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• Raid1 with active and spare partition

  - by Daniel Baron

  I am having the following problem with a RAID1 software raid partition on my Ubuntu system (10.04 LTS, 2.6.32-24-server in case it matters). One of my disks (sdb5) reported I/O errors and was therefore marked faulty in the array. The array was then degraded with one active device. Hence, I replaced the harddisk, cloned the partition table and added all new partitions to my raid arrays. After syncing all partitions ended up fine, having 2 active devices - except one of them. The partition which reported the faulty disk before, however, did not include the new partition as an active device but as a spare disk: md3 : active raid1 sdb5[2] sda5[1] 4881344 blocks [2/1] [_U] A detailed look reveals: root@server:~# mdadm --detail /dev/md3 [...] Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 2 8 21 0 spare rebuilding /dev/sdb5 1 8 5 1 active sync /dev/sda5 So here is the question: How do I tell my raid to turn the spare disk into an active one? And why has it been added as a spare device? Recreating or reassembling the array is not an option, because it is my root partition. And I can not find any hints to that subject in the Software Raid HOWTO. Any help would be appreciated. Current Solution I found a solution to my problem, but I am not sure that this is the actual way to do it. Having a closer look at my raid I found that sdb5 was always listed as a spare device: mdadm --examine /dev/sdb5 [...] Number Major Minor RaidDevice State this 2 8 21 2 spare /dev/sdb5 0 0 0 0 0 removed 1 1 8 5 1 active sync /dev/sda5 2 2 8 21 2 spare /dev/sdb5 so readding the device sdb5 to the array md3 always ended up in adding the device as a spare. Finally I just recreated the array mdadm --create /dev/md3 --level=1 -n2 -x0 /dev/sda5 /dev/sdb5 which worked. But the question remains open for me: Is there a better way to manipulate the summaries in the superblock and to tell the array to turn sdb5 from a spare disk to an active disk? I am still curious for an answer.

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• How can I get GRUB to appear after insallting Ubuntu with Windows 7 using a LiveUSB?

  - by Niall

  I booted Ubuntu 12.04 LTS from a LiveUSB, and then selected the option to install Ubuntu to my hard drive. I allowed the installer to partition it, giving Ubuntu 50GB and leaving Windows 7 with 200GB. However, when I boot I still boot straight into Windows: the only way to access GRUB is by booting from the LiveUSB, although this can then be removed. How do I access the GRUB menu by default before booting windows without using the USB?

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• Organization &amp; Architecture UNISA Studies &ndash; Chap 4

