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  • Why does C# allow abstract class with no abstract members?

    - by fatcat1111
    The C# spec, section 10.1.1.1, states: An abstract class is permitted (but not required) to contain abstract members. This allows me to create classes like this: public abstract class A { public void Main() { // it's full of logic! } } This is really a concrete class; it's only abstract in so far as one can't instantiate it. If inheritors don't actually have to provide implementation, then why call it abstract?

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  • What database table structure should I use for versions, codebases, deployables?

    - by Zac Thompson
    I'm having doubts about my table structure, and I wonder if there is a better approach. I've got a little database for version control repositories (e.g. SVN), the packages (e.g. Linux RPMs) built therefrom, and the versions (e.g. 1.2.3-4) thereof. A given repository might produce no packages, or several, but if there are more than one for a given repository then a particular version for that repository will indicate a single "tag" of the codebase. A particular version "string" might be used to tag a version of the source code in more than one repository, but there may be no relationship between "1.0" for two different repos. So if packages P and Q both come from repo R, then P 1.0 and Q 1.0 are both built from the 1.0 tag of repo R. But if package X comes from repo Y, then X 1.0 has no relationship to P 1.0. In my (simplified) model, I have the following tables (the x_id columns are auto-incrementing surrogate keys; you can pretend I'm using a different primary key if you wish, it's not really important): repository - repository_id - repository_name (unique) ... version - version_id - version_string (unique for a particular repository) - repository_id ... package - package_id - package_name (unique) - repository_id ... This makes it easy for me to see, for example, what are valid versions of a given package: I can join with the version table using the repository_id. However, suppose I would like to add some information to this database, e.g., to indicate which package versions have been approved for release. I certainly need a new table: package_version - version_id - package_id - package_version_released ... Again, the nature of the keys that I use are not really important to my problem, and you can imagine that the data column is "promotion_level" or something if that helps. My doubts arise when I realize that there's really a very close relationship between the version_id and the package_id in my new table ... they must share the same repository_id. Only a small subset of package/version combinations are valid. So I should have some kind of constraint on those columns, enforcing that ... ... I don't know, it just feels off, somehow. Like I'm including somehow more information than I really need? I don't know how to explain my hesitance here. I can't figure out which (if any) normal form I'm violating, but I also can't find an example of a schema with this sort of structure ... not being a DBA by profession I'm not sure where to look. So I'm asking: am I just being overly sensitive?

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  • How do I assign by "reference" to a class field in c#?

    - by Jamie
    I am trying to understand how to assign by "reference" to a class field in c#. I have the follwing example to consider: public class X { public X() { string example = "X"; new Y( ref example ); new Z( ref example ); System.Diagnostics.Debug.WriteLine( example ); } } public class Y { public Y( ref string example ) { example += " (Updated By Y)"; } } public class Z { private string _Example; public Z( ref string example ) { this._Example = example; this._Example += " (Updated By Z)"; } } var x = new X(); When running the above code the output is: X (Updated By Y) And not: X (Updated By Y) (Updated By Z) As I had hoped. It seems that assigning a "ref parameter" to a field loses the reference. Is there any way to keep hold of the reference when assigning to a field? Thanks.

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  • Project Euler #18 - how to brute force all possible paths in tree-like structure using Python?

