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  • How do I generate (and label) a random integer with python 3.2?

    - by An hero
    Okay, so I'm admittedly a newbie to programming, but I can't determine how to get python v3.2 to generate a random positive integer between parameters I've given it. Just so you can understand the context, I'm trying to create a guessing-game where the user inputs parameters (say 1 to 50), and the computer generates a random number between the given numbers. The user would then have to guess the value that the computer has chosen. I've searched long and hard, but all of the solutions I can find only tell one how to get earlier versions of python to generate a random integer. As near as I can tell, v.3.2 changed how to generate and label a random integer. Anyone know how to do this? Thanks!

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  • Python: why does str() on some text from a UTF-8 file give a UnicodeDecodeError?

    - by AP257
    I'm processing a UTF-8 file in Python, and have used simplejson to load it into a dictionary. However, I'm getting a UnicodeDecodeError when I try to turn one of the dictionary values into a string: f = open('my_json.json', 'r') master_dictionary = json.load(f) #some json wrangling, then it fails on this line... mysql_string += " ('" + str(v_dict['code']) Traceback (most recent call last): File "my_file.py", line 25, in <module> str(v_dict['code']) + "'), " UnicodeEncodeError: 'ascii' codec can't encode character u'\xf4' in position 35: ordinal not in range(128) Why is Python even using ASCII? I thought it used UTF-8 by default, and this is a UTF-8 file. What is the problem?

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  • Does Python Django support custom SQL and denormalized databases with no Foreign Key relationships?

    - by Jay
    I've just started learning Python Django and have a lot of experience building high traffic websites using PHP and MySQL. What worries me so far is Python's overly optimistic approach that you will never need to write custom SQL and that it automatically creates all these Foreign Key relationships in your database. The one thing I've learned in the last few years of building Chess.com is that its impossible to NOT write custom SQL when you're dealing with something like MySQL that frequently needs to be told what indexes it should use (or avoid), and that Foreign Keys are a death sentence. Percona's strongest recommendation was for us to remove all FKs for optimal performance. Is there a way in Django to do this in the models file? create relationships without creating actual DB FKs? Or is there a way to start at the database level, design/create my database, and then have Django reverse engineer the models file?

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  • Regular expressions in a Python find-and-replace script?

    - by Haidon
    I'm new to Python scripting, so please forgive me in advance if the answer to this question seems inherently obvious. I'm trying to put together a large-scale find-and-replace script using Python. I'm using code similar to the following: findreplace = [ ('term1', 'term2'), ] inF = open(infile,'rb') s=unicode(inF.read(),charenc) inF.close() for couple in findreplace: outtext=s.replace(couple[0],couple[1]) s=outtext outF = open(outFile,'wb') outF.write(outtext.encode('utf-8')) outF.close() How would I go about having the script do a find and replace for regular expressions? Specifically, I want it to find some information (metadata) specified at the top of a text file. Eg: Title: This is the title Author: This is the author Date: This is the date and convert it into LaTeX format. Eg: \title{This is the title} \author{This is the author} \date{This is the date} Maybe I'm tackling this the wrong way. If there's a better way than regular expressions please let me know! Thanks!

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  • Is there any Python library that allows me to parse an HTML document similar to what jQuery does?

    - by Sachin Tendulkar
    Is there any Python library that allows me to parse an HTML document similar to what jQuery does? i.e. I'd like to be able to use CSS selector syntax to grab an arbitrary set of nodes from the document, read their content/attributes, etc. The only Python HTML parsing lib I've used before was BeautifulSoup, and even though it's fine I keep thinking it would be faster to do my parsing if I had jQuery syntax available. :D Write an iterative program that finds the largest number of McNuggets that cannot be bought in exact quantity. Your program should print the answer in the following format (where the correct number is provided in place of n): "Largest number of McNuggets that cannot be bought in exact quantity: n"

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  • How to fix this python error? RuntimeError: dictionary changed size during iteration