  - by MarkPearl

  Learning Outcomes Explain the characteristics of memory systems Describe the memory hierarchy Discuss cache memory principles Discuss issues relevant to cache design Describe the cache organization of the Pentium Computer Memory Systems There are key characteristics of memory… Location – internal or external Capacity – expressed in terms of bytes Unit of Transfer – the number of bits read out of or written into memory at a time Access Method – sequential, direct, random or associative From a users perspective the two most important characteristics of memory are… Capacity Performance – access time, memory cycle time, transfer rate The trade off for memory happens along three axis… Faster access time, greater cost per bit Greater capacity, smaller cost per bit Greater capacity, slower access time This leads to people using a tiered approach in their use of memory   As one goes down the hierarchy, the following occurs… Decreasing cost per bit Increasing capacity Increasing access time Decreasing frequency of access of the memory by the processor The use of two levels of memory to reduce average access time works in principle, but only if conditions 1 to 4 apply. A variety of technologies exist that allow us to accomplish this. Thus it is possible to organize data across the hierarchy such that the percentage of accesses to each successively lower level is substantially less than that of the level above. A portion of main memory can be used as a buffer to hold data temporarily that is to be read out to disk. This is sometimes referred to as a disk cache and improves performance in two ways… Disk writes are clustered. Instead of many small transfers of data, we have a few large transfers of data. This improves disk performance and minimizes processor involvement. Some data designed for write-out may be referenced by a program before the next dump to disk. In that case the data is retrieved rapidly from the software cache rather than slowly from disk. Cache Memory Principles Cache memory is substantially faster than main memory. A caching system works as follows.. When a processor attempts to read a word of memory, a check is made to see if this in in cache memory… If it is, the data is supplied, If it is not in the cache, a block of main memory, consisting of a fixed number of words is loaded to the cache. Because of the phenomenon of locality of references, when a block of data is fetched into the cache, it is likely that there will be future references to that same memory location or to other words in the block. Elements of Cache Design While there are a large number of cache implementations, there are a few basic design elements that serve to classify and differentiate cache architectures… Cache Addresses Cache Size Mapping Function Replacement Algorithm Write Policy Line Size Number of Caches Cache Addresses Almost all non-embedded processors support virtual memory. Virtual memory in essence allows a program to address memory from a logical point of view without needing to worry about the amount of physical memory available. When virtual addresses are used the designer may choose to place the cache between the MMU (memory management unit) and the processor or between the MMU and main memory. The disadvantage of virtual memory is that most virtual memory systems supply each application with the same virtual memory address space (each application sees virtual memory starting at memory address 0), which means the cache memory must be completely flushed with each application context switch or extra bits must be added to each line of the cache to identify which virtual address space the address refers to. Cache Size We would like the size of the cache to be small enough so that the overall average cost per bit is close to that of main memory alone and large enough so that the overall average access time is close to that of the cache alone. Also, larger caches are slightly slower than smaller ones. Mapping Function Because there are fewer cache lines than main memory blocks, an algorithm is needed for mapping main memory blocks into cache lines. The choice of mapping function dictates how the cache is organized. Three techniques can be used… Direct – simplest technique, maps each block of main memory into only one possible cache line Associative – Each main memory block to be loaded into any line of the cache Set Associative – exhibits the strengths of both the direct and associative approaches while reducing their disadvantages For detailed explanations of each approach – read the text book (page 148 – 154) Replacement Algorithm For associative and set associating mapping a replacement algorithm is needed to determine which of the existing blocks in the cache must be replaced by a new block. There are four common approaches… LRU (Least recently used) FIFO (First in first out) LFU (Least frequently used) Random selection Write Policy When a block resident in the cache is to be replaced, there are two cases to consider If no writes to that block have happened in the cache – discard it If a write has occurred, a process needs to be initiated where the changes in the cache are propagated back to the main memory. There are several approaches to achieve this including… Write Through – all writes to the cache are done to the main memory as well at the point of the change Write Back – when a block is replaced, all dirty bits are written back to main memory The problem is complicated when we have multiple caches, there are techniques to accommodate for this but I have not summarized them. Line Size When a block of data is retrieved and placed in the cache, not only the desired word but also some number of adjacent words are retrieved. As the block size increases from very small to larger sizes, the hit ratio will at first increase because of the principle of locality, which states that the data in the vicinity of a referenced word are likely to be referenced in the near future. As the block size increases, more useful data are brought into cache. The hit ratio will begin to decrease as the block becomes even bigger and the probability of using the newly fetched information becomes less than the probability of using the newly fetched information that has to be replaced. Two specific effects come into play… Larger blocks reduce the number of blocks that fit into a cache. Because each block fetch overwrites older cache contents, a small number of blocks results in data being overwritten shortly after they are fetched. As a block becomes larger, each additional word is farther from the requested word and therefore less likely to be needed in the near future. The relationship between block size and hit ratio is complex, and no set approach is judged to be the best in all circumstances.   Pentium 4 and ARM cache organizations The processor core consists of four major components: Fetch/decode unit – fetches program instruction in order from the L2 cache, decodes these into a series of micro-operations, and stores the results in the L2 instruction cache Out-of-order execution logic – Schedules execution of the micro-operations subject to data dependencies and resource availability – thus micro-operations may be scheduled for execution in a different order than they were fetched from the instruction stream. As time permits, this unit schedules speculative execution of micro-operations that may be required in the future Execution units – These units execute micro-operations, fetching the required data from the L1 data cache and temporarily storing results in registers Memory subsystem – This unit includes the L2 and L3 caches and the system bus, which is used to access main memory when the L1 and L2 caches have a cache miss and to access the system I/O resources

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• Windows Server 2008 Software Raid 5 - Data integrity issues