    - by euler user
    Am trying to learn Python the Atlantic way and am stuck on Project Euler #18. All of the stuff I can find on the web (and there's a LOT more googling that happened beyond that) is some variation on 'well you COULD brute force it, but here's a more elegant solution'... I get it, I totally do. There are really neat solutions out there, and I look forward to the day where the phrase 'acyclic graph' conjures up something more than a hazy, 1 megapixel resolution in my head. But I need to walk before I run here, see the state, and toy around with the brute force answer. So, question: how do I generate (enumerate?) all valid paths for the triangle in Project Euler #18 and store them in an appropriate python data structure? (A list of lists is my initial inclination?). I don't want the answer - I want to know how to brute force all the paths and store them into a data structure. Here's what I've got. I'm definitely looping over the data set wrong. The desired behavior would be to go 'depth first(?)' rather than just looping over each row ineffectually.. I read ch. 3 of Norvig's book but couldn't translate the psuedo-code. Tried reading over the AIMA python library for ch. 3 but it makes too many leaps. triangle = [ [75], [95, 64], [17, 47, 82], [18, 35, 87, 10], [20, 4, 82, 47, 65], [19, 1, 23, 75, 3, 34], [88, 2, 77, 73, 7, 63, 67], [99, 65, 4, 28, 6, 16, 70, 92], [41, 41, 26, 56, 83, 40, 80, 70, 33], [41, 48, 72, 33, 47, 32, 37, 16, 94, 29], [53, 71, 44, 65, 25, 43, 91, 52, 97, 51, 14], [70, 11, 33, 28, 77, 73, 17, 78, 39, 68, 17, 57], [91, 71, 52, 38, 17, 14, 91, 43, 58, 50, 27, 29, 48], [63, 66, 4, 68, 89, 53, 67, 30, 73, 16, 69, 87, 40, 31], [04, 62, 98, 27, 23, 9, 70, 98, 73, 93, 38, 53, 60, 4, 23], ] def expand_node(r, c): return [[r+1,c+0],[r+1,c+1]] all_paths = [] my_path = [] for i in xrange(0, len(triangle)): for j in xrange(0, len(triangle[i])): print 'row ', i, ' and col ', j, ' value is ', triangle[i][j] ??my_path = somehow chain these together??? if my_path not in all_paths all_paths.append(my_path) Answers that avoid external libraries (like itertools) preferred.

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  • Is there any workaround for making a structure member somehow 'private' in C ?

    - by nomemory
    I am developing a simple library in C, for my own + some friends personal use. I am currently having a C structure with some members that should be somehow hidden from the rest of the application, as their use is only internal. Modifying by accident one of this members will probably make the library 'go wild'. Is there any 'workaround' to hide those members so that they can't be accessible ?

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  • C++ Why am I unable to use an enum declared globally outside of the class it was declared in?

    - by VGambit
    Right now, my project has two classes and a main. Since the two classes inherit from each other, they are both using forward declarations. In the first object, right underneath the #include statement, I initialize two enums, before the class definition. I can use both enums just fine inside that class. However, if I try to use those enums in the other class, which inherits from the first one, I get an error saying the enum has not been declared. If I try to redefine the enum in the second class, I get a redefinition error. I have even tried using a trick I just read about, and putting each enum in its own namespace; that didn't change anything.

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  • jQuery: Adding class to the li element after the link is clicked, and deselecting all other classes

    - by Oleg Tarasenko
    Hi, I am generating menu with such tags: <div class="animatedtabs"> <ul> {% for item in menu_items %} <li><a href="{{ item.url }}" title="{{ item.name }}"><span>{{ item.name }}</span></a></li> {% endfor %} </ul> </div> What I want to do, I want to add class="selected" to li, after the link is clicked, and to remove all other class="selected" on other li's... Also I wonder, how to show menu in the way, so the first item is selected by default... But then when another linked is clicked, then class="selected" is toggled

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  • C# - Custom Attributes - Setting an attribute property to the type of the decorated class.

    - by cmaduro
    Is it possible to get the decorated class' type inside of the custom attribute's class? For example: [MetadataAttribute] [AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Class | AttributeTargets.Property, AllowMultiple = false)] public class ViewAttribute : ExportAttribute { public object TargetRegion { get; set; } public Type ViewModel { get; set; } public Type Module { get; set; } public ViewAttribute() : base(typeof(UserControl)) { Module = GetDecoratedClassType(); //I need this method } } In the following example GetDecoratedClassType() would return HomeView [View] HomeView MyHomeView { get; set; }

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  • Can I change class types in a setter with an object-oriented language?

    - by user214626
    Hello, Here is the problem statement : Calling a setter on the object should result in the object to change to an object of a different class, which language can support this ? Ex. I have a class called "Man" (Parent Class), and two children namely "Toddler" and "Old Man", they are its children because they override a behaviour in Man called as walk.( i.e Toddler sometimes walks using both his hands and legs kneeled down and the Old man uses a stick to support himself). The Man class has a attribute called age, I have a setter on Man,say it is called setAge(int ageValue). I have 3 objects, 2 toddlers, 1 old-Man. (The system is up and running,i guess when we say objects it is obvious) .I will make this call, toddler.setAge(80), I expect the toddler to change to an object of type Old Man. Is this possible.Please suggest. Thanks,

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  • What is a good naming convention to differentiate a class name from a property in C#?