    - by aF
    Hello, it gives me this error: Exception in thread Thread-163: Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\Python26\lib\threading.py", line 532, in __bootstrap_inner self.run() File "C:\Python26\lib\threading.py", line 736, in run self.function(*self.args, **self.kwargs) File "C:\Users\Public\SoundLog\Code\Código Python\SoundLog\SoundLog.py", line 337, in getInfo self.data1 = copy.deepcopy(Auxiliar.DataCollection.getInfo(1)) File "C:\Python26\lib\copy.py", line 162, in deepcopy y = copier(x, memo) File "C:\Python26\lib\copy.py", line 254, in _deepcopy_dict for key, value in x.iteritems(): RuntimeError: dictionary changed size during iteration while executing my python program. How can I avoid this to happen? Thanks in advance ;)

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  • Project Euler #18 - how to brute force all possible paths in tree-like structure using Python?

    - by euler user
    Am trying to learn Python the Atlantic way and am stuck on Project Euler #18. All of the stuff I can find on the web (and there's a LOT more googling that happened beyond that) is some variation on 'well you COULD brute force it, but here's a more elegant solution'... I get it, I totally do. There are really neat solutions out there, and I look forward to the day where the phrase 'acyclic graph' conjures up something more than a hazy, 1 megapixel resolution in my head. But I need to walk before I run here, see the state, and toy around with the brute force answer. So, question: how do I generate (enumerate?) all valid paths for the triangle in Project Euler #18 and store them in an appropriate python data structure? (A list of lists is my initial inclination?). I don't want the answer - I want to know how to brute force all the paths and store them into a data structure. Here's what I've got. I'm definitely looping over the data set wrong. The desired behavior would be to go 'depth first(?)' rather than just looping over each row ineffectually.. I read ch. 3 of Norvig's book but couldn't translate the psuedo-code. Tried reading over the AIMA python library for ch. 3 but it makes too many leaps. triangle = [ [75], [95, 64], [17, 47, 82], [18, 35, 87, 10], [20, 4, 82, 47, 65], [19, 1, 23, 75, 3, 34], [88, 2, 77, 73, 7, 63, 67], [99, 65, 4, 28, 6, 16, 70, 92], [41, 41, 26, 56, 83, 40, 80, 70, 33], [41, 48, 72, 33, 47, 32, 37, 16, 94, 29], [53, 71, 44, 65, 25, 43, 91, 52, 97, 51, 14], [70, 11, 33, 28, 77, 73, 17, 78, 39, 68, 17, 57], [91, 71, 52, 38, 17, 14, 91, 43, 58, 50, 27, 29, 48], [63, 66, 4, 68, 89, 53, 67, 30, 73, 16, 69, 87, 40, 31], [04, 62, 98, 27, 23, 9, 70, 98, 73, 93, 38, 53, 60, 4, 23], ] def expand_node(r, c): return [[r+1,c+0],[r+1,c+1]] all_paths = [] my_path = [] for i in xrange(0, len(triangle)): for j in xrange(0, len(triangle[i])): print 'row ', i, ' and col ', j, ' value is ', triangle[i][j] ??my_path = somehow chain these together??? if my_path not in all_paths all_paths.append(my_path) Answers that avoid external libraries (like itertools) preferred.

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  • Fastest way to convert file from latin1 to utf-8 in python.

    - by xsaero00
    I need fastest way to convert files from latin1 to utf-8 in python. The files are large ~ 2G. ( I am moving DB data ). So far I have import codecs infile = codecs.open(tmpfile, 'r', encoding='latin1') outfile = codecs.open(tmpfile1, 'w', encoding='utf-8') for line in infile: outfile.write(line) infile.close() outfile.close() but it is still slow. The conversion takes one fourth of the whole migration time. I could also use a linux command line utility if it is faster than native python code.

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  • Display constantly updating information in-place in command-line window using python?

    - by AndyL
    I am essentially building a timer. I have a python script that monitors for an event and then prints out the seconds that have elapsed since that event. Instead of an ugly stream of numbers printed to the command line, I would like to display only the current elapsed time "in-place"-- so that only one number is visible at any given time. Is there a simple way to do this? If possible I'd like to use built-in python modules. I'm on Windows, so simpler the better. (E.g. no X11).

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  • How do I convert a Python list of lists of lists into a C array by using ctypes?

