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• isometric drawing order with larger than single tile images - drawing order algorithm?

  - by Roger Smith

  I have an isometric map over which I place various images. Most images will fit over a single tile, but some images are slightly larger. For example, I have a bed of size 2x3 tiles. This creates a problem when drawing my objects to the screen as I get some tiles erroneously overlapping other tiles. The two solutions that I know of are either splitting the image into 1x1 tile segments or implementing my own draw order algorithm, for example by assigning each image a number. The image with number 1 is drawn first, then 2, 3 etc. Does anyone have advice on what I should do? It seems to me like splitting an isometric image is very non obvious. How do you decide which parts of the image are 'in' a particular tile? I can't afford to split up all of my images manually either. The draw order algorithm seems like a nicer choice but I am not sure if it's going to be easy to implement. I can't solve, in my head, how to deal with situations whereby you change the index of one image, which causes a knock on effect to many other images. If anyone has an resources/tutorials on this I would be most grateful.

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• Java game object pool management

  - by Kenneth Bray

  Currently I am using arrays to handle all of my game objects in the game I am making, and I know how terrible this is for performance. My question is what is the best way to handle game objects and not hurt performance? Here is how I am creating an array and then looping through it to update the objects in the array: public static ArrayList<VboCube> game_objects = new ArrayList<VboCube>(); /* add objects to the game */ while (!Display.isCloseRequested() && !Keyboard.isKeyDown(Keyboard.KEY_ESCAPE)) { for (int i = 0; i < game_objects.size(); i++){ // draw the object game_objects.get(i).Draw(); game_objects.get(i).Update(); //world.updatePhysics(); } } I am not looking for someone to write me code for asset or object management, just point me into a better direction to get better performance. I appreciate the help you guys have provided me in the past, and I dont think I would be as far along with my project without the support on stack exchange!

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• Ruby: implementing alpha-beta pruning for tic-tac-toe

  - by DerNalia

  So, alpha-beta pruning seems to be the most efficient algorithm out there aside from hard coding (for tic tac toe). However, I'm having problems converting the algorithm from the C++ example given in the link: http://www.webkinesia.com/games/gametree.php #based off http://www.webkinesia.com/games/gametree.php # (converted from C++ code from the alpha - beta pruning section) # returns 0 if draw LOSS = -1 DRAW = 0 WIN = 1 @next_move = 0 def calculate_ai_next_move score = self.get_best_move(COMPUTER, WIN, LOSS) return @next_move end def get_best_move(player, alpha, beta) best_score = nil score = nil if not self.has_available_moves? return false elsif self.has_this_player_won?(player) return WIN elsif self.has_this_player_won?(1 - player) return LOSS else best_score = alpha NUM_SQUARES.times do |square| if best_score >= beta break end if self.state[square].nil? self.make_move_with_index(square, player) # set to negative of opponent's best move; we only need the returned score; # the returned move is irrelevant. score = -get_best_move(1-player, -beta, -alpha) if (score > bestScore) @next_move = square best_score = score end undo_move(square) end end end return best_score end the problem is that this is returning nil. some support methods that are used above: WAYS_TO_WIN = [[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8], [0, 3, 6], [1, 4, 7], [2, 5, 8],[0, 4, 8], [2, 4, 6]] def has_this_player_won?(player) result = false WAYS_TO_WIN.each {|solution| result = self.state[solution[0]] if contains_win?(solution) } return (result == player) end def contains_win?(ttt_win_state) ttt_win_state.each do |pos| return false if self.state[pos] != self.state[ttt_win_state[0]] or self.state[pos].nil? end return true end def make_move(x, y, player) self.set_square(x,y, player) end

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• Game Trees Conceptual Question

  - by Chris Corbin

  I am struggling to conceptually understand a question in a programming assignment for an algorithms class. The problem is dealing with a fictitious 2 player game, named Easy. The rules of the game are simple; each player may chose one of 4 integers {0-3} after which that integer is not available for the other player. The catch is, a player picks {0} it means they quit. The objective is for Player 1 to get {1} and Player 2 to get {2}, in which case they may win, however if both or neither succeed, then the game ends in a draw. I have been asked to draw the game tree for Easy, showing all nodes, which they explained as 4! = 24. Labeling the edges, which represent moves (selecting a number) and the leaves with who won (1 means Player 1 won, -1 means Player 2 won, and 0 means a tie). I have drawn out a game tree, which I believe is correct, however I am not 100% certain hence I am asking the question. My game tree only has 16 leaves. I am thinking that when a player picks {0}, and then quits, the game tree stops there? I don't see how it is possible to get to 24 leaves? Any help would be greatly appreciate, and if you need more information I would be happy to provide it. Thanks

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• How to blend multiple normal maps?

