Server.Execute in the DoWork event handler of a BackgroundWorker. Unfortunately, this throws an error that says "object reference not set to an instance of an object" The HttpContext element is not null. I checked that. It is some property nested in the HttpContext object that appears to be null. However, I have not been able to identify why this won't work. It happens as soon as I move the processing to the BackgroundWorker thread. My question is, how can I asynchronously execute the Server.Execute method? Thank you,

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  • C# threading pattern that will let me flush

    - by Jeff Alexander
    I have a class that implements the Begin/End Invocation pattern where I initially used ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem() to do thread my work. I now have the side effect where someone using my class is calling the Begin (with callback) a ton of times to do a lot of processing so ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem is creating a ton of threads to do the processing. That in itself isn't bad but there are instances where they want to abandon the processing and start a new process but they are forced to wait for their first request to finish. Since ThreadPool.QueueUseWorkItem() doesn't allow me to cancel the threads I am trying to come up with a better way to queue up the work and maybe use an explicit FlushQueue() method in my class to allow the caller to abandon work in my queue. Anyone have any suggestion on a threading pattern that fits my needs?

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  • Removing the contents of a Chan or MVar in a single discrete step

    - by Bill
    I'm writing a discrete simulation where request values from multiple threads accumulate in a centralized queue. Every n milliseconds, a manager wakes up to process requests. When the manager wakes up, it should retrieve all of the contents of the central queue in a single discrete step. While processing these, any client threads attempting to submit to the queue should block. When processing completes, the queue reopens and the manager goes back to sleep. What's the best way to do this? The retry behavior of STM isn't really what I want. If I use a Chan or MVar, there's no way to prevent clients from enqueuing additional requests during processing. One approach is to use an MVar as a mutex on a Chan holding the queue. Are there other ways to do this?

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  • How to outperform this regex replacement?

    - by spender
    After considerable measurement, I have identified a hotspot in one of our windows services that I'd like to optimize. We are processing strings that may have multiple consecutive spaces in it, and we'd like to reduce to only single spaces. We use a static compiled regex for this task: private static readonly Regex regex_select_all_multiple_whitespace_chars = new Regex(@"\s+",RegexOptions.Compiled); and then use it as follows: var cleanString= regex_select_all_multiple_whitespace_chars.Replace(dirtyString.Trim(), " "); This line is being invoked several million times, and is proving to be fairly intensive. I've tried to write something better, but I'm stumped. Given the fairly modest processing requirements of the regex, surely there's something faster. Could unsafe processing with pointers speed things further?

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  • How to implement paging in NHibernate with a left join query

    - by Gabe Moothart
    I have an NHibernate query that looks like this: var query = Session.CreateQuery(@" select o from Order o left join o.Products p where (o.CompanyId = :companyId) AND (p.Status = :processing) order by o.UpdatedOn desc") .SetParameter("companyId", companyId) .SetParameter("processing", Status.Processing) .SetResultTransformer(Transformers.DistinctRootEntity); var data = query.List<Order>(); I want to implement paging for this query, so I only return x rows instead of the entire result set. I know about SetMaxResults() and SetFirstResult(), but because of the left join and DistinctRootEntity, that could return less than x Orders. I tried "select distinct o" as well, but the sql that is generated for that (using the sqlserver 2008 dialect) seems to ignore the distinct for pages after the first one (I think this is the problem). What is the best way to accomplish this?

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  • How to give highest priority to events generated from main thread than those generated from secondar

    - by martjno
    I have a c++ application written in wxWidgets, which has a main thread (GUI) and a working thread (calculations). The working thread executes commands requested by the main thread and communicates the result to the main thread posting an event after every step of the processing. The problem is that when the working thread is sending many events consecutively, the gui requests made by the user (i.e. interrupt the processing clicking a button) won't be processed by the event handler until the working thread has finished. This is actually happening on OSX, on Windows it works perfectly. I've tried to wxThread::SetPriority and wxThread::Yield but nothing changes. It is working if I put wxThread::Sleep in the working thread, but this slows down very much the processing.