    - by Andy Stampor
    I run into this frequently enough that I thought I'd see what others had to say about it. Using the StyleCop conventions, I find that I often have a property name that is hard to make different than the class name it is accessing. For example: public class ProjectManager { // Stuff here } public class OtherClass { private ProjectManager ProjectManager { get; set; } } It compiles and runs, but seems like it would be an easy way to confuse things, even with the use of "this".

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  • What's the Difference Between These Two Ruby Class Initialization Definitions?

    - by michaelmichael
    I'm working through a book on Ruby, and the author used a slightly different form for writing a class initialization definition than he has in previous sections of the book. It looks like this: class Ticket attr_accessor :venue, :date def initialize(venue, date) self.venue = venue self.date = date end end In previous sections of the book, it would've been defined like this: class Ticket attr_accessor :venue, :date def initialize(venue, date) @venue = venue @date = date end end Is there any functional difference between using the setter method, as in the first example, vs. using the instance variable as in the second? They both seem to work. Even mixing them up works: class Ticket attr_accessor :venue, :date def initialize(venue, date) @venue = venue self.date = date end end

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  • How do I get the "bucket id" that winqual uses if I have a minidump file or exception structure? (Windows c++)

    - by Tim
    There are a few related questions on SO - but have not found the answer - I would like to generate a "signature"/bucket id to report a minidump/crash back to our issue tracking system. Since MS already does this with "bucket ids" I figured I could just re-use their bucket/signature generation. Can I get that ID from either a top level filter or the _EXCEPTION_POINTERS object I have inside the filter or the _MINIDUMP_EXCEPTION_INFORMATION structure or from the minidump itself? This is a C++ application.

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  • Should enumerations be placed in a separate file or within another class?

    - by Icono123
    I currently have a class file with the following enumeration: using System; namespace Helper { public enum ProcessType { Word = 0, Adobe = 1, } } Or should I include the enumeration in the class where it's being used? I noticed Microsoft creates a new class file for DockStyle: using System; using System.ComponentModel; using System.Drawing.Design; namespace System.Windows.Forms { public enum DockStyle { None = 0, Top = 1, Bottom = 2, Left = 3, Right = 4,. Fill = 5, } }

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  • What's the Difference Between These Two Ruby Class Initialaztion Definitions?

    - by michaelmichael
    I'm working through a book on Ruby, and the author used a slightly different form for writing a class initialization definition than he has in previous sections of the book. It looks like this: class Ticket attr_accessor :venue, :date def initialize(venue, date) self.venue = venue self.date = date end end In previous sections of the book, it would've been defined like this: class Ticket attr_accessor :venue, :date def initialize(venue, date) @venue = venue @date = date end end Is there any functional difference between using the setter method, as in the first example vs. using the instance variable in the second? They both seem to work. Even mixing them up seems to work: class Ticket attr_accessor :venue, :date def initialize(venue, date) @venue = venue self.date = date end end

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  • Resharper: how to force introducing new private fields at the bottom of the class?

    - by Igor Brejc
    Resharper offers a very useful introduce and initialize field xxx action when you specify a new parameter in a constructor like: Constructor (int parameter) The only (minor) nuisance is that it puts the new field at the beginning of the class - and I'm a fan of putting private parts as far away as possible from the prying eyes of strangers ;). If, however, you already have some private fields in the class, Resharper will put the new field "correctly" (note the quotes, I don't want to start a flame war over this issue) next to those, even if they are at the end of the class. Is there a way to force Resharper to always put new fields at the end of the class? UPDATE: OK, I forgot to mention I know about the "Type Members Layout in Options" feature, but some concrete help on how to modify the template to achieve fields placement would be nice.

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  • How can i encrypt a function or its contents in a php class?

    - by jane
    How can i encrypt a function or its contents in a php class ? e.g. Take a look at below class, i would like to encrypt the function test1() so the code inside will never be revealed but executes as normal class test { var $x; var $y; function test1() { return $this->x; } function test2() { return $this->y; } } Thanks in advance

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  • How to create multiple Repository object inside a Repository class using Unit Of Work?

