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  • Set a script to automatically detect character encoding in a plain-text-file in Python?

    - by Haidon
    I've set up a script that basically does a large-scale find-and-replace on a plain text document. At the moment it works fine with ASCII, UTF-8, and UTF-16 (and possibly others, but I've only tested these three) encoded documents so long as the encoding is specified inside the script (the example code below specifies UTF-16). Is there a way to make the script automatically detect which of these character encodings is being used in the input file and automatically set the character encoding of the output file the same as the encoding used on the input file? findreplace = [ ('term1', 'term2'), ] inF = open(infile,'rb') s=unicode(inF.read(),'utf-16') inF.close() for couple in findreplace: outtext=s.replace(couple[0],couple[1]) s=outtext outF = open(outFile,'wb') outF.write(outtext.encode('utf-16')) outF.close() Thanks!

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  • how to set a fixed color bar for pcolor in python matplotlib?

    - by user248237
    I am using pcolor with a custom color map to plot a matrix of values. I set my color map so that low values are white and high values are red, as shown below. All of my matrices have values between 0 and 20 (inclusive) and I'd like 20 to always be pure red and 0 to always be pure white, even if the matrix has values that don't span the entire range. For example, if my matrix only has values between 2 and 7, I don't want it to plot 2 as white and 7 as red, but rather color it as if the range is still 0 to 20. How can I do this? I tried using the "ticks=" option of colorbar but it did not work. Here is my current code (assume "my_matrix" contains the values to be plotted): cdict = {'red': ((0.0, 1.0, 1.0), (0.5, 1.0, 1.0), (1.0, 1.0, 1.0)), 'green': ((0.0, 1.0, 1.0), (0.5, 1.0, 1.0), (1.0, 0.0, 0.0)), 'blue': ((0.0, 1.0, 1.0), (0.5, 1.0, 1.0), (1.0, 0.0, 0.0))} my_cmap = matplotlib.colors.LinearSegmentedColormap('my_colormap', cdict, 256) colored_matrix = plt.pcolor(my_matrix, cmap=my_cmap) plt.colorbar(colored_matrix, ticks=[0, 5, 10, 15, 20]) any idea how I can fix this to get the right result? thanks very much.

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  • Python - How to find a correlation between two vectors ?

    - by psihodelia
    Given two vectors X and Y I have to find their correlation, i.e. their linear dependence/independence. Both vectors have equal dimension. A resulted answer should be a floating point number from [-1.0 .. 1.0]. Example: X=[-1, 2, 0] Y=[ 4, 2, -0.3] Find y=cor(X,Y) such that y belongs to [-1.0 .. 1.0]. It should be a simple construction involving a list-comprehension. No external library is allowed. UPDATE: ok, if dot product is enough, then here is my solution: nX = 1/(sum([x*x for x in X]) ** 0.5) nY = 1/(sum([y*y for y in Y]) ** 0.5) cor = sum([(x*nX)*(y*nY) for x,y in zip(X,Y) ]) right?

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  • What is the worst class/variable/function name you have ever encountered

    - by Chris Noe
    Naming things well is arguably Job 1 for professional programmers. Yet we have all suffered from some bad naming choices from time to time. So just to vent a little, what are some doozies that you may have run across? Just to get things started: One of our original developers wasn't sure what to call a secondary key - on what turned out to be a primary table for this app - so he called it: DL2WhateverTheHellThatIs. Unfortunately this system generates entity mappings from the XML, and attributes defined there result in classes, methods, and constants that are referenced through-out the app. To this day it is very hard to find a source file that does not reference this, er, thing! A few actual examples: DL2WhateverTheHellThatIsBean cos = (DL2WhateverTheHellThatIsBean)itr.next(); String code = getDL2WhateverTheHellThatIs().getCode(); From from = new From("DL2WhateverTheHellThatIs"); String filter = "_dL2WhateverTheHellThatIs._code"; (Very difficult to refactor)

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  • How should I write this string-prefix check so that it's idiomatic Python?

    - by Kevin Stargel
    I have a couple of lists of items: specials = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry', ...] smoothies = ['banana-apple', 'mocha mango', ...] I want to make a new list, special_smoothies, consisting of elements in smoothies that start with the elements in specials. However, if specials is blank, special_smoothies should be identical to smoothies. What's the most Pythonic way to do this? Is there a way to do this without a separate conditional check on whether specials is blank?