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  • .NET: What is the purpose of the ProhibitDtd property in XmlReaderSettings? Why is DTD a security i

    - by Cheeso
    The documentation says: When set to true, the XmlReader throws an XmlException when any DTD content is encountered. Do not enable DTD processing if you are concerned about Denial of Service issues or if you are dealing with untrusted sources. If you have DTD processing enabled, you can use the XmlSecureResolver to restrict the resources that the XmlReader can access. You can also design your application so that the XML processing is memory and time constrained. For example, configure time-out limits in your ASP.NET application. Can someone please explain the issue? Why would a reader application want to prohibit the retrieval of a DTD? Where is the denial-of-service issue, if it is a reading application? What is the "trust" issue that is mentioned? Thanks

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  • Cobol: science and fiction

    - by user847
    There are a few threads about the relevance of the Cobol programming language on this forum, e.g. this thread links to a collection of them. What I am interested in here is a frequently repeated claim based on a study by Gartner from 1997: that there were around 200 billion lines of code in active use at that time! I would like to ask some questions to verify or falsify a couple of related points. My goal is to understand if this statement has any truth to it or if it is totally unrealistic. I apologize in advance for being a little verbose in presenting my line of thought and my own opinion on the things I am not sure about, but I think it might help to put things in context and thus highlight any wrong assumptions and conclusions I have made. Sometimes, the "200 billion lines" number is accompanied by the added claim that this corresponded to 80% of all programming code in any language in active use. Other times, the 80% merely refer to so-called "business code" (or some other vague phrase hinting that the reader is not to count mainstream software, embedded systems or anything else where Cobol is practically non-existent). In the following I assume that the code does not include double-counting of multiple installations of the same software (since that is cheating!). In particular in the time prior to the y2k problem, it has been noted that a lot of Cobol code is already 20 to 30 years old. That would mean it was written in the late 60ies and 70ies. At that time, the market leader was IBM with the IBM/370 mainframe. IBM has put up a historical announcement on his website quoting prices and availability. According to the sheet, prices are about one million dollars for machines with up to half a megabyte of memory. Question 1: How many mainframes have actually been sold? I have not found any numbers for those times; the latest numbers are for the year 2000, again by Gartner. :^( I would guess that the actual number is in the hundreds or the low thousands; if the market size was 50 billion in 2000 and the market has grown exponentially like any other technology, it might have been merely a few billions back in 1970. Since the IBM/370 was sold for twenty years, twenty times a few thousand will result in a couple of ten-thousands of machines (and that is pretty optimistic)! Question 2: How large were the programs in lines of code? I don't know how many bytes of machine code result from one line of source code on that architecture. But since the IBM/370 was a 32-bit machine, any address access must have used 4 bytes plus instruction (2, maybe 3 bytes for that?). If you count in operating system and data for the program, how many lines of code would have fit into the main memory of half a megabyte? Question 3: Was there no standard software? Did every single machine sold run a unique hand-coded system without any standard software? Seriously, even if every machine was programmed from scratch without any reuse of legacy code (wait ... didn't that violate one of the claims we started from to begin with???) we might have O(50,000 l.o.c./machine) * O(20,000 machines) = O(1,000,000,000 l.o.c.). That is still far, far, far away from 200 billion! Am I missing something obvious here? Question 4: How many programmers did we need to write 200 billion lines of code? I am really not sure about this one, but if we take an average of 10 l.o.c. per day, we would need 55 million man-years to achieve this! In the time-frame of 20 to 30 years this would mean that there must have existed two to three million programmers constantly writing, testing, debugging and documenting code. That would be about as many programmers as we have in China today, wouldn't it? Question 5: What about the competition? So far, I have come up with two things here: 1) IBM had their own programming language, PL/I. Above I have assumed that the majority of code has been written exclusively using Cobol. However, all other things being equal I wonder if IBM marketing had really pushed their own development off the market in favor of Cobol on their machines. Was there really no relevant code base of PL/I? 2) Sometimes (also on this board in the thread quoted above) I come across the claim that the "200 billion lines of code" are simply invisible to anybody outside of "governments, banks ..." (and whatnot). Actually, the DoD had funded their own language in order to increase cost effectiveness and reduce the proliferation of programming language. This lead to their use of Ada. Would they really worry about having so many different programming languages if they had predominantly used Cobol? If there was any language running on "government and military" systems outside the perception of mainstream computing, wouldn't that language be Ada? I hope someone can point out any flaws in my assumptions and/or conclusions and shed some light on whether the above claim has any truth to it or not.