    - by pc05
    As seen here How do I convert a Python list into a C array by using ctypes? this code will take a python array and transform it to a C array. import ctypes arr = (ctypes.c_int * len(pyarr))(*pyarr) Which would the way of doing the same with a list of lists or a lists of lists of lists? For example, for the following variable list3d = [[[40.0, 1.2, 6.0, 0.3], [50.0, 4.2, 0, 0]], [[40.0, 1.2, 6.0, 0.3], [50.0, 4.2, 0, 0]], [[40.0, 1.2, 6.0, 0.3], [50.0, 4.2, 0, 0]]] I have tried the following with no luck: ([[ctypes.c_double * 4] *2]*3)(*list3d) # *** TypeError: 'list' object is not callable (ctypes.c_double * 4 *2 *3)(*list3d) # *** TypeError: expected c_double_Array_4_Array_2 instance, got list Thank you! EDIT: Just to clarify, I am trying to get one object that contains the whole multidimensional array, not a list of objects. This object's reference will be an input to a C DLL that expects a 3D array.

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  • How to export user inputs (from python) to excel worksheet?

    - by mrn
    I am trying to develop a user form in python 2.7.3. Please note that I am a python beginner. I am trying to use xlwt to export data to excel. I want to write values of following variables i.e. a (value to write:'x1') & d (value to write: be user defined information in text box), a=StringVar() checkBox1=Checkbutton(root, text="text1", variable=a, onvalue="x1", offvalue="N/A") checkBox1.place(relx=0., rely=0., relwidth=0., relheight=0.) checkBox1.pack() d=StringVar() atextBox1=Entry(root, textvariable=d, font = '{MS Sans Serif} 10') atextBox1.pack() Need help badly. Thank you so much in advance

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  • What do I need to distribute (keys, certs) for Python w/ SSL-socket connection?

    - by fandingo
    I'm trying to write a generic server-client application that will be able to exchange data amongst servers. I've read over quite a few OpenSSL documents, and I have successfully setup my own CA and created a cert (and private key) for testing purposes. I'm stuck with Python 2.3, so I can't use the standard "ssl" library. Instead, I'm stuck with PyOpenSSL, which doesn't seem bad, but there aren't many documents out there about it. My question isn't really about getting it working. I'm more confused about the certificates and where they need to go. Here are my two programs that do work: Server: #!/bin/env python from OpenSSL import SSL import socket import pickle def verify_cb(conn, cert, errnum, depth, ok): print('Got cert: %s' % cert.get_subject()) return ok ctx = SSL.Context(SSL.TLSv1_METHOD) ctx.set_verify(SSL.VERIFY_PEER|SSL.VERIFY_FAIL_IF_NO_PEER_CERT, verify_cb) # ?????? ctx.use_privatekey_file('./Dmgr-key.pem') ctx.use_certificate_file('Dmgr-cert.pem') # ?????? ctx.load_verify_locations('./CAcert.pem') server = SSL.Connection(ctx, socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)) server.bind(('', 50000)) server.listen(3) a, b = server.accept() c = a.recv(1024) print(c) Client: from OpenSSL import SSL import socket import pickle def verify_cb(conn, cert, errnum, depth, ok): print('Got cert: %s' % cert.get_subject()) return ok ctx = SSL.Context(SSL.TLSv1_METHOD) ctx.set_verify(SSL.VERIFY_PEER, verify_cb) # ?????????? ctx.use_privatekey_file('/home/justin/code/work/CA/private/Dmgr-key.pem') ctx.use_certificate_file('/home/justin/code/work/CA/Dmgr-cert.pem') # ????????? ctx.load_verify_locations('/home/justin/code/work/CA/CAcert.pem') sock = SSL.Connection(ctx, socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)) sock.connect(('10.0.0.3', 50000)) a = Tester(2, 2) b = pickle.dumps(a) sock.send("Hello, world") sock.flush() sock.send(b) sock.shutdown() sock.close() I found this information from ftp://ftp.pbone.net/mirror/ftp.pld-linux.org/dists/2.0/PLD/i586/PLD/RPMS/python-pyOpenSSL-examples-0.6-2.i586.rpm which contains some example scripts. As you might gather, I don't fully understand the sections between the " # ????????." I don't get why the certificate and private key are needed on both the client and server. I'm not sure where each should go, but shouldn't I only need to distribute one part of the key (probably the public part)? It undermines the purpose of having asymmetric keys if you still need both on each server, right? I tried alternating removing either the pkey or cert on either box, and I get the following error no matter which I remove: OpenSSL.SSL.Error: [('SSL routines', 'SSL3_READ_BYTES', 'sslv3 alert handshake failure'), ('SSL routines', 'SSL3_WRITE_BYTES', 'ssl handshake failure')] Could someone explain if this is the expected behavior for SSL. Do I really need to distribute the private key and public cert to all my clients? I'm trying to avoid any huge security problems, and leaking private keys would tend to be a big one... Thanks for the help!