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  • What's the coolest machine you've ever worked on?

    - by mxg
    What's the most exotic, coolest, unique, or interesting machine you've worked on? Most of us work on machines with x86 architectures using some Windows or Linux variant. I'm sure there are those of you out there who are working on or have worked on machines with experimental architecures, or operating systems. Maybe you worked on a machine that has some sigificance in the history of computing. I'd be interested to hear about it. I'm sure others reading SO will as well. EDIT: I appreciate all of you who took some time to talk about their experiences with interesting or unusual machines. I enjoyed reading your answers. Although it wasn't my intent to get nostalgic, I see that theme amongst the responses.

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  • Possible to capture the returned value from a Python list comprehension for use a condition?

    - by Joe
    I want to construct a value in a list comprehension, but also filter on that value. For example: [expensive_function(x) for x in generator where expensive_function(x) < 5] I want to avoid calling expensive_function twice per iteration. The generator may return an infinite series, and list comprehensions aren't lazily evaluated. So this wouldn't work: [y in [expensive_function(x) for x in generator where expensive_function(x)] where y < 5] I could write this another way, but it feels right for a list comprehension and I'm sure this is a common usage pattern (possible or not!).

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  • python: a way to get an exhaustive, sorted list of keys in a nested dictionary?

    - by saidimu
    exhaustive: - all keys in the dictionary, even if the keys are in a nested dictionary that is a value to a previous-level dictionary key. sorted: - this is to ensure the keys are always returned in the same order The nesting is arbitrarily deep. A non-recursive algorithm is preferred. level1 = { 'a' : 'aaaa', 'level2_1' : {'b': 'bbbbb', 'level3': {'c': 'cccc', 'd': 'dddddd'} }, 'level2_2' : { 'z': 'zzzzzzz' } }

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  • [Python] How can I speed up unpickling large objects if I have plenty of RAM?

    - by conradlee
    It's taking me up to an hour to read a 1-gigabyte NetworkX graph data structure using cPickle (its 1-GB when stored on disk as a binary pickle file). Note that the file quickly loads into memory. In other words, if I run: import cPickle as pickle f = open("bigNetworkXGraph.pickle","rb") binary_data = f.read() # This part doesn't take long graph = pickle.loads(binary_data) # This takes ages How can I speed this last operation up? Note that I have tried pickling the data both in using both binary protocols (1 and 2), and it doesn't seem to make much difference which protocol I use. Also note that although I am using the "loads" (meaning "load string") function above, it is loading binary data, not ascii-data. I have 128gb of RAM on the system I'm using, so I'm hoping that somebody will tell me how to increase some read buffer buried in the pickle implementation.

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  • Calculating probability that a string has been randomized? - Python

    - by RadiantHex
    Hi folks, this is correlated to a question I asked earlier (question) I have a list of manually created strings such as: lucy87 gordan_king fancy_unicorn77 joplucky_kanga90 base_belong_to_narwhals and a list of randomized strings: johnkdf pancake90kgjd fancy_jagookfk manhattanljg What gives away that the last set of strings are randomized is that sequences such as 'kjg', 'jgf', 'lkd', ... . Any clever way I could separate strings that contain these apparently randomized strings from the crowd? I guess that this plays a lot on the fact that certain characters are more likely to be placed next to others (e.g. 'co', 'ka', 'ja', ...). Any ideas on this one? Kylotan mentioned Reverend, but I am not sure if it can be used fr such purpose. Help would be much appreciated!

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  • How to create a complete binary tree of height 'h' using Python?

    - by Jack
    Here is the node structure class Node: def __init__(self, data): # initializes the data members self.left = None self.right = None self.parent = None self.data = data complete binary tree Definition: A binary tree in which every level, except possibly the deepest, is completely filled. At depth n, the height of the tree, all nodes must be as far left as possible. -- http://www.itl.nist.gov/div897/sqg/dads/HTML/completeBinaryTree.html I am looking for an efficient algorithm.

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  • How to determine what user and group a Python script is running as?