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  • Replication - syncronizing most of the data some of the time

    - by uncle brad
    I have some data that isn't properly "partitioned" (for lack of a better word). All inserts, processing and reporting happen on the same table. The bulk of the processing happens not long after the insert and not long after that it becomes immutable (we're talking days). I could do all inserts and processing on a new table that I replicate to the old table. When I detect that the data has become immutable I would delete the data from the new table, but I would edit the delete replication stored procedure so that the delete did not replicate. How bad an idea is this? It seems attractive at the moment (I haven't slept on it yet) because it might mitigate a performance problem with only very small changes to the application. It also seems like it might be a good way to shoot myself in the foot.

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  • .Remove(object) on a List<T> returned from LINQ to SQL compiled query won't delete the Object right

    - by soldieraman
    I am returning two lists from the database using LINQ to SQL compiled query. While looping the first list I remove duplicates from the second list as I dont want to process already existing objects again. eg. //oldCustomers is a List returned by my Compiled Linq to SQL Statmenet that I have added a .ToList() at the end to //Same goes for newCustomers for (Customer oC in oldCustomers) { //Do some processing newCustomers.Remove(newCusomters.Find(nC=> nC.CustomerID == oC.CusomterID)); } for (Cusomter nC in newCustomers) { //Do some processing } DataContext.SubmitChanges() I expect this to only save the changes that have been made to the customers in my processing and not Remove or Delete any of my customers from the database. Correct? I have tried it and it works fine - but I am trying to know if there is any rare case it might actually get removed

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  • Lightweight messaging (async invocations) in Java

    - by Sergey Mikhanov
    I am looking for lightweight messaging framework in Java. My task is to process events in a SEDA’s manner: I know that some stages of the processing could be completed quickly, and others not, and would like to decouple these stages of processing. Let’s say I have components A and B and processing engine (be this container or whatever else) invokes component A, which in turn invokes component B. I do not care if execution time of component B will be 2s, but I do care if execution time of component A is below 50ms, for example. Therefore, it seems most reasonable for component A to submit a message to B, which B will process at the desired time. I am aware of different JMS implementations and Apache ActiveMQ: they are too heavyweight for this. I searched for some lightweight messaging (with really basic features like messages serialization and simplest routing) to no avail. Do you have anything to recommend in this issue?

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  • Serving large generated files using Google App Engine?

    - by John Carter
    Hiya, Presently I have a GAE app that does some offline processing (backs up a user's data), and generates a file that's somewhere in the neighbourhood of 10 - 100 MB. I'm not sure of the best way to serve this file to the user. The two options I'm considering are: Adding some code to the offline processing code that 'spoofs' it as a form upload to the blob store, and going thru the normal blobstore process to serve the file. Having the offline processing code store the file somewhere off of GAE, and serving it from there. Is there a much better approach I'm overlooking? I'm guessing this is functionality that isn't well suited to GAE. I had thought of storing in the datastore as db.Text or Dd.Blob but there I encounter the 1 MB limit. Any input would be appreciated,

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  • RadGrid Ajax PopAlert

    - by user272671
    I have a situation where I need to, based on user selection and some server-side processing, display a message to allow user to choose to continue processing or cancel. I have a RadGrid populated with data from the database. When User adds a new item to the grid,I want to do some processing in the back end and then inform the user of what could result and give him/her the choice to continue and believe that a message box or modal popup/radalert is the best way to do it, but how do I create the message in the back end and then using a popup, display the message and block until user responds. How do I do it please?

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  • Struggling to "clear" a CGLayer -- can it even be done?

    - by Joe Blow
    So I'm doing this repetitively - making a CGLayer, doing some processing, and then releasing it. This happens a lot in real time -- so surely there is a lot of overhead in making a whole new CGLayer each time? Surely it would be better to just keep lair around, and start fresh each time? However, I do not know any way, at all, to "erase" or "start from blank" a CGLayer?? Can anyone help on this? There is a function CGContextBeginPath(cc) but it's confusing: it seems to only clear out "that" path, it does not erase all of the CGLayer back to a blank canvas. how to return a CGLayer to a blank canvas????? Does anyone know? CGLayerRef lair = CGLayerCreateWithContext( UIGraphicsGetCurrentContext(), CGSizeMake(1024,768), NULL); CGContextRef cc = CGLayerGetContext(ether); // various processing here CGContextAddPath(cc, somePath); // various processing here CGLayerRelease(lair); Any ideas?!

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  • Are there any security vulnerabilities in this PHP code?