    - by Santosh
    I am newbie to MVC3 application development, currently, we need following Application technologies as requirement MVC3 framework IOC framework – Autofac to manage object creation dynamically Moq – Unit testing Entity Framework Repository and Unit Of Work Pattern of Model class I have gone through many article to explore an basic idea about the above points but still I am little bit confused on the “Repository and Unit Of Work Pattern “. Basically what I understand Unit Of Work is a pattern which will be followed along with Repository Pattern in order to share the single DB Context among all Repository object, So here is my design : IUnitOfWork.cs public interface IUnitOfWork : IDisposable { IPermitRepository Permit_Repository{ get; } IRebateRepository Rebate_Repository { get; } IBuildingTypeRepository BuildingType_Repository { get; } IEEProjectRepository EEProject_Repository { get; } IRebateLookupRepository RebateLookup_Repository { get; } IEEProjectTypeRepository EEProjectType_Repository { get; } void Save(); } UnitOfWork.cs public class UnitOfWork : IUnitOfWork { #region Private Members private readonly CEEPMSEntities context = new CEEPMSEntities(); private IPermitRepository permit_Repository; private IRebateRepository rebate_Repository; private IBuildingTypeRepository buildingType_Repository; private IEEProjectRepository eeProject_Repository; private IRebateLookupRepository rebateLookup_Repository; private IEEProjectTypeRepository eeProjectType_Repository; #endregion #region IUnitOfWork Implemenation public IPermitRepository Permit_Repository { get { if (this.permit_Repository == null) { this.permit_Repository = new PermitRepository(context); } return permit_Repository; } } public IRebateRepository Rebate_Repository { get { if (this.rebate_Repository == null) { this.rebate_Repository = new RebateRepository(context); } return rebate_Repository; } } } PermitRepository .cs public class PermitRepository : IPermitRepository { #region Private Members private CEEPMSEntities objectContext = null; private IObjectSet<Permit> objectSet = null; #endregion #region Constructors public PermitRepository() { } public PermitRepository(CEEPMSEntities _objectContext) { this.objectContext = _objectContext; this.objectSet = objectContext.CreateObjectSet<Permit>(); } #endregion public IEnumerable<RebateViewModel> GetRebatesByPermitId(int _permitId) { // need to implment } } PermitController .cs public class PermitController : Controller { #region Private Members IUnitOfWork CEEPMSContext = null; #endregion #region Constructors public PermitController(IUnitOfWork _CEEPMSContext) { if (_CEEPMSContext == null) { throw new ArgumentNullException("Object can not be null"); } CEEPMSContext = _CEEPMSContext; } #endregion } So here I am wondering how to generate a new Repository for example “TestRepository.cs” using same pattern where I can create more then one Repository object like RebateRepository rebateRepo = new RebateRepository () AddressRepository addressRepo = new AddressRepository() because , what ever Repository object I want to create I need an object of UnitOfWork first as implmented in the PermitController class. So if I would follow the same in each individual Repository class that would again break the priciple of Unit Of Work and create multiple instance of object context. So any idea or suggestion will be highly appreciated. Thank you

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  • Can you explicitly set a structure layout/alignment in C++ as you can in C#?

    - by Gary Willoughby
    In C# you have nice alignment attributes such as this: [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Explicit)] public struct Message { [FieldOffset(0)] public int a; [FieldOffset(4)] public short b; [FieldOffset(6)] public int c; [FieldOffset(22)] //Leave some empty space just for the heck of it. public DateTime dt; } Which gives you fine control on how you need your structure to be layed out in memory. Is there such a thing in standard C++?

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  • Can a CSS class inherit one or more other classes?