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  • Python 3-compatibe HTML to text converter preserving basic structure under permissive licence?

    - by hawk64
    I am looking for a relatively simple HTML to text converter which displays links and works on strings. So far I have tried lynx but performance is too bad, html2text which gives weird and verbose markdown output and is under GPLv3 which is too restrictive for my (BSD-licensed) project, http://effbot.org/librarybook/formatter-example-3.py using htmllib.HTMLParser with formatter.AbstractFormatter and a custom writer, however htmllib.HTMLParser is drpeceated and has been removed from Python 3. So is there any simple, performant, Python 3-compatible HTML to text converter under a permissive license such as MIT/BSD/Apache and the like? Edit: I dont just need something to strip HTML-Tags but also to preserve the basic structure of the HTML, that is output that somewhat resembles that of Lynx.

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  • is it possible to use a python scrapper in a website?

    - by Tom
    I want to scrap a website and use that content in a website of my own. I am just wondering if that can be done with python 2.7, and if so how? If not, do I have to use JavaScript to scrap it? And do you have a good place to learn how to do that or good libraries for it. For those of you wondering, the website I am scrapping is legal, and they allow for this to be done. I have searched all over but apparently nobody tries to implement these scrappers that they write. I can write a web scrapper in python just fine. Say my scrapper scraps a name from a wikipedia page (John Doe for example), how can I use that name that I get in my website? Another update, I have found pjsrape and PhantomJS. I have only found one stack overflow post and the github examples with aren't very intuitive. If anybody has any experience or better ways to do it I would very much appreciate it

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  • is unicode( codecs.BOM_UTF8, "utf8" ) necessary in Python 2.7/3?

    - by Brian M. Hunt
    In a code review I came across the following code that contains the following: # Python bug that renders the unicode identifier (0xEF 0xBB 0xBF) # as a character. # If untreated, it can prevent the page from validating or rendering # properly. bom = unicode( codecs.BOM_UTF8, "utf8" ) r = r.replace(bom, '') This is in a function that passes a string to Response object (Django or Flask). Is this still a bug that needs this fix in Python 2.7 or 3? Something tells me it isn't, but I thought I'd ask because I don't know this problem very well. Thanks for reading.

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  • How do I parse a templated string in Python?

    - by mLewisLogic
    I'm new to Python, so I'm not sure exactly what this operation is called, hence I'm having a hard time searching for information in it. Basically I'd like to have a string such as: "[[size]] widget that [[verb]] [[noun]]" Where size, verb, and noun are each a list. I'd like to interpret the string as a metalanguage, such that I can make lots of sentences out permutations from the lists. As a metalanguage, I'd also be able to make other strings that use those pre-defined lists to generate more permutations. Are there any capabilities for variable substitution like this in Python? What term describes this operation if I should just Google it?

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  • Compiling C-dll for Python OR SWIG-module creation, how to continue ??

    - by ljuju
    I reference this file "kbdext.c" and its headerfile listed on http://www.docdroppers.org/wiki/index.php?title=Writing_Keyloggers (the listings are at the bottom). I've been trying to compile this into a dll for use in Python or Visual Basic, but have not succeeded. I'm not familiar with C or GCC to sort out the problems or do the dll compile correctly. (I also get an error about snprintf not being declared when doing a regular compile of all the files). What are the steps I should do to make all functions available for other languages and external apps? Or is it perhaps easier to use SWIG and make a python module, instead of compiling a DLL?