    - by skorned
    Hi. I just got a site to manage, but am not too sure about the code the previous guy wrote. I'm pasting the login procedure below, could you have a look and tell me if there are any security vulnerabilities? At first glance, it seems like one could get in through SQL injection or manipulating cookies and the ?m= parameter. define ( 'CURRENT_TIME', time ()); / / Current time. define ( 'ONLINE_TIME_MIN', (CURRENT_TIME - BOTNET_TIMEOUT)); / / Minimum time for the status of "Online". define ( 'DEFAULT_LANGUAGE', 'en'); / / Default language. define ( 'THEME_PATH', 'theme'); / / folder for the theme. / / HTTP requests. define ( 'QUERY_SCRIPT', basename ($ _SERVER [ 'PHP_SELF'])); define ( 'QUERY_SCRIPT_HTML', QUERY_SCRIPT); define ( 'QUERY_VAR_MODULE', 'm'); / / variable contains the current module. define ( 'QUERY_STRING_BLANK', QUERY_SCRIPT. '? m ='); / / An empty query string. define ( 'QUERY_STRING_BLANK_HTML', QUERY_SCRIPT_HTML. '? m ='); / / Empty query string in HTML. define ( 'CP_HTTP_ROOT', str_replace ( '\ \', '/', (! empty ($ _SERVER [ 'SCRIPT_NAME'])? dirname ($ _SERVER [ 'SCRIPT_NAME']):'/'))); / / root of CP. / / The session cookie. define ( 'COOKIE_USER', 'p'); / / Username in the cookies. define ( 'COOKIE_PASS', 'u'); / / user password in the cookies. define ( 'COOKIE_LIVETIME', CURRENT_TIME + 2592000) / / Lifetime cookies. define ( 'COOKIE_SESSION', 'ref'); / / variable to store the session. define ( 'SESSION_LIVETIME', CURRENT_TIME + 1300) / / Lifetime of the session. ////////////////////////////////////////////////// ///////////////////////////// / / Initialize. ////////////////////////////////////////////////// ///////////////////////////// / / Connect to the database. if (! ConnectToDB ()) die (mysql_error_ex ()); / / Connecting topic. require_once (THEME_PATH. '/ index.php'); / / Manage login. if (! empty ($ _GET [QUERY_VAR_MODULE])) ( / / Login form. if (strcmp ($ _GET [QUERY_VAR_MODULE], 'login') === 0) ( UnlockSessionAndDestroyAllCokies (); if (isset ($ _POST [ 'user']) & & isset ($ _POST [ 'pass'])) ( $ user = $ _POST [ 'user']; $ pass = md5 ($ _POST [ 'pass']); / / Check login. if (@ mysql_query ( "SELECT id FROM cp_users WHERE name = '". addslashes ($ user). "' AND pass = '". addslashes ($ pass). "' AND flag_enabled = '1 'LIMIT 1") & & @ mysql_affected_rows () == 1) ( if (isset ($ _POST [ 'remember']) & & $ _POST [ 'remember'] == 1) ( setcookie (COOKIE_USER, md5 ($ user), COOKIE_LIVETIME, CP_HTTP_ROOT); setcookie (COOKIE_PASS, $ pass, COOKIE_LIVETIME, CP_HTTP_ROOT); ) LockSession (); $ _SESSION [ 'Name'] = $ user; $ _SESSION [ 'Pass'] = $ pass; / / UnlockSession (); header ( 'Location:'. QUERY_STRING_BLANK. 'home'); ) else ShowLoginForm (true); die (); ) ShowLoginForm (false); die (); ) / / Output if (strcmp ($ _GET [ 'm'], 'logout') === 0) ( UnlockSessionAndDestroyAllCokies (); header ( 'Location:'. QUERY_STRING_BLANK. 'login'); die (); ) ) ////////////////////////////////////////////////// ///////////////////////////// / / Check the login data. ////////////////////////////////////////////////// ///////////////////////////// $ logined = 0, / / flag means, we zalogininy. / / Log in session. LockSession (); if (! empty ($ _SESSION [ 'name']) & &! empty ($ _SESSION [ 'pass'])) ( if (($ r = @ mysql_query ( "SELECT * FROM cp_users WHERE name = '". addslashes ($ _SESSION [' name'])."' AND pass = ' ". addslashes ($ _SESSION [' pass']). " 'AND flag_enabled = '1' LIMIT 1 ")))$ logined = @ mysql_affected_rows (); ) / / Login through cookies. if ($ logined! == 1 & &! empty ($ _COOKIE [COOKIE_USER]) & &! empty ($ _COOKIE [COOKIE_PASS])) ( if (($ r = @ mysql_query ( "SELECT * FROM cp_users WHERE MD5 (name )='". addslashes ($ _COOKIE [COOKIE_USER ])."' AND pass = '". addslashes ($ _COOKIE [COOKIE_PASS]). " 'AND flag_enabled = '1' LIMIT 1 ")))$ logined = @ mysql_affected_rows (); ) / / Unable to login. if ($ logined! == 1) ( UnlockSessionAndDestroyAllCokies (); header ( 'Location:'. QUERY_STRING_BLANK. 'login'); die (); ) / / Get the user data. $ _USER_DATA = @ Mysql_fetch_assoc ($ r); if ($ _USER_DATA === false) die (mysql_error_ex ()); $ _SESSION [ 'Name'] = $ _USER_DATA [ 'name']; $ _SESSION [ 'Pass'] = $ _USER_DATA [ 'pass']; / / Connecting language. if (@ strlen ($ _USER_DATA [ 'language'])! = 2 | |! SafePath ($ _USER_DATA [ 'language']) | |! file_exists ( 'system / lng .'.$_ USER_DATA [' language '].' . php'))$_ USER_DATA [ 'language'] = DEFAULT_LANGUAGE; require_once ( 'system / lng .'.$_ USER_DATA [' language'].'. php '); UnlockSession ();