  - by Fopedush

  I've got a server running Windows Server 2008 R2, with a (windows native) software raid-5 array. The array consists of 7x 1TB Western Digital RE3 and RE4 drives. I have offline backups of this array. The problem is this: I noticed a few days ago after copying a large file to the disk that there was an integrity issue with that file - it was a ~12GB file that I had downloaded via uTorrent. After moving it to the raid array, I used uTorrent to relocate the download location, and performed a re-check so I could seed it from that location. The recheck found that only 6308/6310 chunks of the copied file were intact. My next step was to write a quick powershell script that would copy files to the array, while performing a SHA1 hash of the original and resultant files and comparing them. Smaller files (100-1000MB) copied over just fine. When I started copying larger data (~15GB), I found that the hash check failed about 2/3rds of the time. The corrupt files had very, very small inconsistencies - less than .01%. I further eliminated the possibility of networking or client issues by placing this large file on the C:\ of the server, and copying it repeatedly from there to the array, seeing similar results. Copying the data via explorer, powershell, or the standard windows command prompt yield the same results. None of the copies fail or report any problems. The raid array itself is listed as healthy in disk management. After a few experiments, I shut down the server and ran memtest overnight. No errors were detected. A basic run of chkdsk found no problems, but I did not use the /R flag, as I was unsure how that might affect a software raid-5 volume. I next ran Crystal Disk Info to check the smart data on the drives - but found that CDI only detected 5 out of 7 of the disks in the array. I have no idea why. Nevertheless, CDI shows the following "caution" flags on a single one of the drives: 05 199 199 140 000000000001 Reallocated Sectors Count C5 200 200 __0 000000000001 Current Pending Sector Count Which is a little bit alarming, but I don't really know what to do with the information. I hardly feel like one reallocated sector could be causing this. At this point, I'm looking for some guidance on what to do next. I need to determine the cause of this issue, but I'm hesitant to run chkdsk /R or any bootable disk health checkers because I'm afraid they might break the array. I've considered triggering a re-sync of the array, but I'm not actually sure how to do that without doing something silly like manually dropping a disk and then restoring it. Any advice that could help me ferret out the precise cause of this issue would be greatly appreciated.

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• 12.04 home encrypted and I have written down encryption passphrase. How to reset login password?

  - by Stevie

  I set up a friend with 12.04 and he forgot his password. I encrypted his home directory and I have written down the encryption passphrase during the first boot. If he changed his password after I wrote down the encryption passphrase during the first boot is this original encryption passphrase of any use? What should I do to reset or recover his password and keep everything accessible and functionally intact with the encrypted home directory?

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• Portal 2 in LEGO Stop Motion [Video]

  - by Jason Fitzpatrick

  If you’re a fan of the Portal video game series, this well-executed LEGO stop-motion film combines Portal characters, clever animation, jokes, and even a Black Mesa reference or two. LEGO Portal 2 [via Wired] How to Factory Reset Your Android Phone or Tablet When It Won’t Boot Our Geek Trivia App for Windows 8 is Now Available Everywhere How To Boot Your Android Phone or Tablet Into Safe Mode

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• Linux Software RAID1 Rebuild Completes, but after reboot, its degraded again

  - by zimmy6996

  I have been beating my head with an issue here, and I'm now turning to the internet for help. I have a system running Mandrake Linux, with the following configuration: /dev/hda - This is a IDE drive. Has some partitions on it that boot the system and make up most of the file system. /dev/sda - This is drive 1 of 2 for a software raid /dev/md0 /dev/sdb - This is drive 2 of 2 for a software raid /dev/md0 md0 gets mounted but fstab as /data-storage, so it is not critical to the systems ability to boot. We can comment it out of fstab, and the system works just fine either way. The problem is, we have a failed sdb drive. So I shut the box down, and have pulled the failed disk and installed a new disk. When the system boots up, /proc/mdstat shows only sda as part of the raid. I then run the various command to rebuild the RAID to /dev/sdb. Everything rebuilds correctly, and upon completion, you look at /proc/mdstat and it shows 2 drives sda1(0) and sdb1(1). Everything looks great. Then you reboot the box ... UGH!!! Once rebooted, sdb is missing again from the RAID. It is like the rebuild never happened. I can walk through the commands to rebuild it again, and it will work, but again, after reboot, the box seems to make sdb just vanish! The real odd thing is, if after reboot, I pull sda out of the box, and try to get the system to load with the rebuilt sdb drive in the system, and when I do, the system actually throws and error just after grub, and says something about drive error, and the system has to shut down. Thoughts??? I'm starting to wonder if grub has something to do with this mess. That the drive isn't being setup within grub to be visible at boot? This RAID array isn't necessary for the system to boot, but when the replacement drive is in there, without SDA it won't boot system, so it makes me believe there is something to that. On top of that, there just seems to be something wonky here the drive falling off of RAID after reboot. I've hit the point of pounding my head on the keyboard. Any help would be greatly appreciated!!!