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  • Python 3: Most efficient way to create a [func(i) for i in range(N)] list comprehension

    - by mejiwa
    Say I have a function func(i) that creates an object for an integer i, and N is some nonnegative integer. Then what's the fastest way to create a list (not a range) equal to this list mylist = [func(i) for i in range(N)] without resorting to advanced methods like creating a function in C? My main concern with the above list comprehension is that I'm not sure if python knows beforehand the length of range(N) to preallocate mylist, and therefore has to incrementally reallocate the list. Is that the case or is python clever enough to allocate mylist to length N first and then compute it's elements? If not, what's the best way to create mylist? Maybe this? mylist = [None]*N for i in range(N): mylist[i] = func(i)

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  • Are there any good reasons why I should not use Python?

    - by coppro
    I've heard from reliable sources that Python is a great language that every programmer can learn, but I've heard so much good about it that I'm clearly not getting the whole picture. I'm considering spending more time to learn it, and I've heard more than I need about its virtues (to the point where I've started recommending it having never really used it), so I want to know its drawbacks, flaws, issues, and every single minor point of irritation you've ever had (preferably with explanations readable to one who doesn't program Python, such as with an example in another language). Convince me not to try it out.

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  • Series On Embedded Development (Part 2) - Build-Time Optionality

    - by user12612705
    In this entry on embedded development, I'm going to discuss build-time optionality (BTO). BTO is the ability to subset your software at build-time so you only use what is needed. BTO typically pertains more to software providers rather then developers of final products. For example, software providers ship source products, frameworks or platforms which are used by developers to build other products. If you provide a source product, you probably don't have to do anything to support BTO as the developers using your source will only use the source they need to build their product. If you provide a framework, then there are some things you can do to support BTO. Say you provide a Java framework which supports audio and video. If you provide this framework in a single JAR, then developers who only want audio are forced to ship their product with the video portion of your framework even though they aren't using it. In this case, support providing the framework in separate JARs...break the framework into an audio JAR and a video JAR and let the users of your framework decide which JARs to include in their product. Sometimes this is as simple as packaging, but if, for example, the video functionality is dependent on the audio functionality, it may require coding work to cleanly separate the two. BTO can also work at install-time, and this is sometimes overlooked. Let's say your building a phone application which can use Near Field Communications (NFC) if it's available on the phone, but it doesn't require NFC to work. Typically you'd write one app for all phones (saving you time)...both those that have NFC and those that don't, and just use NFC if it's there. However, for better efficiency, you can detect at install-time if the phone supports NFC and not install the NFC portion of your app if the phone doesn't support NFC. This requires that you write the app so it can run without the optional NFC code and that you write your install app so it can detect NFC and do the right thing at install-time. Supporting install-time optionality will save persistent footprint on the phone, something your customers will appreciate, your app "neighbors" will appreciate, and that you'll appreciate when they save static footprint for you. In the next article, I'll talk about runtime optionality.

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  • How to open a file with chinese name in python.

    - by mahendraliya
    I am trying to open a file in "w" mode with "open()" function in python. The filename is : ?????.jpg. The open function fails with this filename but succeeds with normal files. How can I open a file with names which are not in English in python? My code is as follows: try: filename = urllib.quote(filename.encode('utf-8')) destination = open(filename, 'w') yield("<br>Obtained the file reference") except: yield("<br>Error while opening the file") I always get "Error while opening the file" for non-english filenames. Thanks in advance.

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  • How do I do division on HH:MM:SS format time strings in C#?

    - by Jake
    I have a series of times that are coming to me as strings from a web service. The times are formated as HH:MM:SS:000 (3 milisecond digits). I need to compare two times to determine if one is more than twice as long as the other: if ( timeA / timeB > 2 ) What's the simplest way to work with the time strings? If I was writing in Python this would be the answer to my question: Difference between two time intervals in Python Edit: What I'm really looking for is a way to get the ratio of timeA to timeB, which requires division, not subtraction. Unfortunately, the DateTime structure doesn't appear to have a division operator. Updated the question title to reflect this.

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