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  • Is there any memory restrictions on an ASP.Net application? HttpHandler?

    - by tpower
    I have an ASP.Net MVC application that allows users to upload images. When I try to upload a really large file (400MB) I get an error. I assumed that my image processing code (home brew) was very inefficient, so I decided I would try using a third party library to handle the image processing parts. Because I'm using TDD, I wanted to first write a test that fails. But when I test the controller action with the same large file it is able to do all the image processing without any trouble. The error I get is "Out of memory". I'm sure my code is probably using a lot more memory than it needs to but I just want to know why my test passes. The other difference is that I'm using SWFUpload which is not used with the test. Could this be the cause?

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  • Modifying a gedit syntax highlighting file

    - by Oscar Saleta Reig
    I am trying to change a highlighting file from Gedit. I have modified the file /usr/share/gtksourceview-3.0/language-specs/fortran.lang because I want to change the cases in which the editor takes a statement as a comment. The problem I have is that when I choose the new highlighting scheme nothing highlights, it just remains as plain text. The file fortran.lang was opened with su permissions and I just copy-pasted everything into a new Gedit file and later saved it as fortran_enhanced.lang in the same folder. The changes I've done to the original file are these: Original fortran.lang file: <language id="fortran" _name="Fortran 95" version="2.0" _section="Sources"> <metadata> <property name="mimetypes">text/x-fortran</property> <property name="globs">*.f;*.f90;*.f95;*.for</property> <property name="line-comment-start">!</property> </metadata> <styles> <style id="comment" _name="Comment" map-to="def:comment"/> <style id="floating-point" _name="Floating Point" map-to="def:floating-point"/> <style id="keyword" _name="Keyword" map-to="def:keyword"/> <style id="intrinsic" _name="Intrinsic function" map-to="def:builtin"/> <style id="boz-literal" _name="BOZ Literal" map-to="def:base-n-integer"/> <style id="decimal" _name="Decimal" map-to="def:decimal"/> <style id="type" _name="Data Type" map-to="def:type"/> </styles> <default-regex-options case-sensitive="false"/> <definitions> <!-- Note: contains an hack to avoid considering ^COMMON a comment --> <context id="line-comment" style-ref="comment" end-at-line-end="true" class="comment" class-disabled="no-spell-check"> <start>!|(^[Cc](\b|[^OoAaYy]))</start> <include> <context ref="def:escape"/> <context ref="def:in-line-comment"/> </include> </context> (...) Modified fortran_enhanced.lang file: <!-- Note: changed language id and name --> <language id="fortran_enhanced" _name="Fortran 95 2.0" version="2.0" _section="Sources"> <metadata> <property name="mimetypes">text/x-fortran</property> <!-- Note: removed *.f and *.for from file extensions --> <property name="globs">*.f90;*.f95;</property> <property name="line-comment-start">!</property> </metadata> <styles> <style id="comment" _name="Comment" map-to="def:comment"/> <style id="floating-point" _name="Floating Point" map-to="def:floating-point"/> <style id="keyword" _name="Keyword" map-to="def:keyword"/> <style id="intrinsic" _name="Intrinsic function" map-to="def:builtin"/> <style id="boz-literal" _name="BOZ Literal" map-to="def:base-n-integer"/> <style id="decimal" _name="Decimal" map-to="def:decimal"/> <style id="type" _name="Data Type" map-to="def:type"/> </styles> <default-regex-options case-sensitive="false"/> <definitions> <!-- Note: I want comments only beginning with !, not C --> <context id="line-comment" style-ref="comment" end-at-line-end="true" class="comment" class-disabled="no-spell-check"> <start>!</start> <include> <context ref="def:escape"/> <context ref="def:in-line-comment"/> </include> </context> (...) I have read this question [ Custom gedit Syntax Highlighting for Dummies? ] and I tried to make the new fortran_enhanced.lang file readable with $ cd /usr/share/gtksourceview-3.0/language-specs $ sudo chmod 0644 fortran_enhanced.lang but it doesn't seem that made some difference. I have to say that I have never done a thing like this before and I don't even understand most of the language file, so I am open to every criticism, as I have been guided purely by intuition. Thank you in advanced!