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• Ubuntu 12.04 UEFI dualboot Win7

  - by bodo

  I have new laptop Asus N76 with 500GB HDD and 256 SSD. Windows 7 is installed on HDD with partitions: /dev/sda1 fat32 200MB boot (GPT) /dev/sda2 unknown 128MB msftres /dev/sda3 ntfs 94GB (Win 7) /dev/sda4 ntfs 20GB hidden,diag I want to install 12.04 on SSD disk. Is it possible to install GRUB2 at /dev/sda1 partition? Is Ubuntu installer ready for that? Is there some configuration for GRUB2 to setup boot path for Windows 7 (HDD) and Ubuntu 12.04 (SSD)?

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• Is there a way to manage my Grub menu options from with the GUI/desktop?

  - by Neil Trodden

  With each kernel update, a new entry is placed in Grub to provide a way to boot that specific kernel version. I have about 5 at the moment and, to be honest, once I have confirmed I can boot into the new kernel version, I never go back to a previous version. I'd like to manage the items in this list from the desktop rather than edit the file, is there a way to do this using the GUI from within Ubuntu itself?

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• no login screen: problem with lightdm or plymouth?

  - by a different ben

  When I boot up my system, I don't get a login screen, just the boot log scrolling by, repeating after a while lines like this: * Starting anac(h)ronistic cron [ OK ] * Stopping anac(h)ronistic cron [ OK ] I can change to another virtual terminal, and start lightdm from there with sudo lightdm restart or sudo start lightdm. Other people with similar problems had just lightdm in their /etc/x11/default-display-manager. I've checked mine and it has /usr/sbin/lightdm in there, so that's not the problem.

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• recover from sudo rm -rf command

  - by user106116

  By mistake, I ended up executing "rm -rf /" command from sudo on my laptop which erased many files before it stopped. Now when I restarted my system , it gives a GRUB rescue prompt. I am having dual boot with Ubuntu 12.04 and Windows 7 I request the help for following: How do I fix the currently installed Ubuntu without overwriting/erasing the left over files (from rm -rf command)? Is using Boot-Repair safe ? Is there a way to directly go to Windows 7?

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• install to USB without touching windows MBR

  - by Robert

  I would like as full of an install as possible (most notably no casper, just straight on the drive) on a USB stick, but I'm not allowed to touch the current configuration of the computer I'll be running it on at all (except of course changing the boot options to boot from usb). Most guides I read are about getting a live install with persistence on USB, or (I think) still replace the MBR with GRUB. Is there any way to combine the two, and not touch the underlying system?

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• SQL Monitor Performance Metric: Buffer Cache Used Per Database in MB

  Data pages read from disk are placed in the buffer pool with the intention that they will be reused, and accessing them from RAM is faster than from disk. Knowing how much of your RAM is committed to each database can help you provision the right amount of RAM to SQL Server, and also to identify rogue queries that draw too much data into RAM and force data from other databases out of the cache. Deployment Manager 2 is now free!The new version includes tons of new features and we've launched a completely free Starter Edition! Get Deployment Manager here

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• Echo 404 directly from nginx to improve performance

  - by user64204

  I am in charge of production servers serving static content for a website. Those servers are constantly being crawled by bots looking for potential exploits (which isn't that much of a problem security-wise because no application can be reached behind the web server) but generates thousands of 404 per day, sometimes per hour. I am looking into ways of blocking those requests but it's tricky (you want to make sure you don't block legitimate traffic and these bots are becoming more and more clever at looking like they're legit) and is going to take me a while to find an acceptable solution. In the meantime I would like to reduce the performance impact of serving those 404 pages. Indeed we're using nginx which by default is configured to serve it's 404 page from the disk (This can be changed using the error_page directive but in the end the 404 will either have to be served from disk or from another external source (e.g. upstream application which would be worst)) which isn't ideal. I ran a test with ab on my local machine with a basic configuration: in one case I echo a message directly from nginx so the disk isn't touched at all, in the other case I hit a missing page and nginx serves its 404 from disk. server { # [...] the default nginx stuff location / { } location /this_page_exists { echo "this page was found"; } } Here are the test results (my laptop has Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-2670QM + SSD in case you're wondering why they are so high): $ ab -n 500000 -c 1000 http://localhost/this_page_exists Requests per second: 25609.16 [#/sec] (mean) $ ab -n 500000 -c 1000 http://localhost/this_page_doesnt_exists Requests per second: 22905.72 [#/sec] (mean) As you can see, returning a value with echo is 11% ((25609-22905)÷22905×100) faster than serving the 404 page from disk. Accordingly I would like to echo a simple 404 Page not Found string from nginx. I tried many things so far but they all failed, essentially the idea was this: location / { try_files $uri @not_found; } location @not_found { echo "404 - Page not found"; } The problem is that as soon as the echo directive is used, the http response code is set to 200. I tried changing that by doing error_page 200 = 400 but that breaks the configuration. How can I serve a 404 page directly from nginx? (without hacking the source which may be might next step)