    - by Joel Martinez
    I feel dumb for having been a web programmer for so long and not knowing the answer to this question, I actually hope it's possible and I just didn't know about rather than what I think is the answer (which is that it's not possible). My question is whether it is possible to make a CSS class that "inherits" from another CSS class (or more than one). For example, say we had: .something { display:inline } .else { background:red } What I'd like to do is something like this: .composite { .something; .else } where the ".composite" class would both display inline and have a red background

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  • Are there any platforms where using structure copy on an fd_set (for select() or pselect()) causes p

    - by Jonathan Leffler
    The select() and pselect() system calls modify their arguments (the 'struct fd_set *' arguments), so the input value tells the system which file descriptors to check and the return values tell the programmer which file descriptors are currently usable. If you are going to call them repeatedly for the same set of file descriptors, you need to ensure that you have a fresh copy of the descriptors for each call. The obvious way to do that is to use a structure copy: struct fd_set ref_set_rd; struct fd_set ref_set_wr; struct fd_set ref_set_er; ... ...code to set the reference fd_set_xx values... ... while (!done) { struct fd_set act_set_rd = ref_set_rd; struct fd_set act_set_wr = ref_set_wr; struct fd_set act_set_er = ref_set_er; int bits_set = select(max_fd, &act_set_rd, &act_set_wr, &act_set_er, &timeout); if (bits_set > 0) { ...process the output values of act_set_xx... } } My question: Are there any platforms where it is not safe to do a structure copy of the struct fd_set values as shown? I'm concerned lest there be hidden memory allocation or anything unexpected like that. (There are macros/functions FD_SET(), FD_CLR(), FD_ZERO() and FD_ISSET() to mask the internals from the application.) I can see that MacOS X (Darwin) is safe; other BSD-based systems are likely to be safe, therefore. You can help by documenting other systems that you know are safe in your answers. (I do have minor concerns about how well the struct fd_set would work with more than 8192 open file descriptors - the default maximum number of open files is only 256, but the maximum number is 'unlimited'. Also, since the structures are 1 KB, the copying code is not dreadfully efficient, but then running through a list of file descriptors to recreate the input mask on each cycle is not necessarily efficient either. Maybe you can't do select() when you have that many file descriptors open, though that is when you are most likely to need the functionality.) There's a related SO question - asking about 'poll() vs select()' which addresses a different set of issues from this question.

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  • When mocking a class with Moq, how can I CallBase for just specific methods?

    - by Daryn
    I really appreciate Moq's Loose mocking behaviour that returns default values when no expectations are set. It's convenient and saves me code, and it also acts as a safety measure: dependencies won't get unintentionally called during the unit test (as long as they are virtual). However, I'm confused about how to keep these benefits when the method under test happens to be virtual. In this case I do want to call the real code for that one method, while still having the rest of the class loosely mocked. All I have found in my searching is that I could set mock.CallBase = true to ensure that the method gets called. However, that affects the whole class. I don't want to do that because it puts me in a dilemma about all the other properties and methods in the class that hide call dependencies: if CallBase is true then I have to either Setup stubs for all of the properties and methods that hide dependencies -- Even though my test doesn't think it needs to care about those dependencies, or Hope that I don't forget to Setup any stubs (and that no new dependencies get added to the code in the future) -- Risk unit tests hitting a real dependency. Q: With Moq, is there any way to test a virtual method, when I mocked the class to stub just a few dependencies? I.e. Without resorting to CallBase=true and having to stub all of the dependencies? Example code to illustrate (uses MSTest, InternalsVisibleTo DynamicProxyGenAssembly2) In the following example, TestNonVirtualMethod passes, but TestVirtualMethod fails - returns null. public class Foo { public string NonVirtualMethod() { return GetDependencyA(); } public virtual string VirtualMethod() { return GetDependencyA();} internal virtual string GetDependencyA() { return "! Hit REAL Dependency A !"; } // [... Possibly many other dependencies ...] internal virtual string GetDependencyN() { return "! Hit REAL Dependency N !"; } } [TestClass] public class UnitTest1 { [TestMethod] public void TestNonVirtualMethod() { var mockFoo = new Mock<Foo>(); mockFoo.Setup(m => m.GetDependencyA()).Returns(expectedResultString); string result = mockFoo.Object.NonVirtualMethod(); Assert.AreEqual(expectedResultString, result); } [TestMethod] public void TestVirtualMethod() // Fails { var mockFoo = new Mock<Foo>(); mockFoo.Setup(m => m.GetDependencyA()).Returns(expectedResultString); // (I don't want to setup GetDependencyB ... GetDependencyN here) string result = mockFoo.Object.VirtualMethod(); Assert.AreEqual(expectedResultString, result); } string expectedResultString = "Hit mock dependency A - OK"; }

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