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  • How to install latest version of imagick on centos 5.8 64bit using bash

    - by user57221
    How can I download and install latest version of imagick on centos 5.8 64bit using bash for php 5.4. >yum info php Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirror.ellogroup.com * epel: mirror01.th.ifl.net * extras: mirror.ellogroup.com * updates: mirror.ellogroup.com Installed Packages Name : php Arch : x86_64 Version : 5.4.3 Release : 1.el5.remi Size : 8.8 M Repo : installed Summary : The PHP HTML-embedded scripting language. (PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor) URL : http://www.php.net/ License : PHP Description: PHP is an HTML-embedded scripting language. PHP attempts to make it : easy for developers to write dynamically generated webpages. PHP also : offers built-in database integration for several commercial and : non-commercial database management systems, so writing a : database-enabled webpage with PHP is fairly simple. The most common : use of PHP coding is probably as a replacement for CGI scripts. : : The php package contains the module which adds support for the PHP : language to Apache HTTP Server.

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  • How to call a program and exit from the shell (the caller) when program is active?

    - by Jack
    I want to run a program with GUI, by typing into konsole: foo args … and exit from the shell (that's the caller) when the program (foo) is active. How do I this? Is there a Linux/Unix built-in command/program to do it? I'm not a shell-man, really. I know that it's possible by writing a small program in C or C++ (any other programming language with small I/O interface on POSIX) programming language with the fork() and one-of exec*() function family. It may take some time; I'll do it only if there is no native solution. Sorry for my bad English; it's not my native language. Also, not sure on tags, please edit for me, if I'm wrong. If it matters, I'm using OpenSUSE 10.x.

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  • Changing languages rapidly causes Linux to crash.

    - by eZanmoto
    So I'm running Xmonad on my college computer (which runs Kubuntu) and whenever I leave my desk, instead of using x-screensaver which is incredibly buggy and slow, I just change to another workstation, open a terminal and change language to a language which uses symbols instead of letters, and then change back using an aliased command. For example, my .profile has the lines alias qwer="setxkbmap jp" alias *******="setxkbmap ie" where ******* is my password, using japanese characters. Changing languages seems to be much faster than running x-screensaver. The problem: rapidly changing languages seems to crash Linux; it just won't accept input (and it's not because the language hasn't changed back, nothing is output to the console). I can't use Ctrl+Alt+F1..F7, I can't "raise the elephants", anything, it just won't work. I'm just wondering, is this a known issue, and if so, is there something I can do about it?

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  • Linux (lsusb) not showing String Descriptors of a USB device

    - by tzippy
    I have an embedded device that when plugged to a linux host, shows up with vid and pid that are not in the usb.ids file (proprietary IDs). However I provide String Descriptors that do show up when plugged into a Windows Host. But not on a Linux Host. lsusb -v shows only iManufacturer 3 iProduct 2 iSerial 1 But on the device side, when processing the setup requests, I see that the Strings are actually requested by the Host. By Windows and also the Linux Host. The USB Device Tree Viewwer under Windows shows this output: iManufacturer : 0x01 Language 0x0409 : "My Manufacturer" iProduct : 0x02 Language 0x0409 : "MyProduct" iSerialNumber : 0x03 Language 0x0409 : "My Serial" I feel that lsusb does not show all of the information. Is there a more informative tool?