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• How do I format my entire HDD?

  - by Hjke123

  Ok I have recently made some mistakes with installing some operating systems that I should have just kept on a live cd not ubuntu but another os and with my ocd when I saw my lot's of different partitions I just wanted to reset my computer so it boot's up and doesn't load any os and I have to put in my ubuntu live cd and install that and that would be my only os on this computer so I want to know how I can just wipe my entire hard drive so when it boot's I get to put my live cd in and start anew?

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• Ubuntu 12.10 Live USB BootError

  - by Sivan

  I am a Linux Newbee, running ubuntu 12.04 i386 on a 64-bit machine. Now I just downloaded Ubuntu 12.10 AMD64 iso and made a bootable USB using Startup Disk Creator. I was directed to install available updated packages, which I did install. The Startup Disk was succesfully created. But when I tried to boot from the USB I am getting a BootError message and nothing else. What could have gone wrong?

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• Problem after upgrading to 13.10

  - by paul Barnett

  I am a new user to Ubuntu and not a very accomplished user. I have dual partitioned my laptop, recently upgraded to Windows 8.1 and also Ubuntu 13.10.Now when I boot into Ubuntu I get a running line of 3's and squiggles followed by scrolling (with a fail on the line "reload cups, upon starting avahi-daemon to make sure remote queues are populated"). If I press any key, but mostly return, it will boot into the password page. Any ideas? Thanks.

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• Ubuntu login failed to set mode on [CRTC:10] message

  - by polyglot0727

  I recently installed Windows Server 2003 and Ubuntu 12.10 side by side. Both worked ok for the first couple of boots. I can boot to Server, but am unable to boot to Ubuntu. I receive this message. ubuntu login: [ 18.684356 ] [drm:drm_crtc_helper_set_config] ERROR failed to set mode on [CRTC:10] [ 18.840839 [drm:drm_crtc_helper_set_config] ERROR failed to set mode on [CRTC:10]. Any idea what the issue is?

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• ubuntu image size 732 mb - too big for cd

  - by memius

  i have an old pc that can't handle a boot stick install, so i have to create an actual, old fashioned boot cd. however, the image size for ubuntu 12.04 is 732mb, which is too large for cds, which can hold only 700mb. the maintainers of ubuntu 12.04 say the image size will never go over 700mb, and indeed, the download size seemed to be 689mb. Brasero says it won't burn the cd because the file is too big what's going on?

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• How to show Windows System Reserved partition using Ubuntu live dvd?

  - by Veeggon

  All questions in this site ask how to "hide"! I want to fix my boot (fix mrb wont work, I have GPT Disk) by changing some files at Windows System Reserved. GParted shows the following partitions (but Nautilus doesn't): **/dev/sda1 - file system: Unknown - 128Mb - flags: msftres** (this one shows *"Warning: Unable to detect file system! Possible reasons: -file system is damaged -file system is unknown to GParted -there is no file system available (unformated -the device entry /dev/sda1 is missing)"*) **/dev/sda2 - file system: fat32 -100Mb - flags: boot** **/dev/sda3 - file system: ntfs - 500Gb**

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• Is CPU Performance Affected by Age?