    - by Chirael
    I have a CGI script that is getting an "IOError: [Errno 13] Permission denied" error in the stack trace in the web server's error log. As part of debugging this problem, I'd like to add a little bit of code to the script to print the user and (especially) group that the script is running as, into the error log (presumably STDERR). I know I can just print the values to sys.stderr, but how do I figure out what user and group the script is running as? (I'm particularly interested in the group, so the $USER environment variable won't help; the CGI script has the setgid bit set so it should be running as group "list" instead of the web server's "www-data" - but I need code to see if that's actually happening.)

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  • How do I add a method with a decorator to a class in python?

    - by Timmy
    How do I add a method with a decorator to a class? I tried def add_decorator( cls ): @dec def update(self): pass cls.update = update usage add_decorator( MyClass ) MyClass.update() but MyClass.update does not have the decorator @dec did not apply to update I'm trying to use this with orm.reconstructor in sqlalchemy.

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  • Can you authenticate Facebook Graph entirely from command line with Python?

    - by Sebastian
    I'm writing a (tabbed) application for Facebook that requires a background process to run on a server and, periodically, upload images to an album on this application's page. What I'm trying to do is create a script that will: a) authenticate me with the program b) upload an image to a specific album All of this entirely from the command line and completely with the new Graph API. My problem right now is trying to locate the documentation that will allow me to get a token without a pop-up window of sorts. Thoughts?

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  • How to access a function inside a function? Python

    - by viddhart
    I am wondering how I can access a function inside another function. I saw code like this: >>> def make_adder(x): def adder(y): return x+y return adder >>> a = make_adder(5) >>> a(10) 15 So, is there another way to call the adder function? And my second question is why in the last line I call adder not adder(...)? Good explanations are much appreciated.

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  • When/Why ( if ever ) should i think about doing Generic Programming/Meta Programming

    - by hotadvice
    Hi there IMHO to me OOPS, design patterns make sense and i have been able to apply them practically. But when it comes to "generic programming /meta programming" of the Modern C++ kind, i am left confused. -- Is it a new programming/design paradigm ? -- Is it just limited to "library development"? If not, What design/coding situations call for using meta programming/generic programming. -- Does using templates mean i am doing generic programming? I have googled a lot on this topic but do not grasp the BIG PICTURE fully. Also see this post. After reading dicussions here under, up till now, I am sure ( might still not be correct): a) Generic programming and meta programming are two different concepts.

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  • How do I modify this download function in Python?

    - by TIMEX
    Right now, it's iffy. Gzip, images, sometimes it doesn't work. How do I modify this download function so that it can work with anything? (Regardless of gzip or any header?) How do I automatically "Detect" if it's gzip? I don't want to always pass True/False, like I do right now. def download(source_url, g = False, correct_url = True): try: socket.setdefaulttimeout(10) agents = ['Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT 5.0)','Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0b; Windows NT 5.1)','Microsoft Internet Explorer/4.0b1 (Windows 95)','Opera/8.00 (Windows NT 5.1; U; en)'] ree = urllib2.Request(source_url) ree.add_header('User-Agent',random.choice(agents)) ree.add_header('Accept-encoding', 'gzip') opener = urllib2.build_opener() h = opener.open(ree).read() if g: compressedstream = StringIO(h) gzipper = gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=compressedstream) data = gzipper.read() return data else: return h except Exception, e: return ""

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  • Is it possible to create a python iterator over pre-defined mutable data?

    - by Wilduck
    I might be doing this wrong, if I am, let me know, but I'm curious if the following is possible: I have a class that holds a number of dictionaries, each of which pairs names to a different set of objects of a given class. For example: items = {"ball" : ItemInstance1, "sword" : ItemInstance2} people = {"Jerry" : PersonInstance1, "Bob" : PersonInstance2, "Jill" : PersonInstance3} My class would then hold the current items and people that are availible, and these would be subject to change as the state changes: Class State: def __init__(self, items, people): self.items = items self.people = people I would like to define a iter() and next() method such that it iterates through all of the values in its attributes. My first question is whether or not this is possible. If it is, will it be able to support a situation as follows: I define items and people as above then: state = State(items, people) for names, thing in state: print name + " is " + thing.color items[cheese] = ItemInstance3 for names, thing in state: print name + " weighs " + thing.weight While I feel like this would be usefull in the code I have, I don't know if it's either possible or the right approach. Everything I've read about user defined iterators has suggested that each instance of them is one use only.

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