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  • Merge two Excel sheets

    - by PeeHaa
    I have two 'tabs' in my Excel file and I would like to merge the two tabs into one sheet (in the same file). The two files look somthing like: artnr language description price artnr language description price artnr language description price What I would like to do is merge those two files in the following manner: first row of first sheet first row of second sheet second row of first sheet second row of second sheet etc. I tried to use the following formula: =Sheet1!A1 =Sheet2!A1 =Sheet1!A2 =Sheet2!A2 This works, however when I try to expand the formula down (to the other rows) I get: =Sheet1!A1 =Sheet2!A1 =Sheet1!A2 =Sheet2!A2 =Sheet1!A5 =Sheet2!A5 In stead of: =Sheet1!A1 =Sheet2!A1 =Sheet1!A2 =Sheet2!A2 =Sheet1!A3 =Sheet2!A3 Any help is appreciated!

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  • Session Cookies and IE 8

    - by Matt Luongo
    I recently built a simple web-app deployed over Tomcat. The app uses pretty standard session based security where a user who has logged in is given a session. Sessions work fine in Firefox and Chrome, but require the use of jsessionid in the URL for IE (tested 7 & 8), set to medium privacy. In IE 8, I tried to override cookie handling, setting "Allow all 3rd party cookies" and "Allow all session cookies"- no dice. However, when I run Tomcat on my local machine, IE accepts the cookie, and sessions work just fine. And now, for the HTTP headers. From Chrome, a logged in user gets a session GET http://devl:8080/testing/ HTTP/1.1 Host: devl:8080 Connection: keep-alive User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 6.1; en-US) AppleWebKit/532.5 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/4.1.249.1036 Safari/532.5 Accept: application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,image/png,*/*;q=0.5 Accept-Encoding: gzip,deflate,sdch Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.8 Accept-Charset: ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.3 HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: Apache-Coyote/1.1 P3P: CP="NON CURa ADMa DEVa TAIa OUR BUS IND UNI COM NAV INT STA" Set-Cookie: JSESSIONID=9280023BCE2046F32B13C89130CBC397; Path=/testing Content-Type: text/html;charset=UTF-8 Content-Language: en-US Content-Length: 2450 Date: Fri, 26 Mar 2010 14:14:40 GMT GET http://devl:8080/testing/logout HTTP/1.1 Host: devl:8080 Connection: keep-alive User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 6.1; en-US) AppleWebKit/532.5 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/4.1.249.1036 Safari/532.5 Referer: http://devl:8080/testing/ Accept: application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,image/png,*/*;q=0.5 Accept-Encoding: gzip,deflate,sdch Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.8 Accept-Charset: ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.3 Cookie: JSESSIONID=9280023BCE2046F32B13C89130CBC397 ... From IE 8, with standard medium level security and privacy- GET http://devl:8080/testing/ HTTP/1.1 Accept: application/x-ms-application, image/jpeg, application/xaml+xml, image/gif, image/pjpeg, application/x-ms-xbap, */* Accept-Language: en-US User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; Trident/4.0; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; SLCC2; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; MDDC; Tablet PC 2.0) UA-CPU: AMD64 Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate Host: devl:8080 Connection: Keep-Alive HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: Apache-Coyote/1.1 P3P: CP="NON CURa ADMa DEVa TAIa OUR BUS IND UNI COM NAV INT STA" Set-Cookie: JSESSIONID=192999F922D6E9C868314452726764BA; Path=/testing Content-Type: text/html;charset=UTF-8 Content-Language: en-US Content-Length: 2450 Date: Fri, 26 Mar 2010 14:32:34 GMT GET http://devl:8080/testing/logout HTTP/1.1 Accept: application/x-ms-application, image/jpeg, application/xaml+xml, image/gif, image/pjpeg, application/x-ms-xbap, */* Referer: http://devl:8080/testing/;jsessionid=6371A83EFE39A46997544F9146AA5CEA Accept-Language: en-US User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; Trident/4.0; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; SLCC2; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; MDDC; Tablet PC 2.0) UA-CPU: AMD64 Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate Connection: Keep-Alive Host: devl:8080 ... I thought it might be P3P, but on adding a compact policy, nothing changes. This is the standard Tomcat session, so I'm really surprised I haven't been able to find other people with the same problem so far. Anyone have any ideas?

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