  - by Jason Fitzpatrick

  Your computer feels a little slower than it did this time last year; is that change something you can chalk up to an aging processor? Today’s Question & Answer session comes to us courtesy of SuperUser—a subdivision of Stack Exchange, a community-drive grouping of Q&A web sites. How to Factory Reset Your Android Phone or Tablet When It Won’t Boot Our Geek Trivia App for Windows 8 is Now Available Everywhere How To Boot Your Android Phone or Tablet Into Safe Mode

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• Common Misconceptions in Physics [Video]

  - by Jason Fitzpatrick

  Take a tour of common misconceptions in physics–such as the nature of gravity and velocity–with this brief and simply animated video courtesy of MinutePhysics. Common Physics Misconceptions [via Neatorama] How to Factory Reset Your Android Phone or Tablet When It Won’t Boot Our Geek Trivia App for Windows 8 is Now Available Everywhere How To Boot Your Android Phone or Tablet Into Safe Mode

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• help me with my wine, it doesn't work proper

  - by Sebastian Raun Mikkelsen

  When i try to run something with wine, nothing happens! i have many problems with ubuntu so i have tried to get windows 8 back on the computer, but because ubuntu cant run exe files i cant open the installer. evenmore my computer cant boot from a CD/DVD anymore after i installed ubuntu, i turns op with a black screen with a blinking marker at the upper left corner of the screen and after 10 minutes it says something like " cant boot from the selected mediadevice - select another" so how to get windows back?

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• Sempron 145 core unlocking

  - by Grant

  Call me a cheapskate looking for performance, but I have a Sempron 145 processor that has been unlocked to an Athlon II X2 4450e with a GIGABYTE GA-990FXA-UD3 motherboard, but only one of the two processor cores can be used at a time. If both of the cores are enabled in the BIOS the kernel will hang during boot, If I reboot the system and disable the second core (but not re-lock the processor), it will take me to the grub and then start normally. Is there a way to enable both cores and boot without kernel hangs?

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• USB hard drive not recognized

  - by user318772

  Until recently I was using the portable USB hard drive in my win 7 laptop and ubuntu laptop. Suddenly now none of the laptops recognize it. This is the message i get by doing lsusb... Bus 001 Device 004: ID 1058:1010 Western Digital Technologies, Inc. Elements External HDD Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub Bus 005 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub Bus 004 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub Bus 003 Device 003: ID 0b97:7762 O2 Micro, Inc. Oz776 SmartCard Reader Bus 003 Device 002: ID 0b97:7761 O2 Micro, Inc. Oz776 1.1 Hub Bus 003 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub Bus 002 Device 002: ID 413c:a005 Dell Computer Corp. Internal 2.0 Hub Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub fdisk doesn't show the external hard drive Disk /dev/sda: 80.0 GB, 80026361856 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 9729 cylinders, total 156301488 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0004a743 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 152111103 76054528 83 Linux /dev/sda2 152113150 156301311 2094081 5 Extended /dev/sda5 152113152 156301311 2094080 82 Linux swap / Solaris when i do testdisk TestDisk 6.14, Data Recovery Utility, July 2013 Christophe GRENIER <[email protected]> http://www.cgsecurity.org TestDisk is free software, and comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY. Select a media (use Arrow keys, then press Enter): >Disk /dev/sda - 80 GB / 74 GiB - ST980825AS Disk /dev/sdb - 2199 GB / 2048 GiB testdisk-> Intel->analyse I get partition error Disk /dev/sdb - 2199 GB / 2048 GiB - CHS 2097152 64 32 Current partition structure: Partition Start End Size in sectors Partition: Read error Here is the output of dmesg [11948.549171] Add. Sense: Invalid command operation code [11948.549177] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdb] CDB: [11948.549181] Read(16): 88 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 08 00 00 [11948.550489] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdb] Invalid command failure [11948.550495] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdb] [11948.550499] Result: hostbyte=DID_OK driverbyte=DRIVER_SENSE [11948.550505] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdb] [11948.550508] Sense Key : Illegal Request [current] [11948.550514] Info fld=0x0 [11948.550519] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdb] [11948.550525] Add. Sense: Invalid command operation code [11948.550531] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdb] CDB: [11948.550534] Read(16): 88 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 08 00 00 [11948.551870] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdb] Invalid command failure [11948.551876] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdb] [11948.551880] Result: hostbyte=DID_OK driverbyte=DRIVER_SENSE [11948.551885] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdb] [11948.551888] Sense Key : Illegal Request [current] [11948.551895] Info fld=0x0 [11948.551900] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdb] [11948.551905] Add. Sense: Invalid command operation code [11948.551911] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdb] CDB: [11948.551914] Read(16): 88 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 08 00 00 If possible i want to retrive at least some data from this hard drive. If thats not possible I would like to format it and use it. Any help will be greatly appreciated Thanks

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