  - by János Turánszki

  I want to achieve a distortion effect which distorts the full screen. For that I spawn a couple of images with normal maps. I render their normal map part on some camera facing quads onto a rendertarget which is cleared with the color (127,127,255,255). This color means that there is no distortion whatsoever. Then I want to render some images like this one onto it: If I draw one somewhere on the screen, then it looks correct because it blends in seamlessly with the background (which is the same color that appears on the edges of this image). If I draw another one on top of it then it will no longer be a seamless transition. For this I created a blendstate in directX 11 that keeps the maximum of two colors, so it is now a seamless transition, but this way, the colors lower than 127 (0.5f normalized) will not contribute. I am not making a simulation and the effect looks quite convincing and nice for a game, but in my spare time I am thinking how I could achieve a nicer or a more correct effect with a blend state, maybe averaging the colors somehow? I I did it with a shader, I would add the colors and then I would normalize them, but I need to combine arbitrary number of images onto a rendertarget. This is my blend state now which blends them seamlessly but not correctly: D3D11_BLEND_DESC bd; bd.RenderTarget[0].BlendEnable=true; bd.RenderTarget[0].SrcBlend = D3D11_BLEND_SRC_ALPHA; bd.RenderTarget[0].DestBlend = D3D11_BLEND_INV_SRC_ALPHA; bd.RenderTarget[0].BlendOp = D3D11_BLEND_OP_MAX; bd.RenderTarget[0].SrcBlendAlpha = D3D11_BLEND_ONE; bd.RenderTarget[0].DestBlendAlpha = D3D11_BLEND_ZERO; bd.RenderTarget[0].BlendOpAlpha = D3D11_BLEND_OP_MAX; bd.RenderTarget[0].RenderTargetWriteMask = 0x0f; Is there any way of improving upon this? (PS. I considered rendering each one with a separate shader incementally on top of each other but that would consume a lot of render targets which is unacceptable)

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• The best way to structure/design game code

  - by Edward

  My question is quite broad and related to the 2D game code design/architecture/structure. Usually the main game consists of the main loop where you update & render your world states. However, it's recommended for many purposes to separate rendering from the game-logic and so on. I am kinda confused about the whole situation. Many game engines/libs/sdks don't follow separation schema. They propagate a way where you define some scenes/stages and they contain some objects and the scene/stage controls the user input and so on. For example, in cocos2d(-x) and libgdx (stage2d) the games are usually done the way that the update logic happens at the same time/place as rendering. Also, the propagated way is to have a structure where an object knows how to draw itself - which is not a separation of updating & rendering. The same with Flash based games, they are usually done the way when an object (class) contains a swf or a texture and some data and holds some update logic itself, or updated from main Scene. And again this object already knows how to draw itself via "addChild". Also, some people recommend to use MVC pattern, which will require to completely obey the structure of those engines/libs/sdks. Maybe I am overthinking everything, but I am totally confused. I would be grateful if somebody could point me to a correct direction with the game code structures. What is your way of doing things in libgdx/cocos2d/flash?

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• Example of DOD design (on a generic Zombie game)

  - by Jeffrey

  I can't seem to find a nice explanation of the Data Oriented Design for a generic zombie game (it's just an example, pretty common example). Could you make an example of the Data Oriented Design on creating a generic zombie class? Is the following good? Zombie list class: class ZombieList { GLuint vbo; // generic zombie vertex model std::vector<color>; // object default color std::vector<texture>; // objects textures std::vector<vector3D>; // objects positions public: unsigned int create(); // return object id void move(unsigned int objId, vector3D offset); void rotate(unsigned int objId, float angle); void setColor(unsigned int objId, color c); void setPosition(unsigned int objId, color c); void setTexture(unsigned int, unsigned int); ... void update(Player*); // move towards player, attack if near } Example: Player p; Zombielist zl; unsigned int first = zl.create(); zl.setPosition(first, vector3D(50, 50)); zl.setTexture(first, texture("zombie1.png")); ... while (running) { // main loop ... zl.update(&p); zl.draw(); // draw every zombie } Or would creating a generic World container that contains every action from bite(zombieId, playerId) to moveTo(playerId, vector) to createPlayer() to shoot(playerId, vector) to face(radians)/face(vector); and contains: std::vector<zombie> std::vector<player> ... std::vector<mapchunk> ... std::vector<vbobufferid> player_run_animation; ... be a good example? Whats the proper way to organize a game with DOD?

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• Drawing text from update method in XNA

  - by Sigh-AniDe

  I am having a problem drawing the "Game Over!" text once the user is on the last tile. This is what I have: The Update and drawText methods are in a class named turtle: public void Update(float scalingFactor, int[,] map, SpriteBatch batch, SpriteFont font) { if (isMovable(mapX, mapY - 1, map)) { position.Y = position.Y - (int)scalingFactor; angle = 0.0f; Program.form.direction = ""; if (mapX == 17 && mapY == 1)// This is the last tile(Tested) { Program.form.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Red; drawText(batch, font); } } } public void drawText(SpriteBatch spritebatch, SpriteFont spriteFont) { textPosition.X = 200; // a vector2 textPosition.Y = 200; spritebatch.Begin(SpriteSortMode.BackToFront, BlendState.AlphaBlend); spritebatch.DrawString(spriteFont, "Game Over!!!", textPosition, Color.Red); spritebatch.End(); } This update is in the Game1 class: protected override void Update(GameTime gameTime) { // Allows the game to exit if (GamePad.GetState(PlayerIndex.One).Buttons.Back == ButtonState.Pressed) this.Exit(); turtle.Update(scalingFactor, map, spriteBatch, font); base.Update(gameTime); } I have also added the font content to LoadContent: font = Content.Load<SpriteFont>("fontType"); What am I doing wrong? Why does the text not want to show on game completion? If I call the turtle.draw() in the main Draw method. The "Game Over" text stays on screen from the beggining. What am I missing? Thanks

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• What's the best algorithm for... [closed]

  - by Paska

  Hi programmers! Today come out a little problem. I have an array of coordinates (latitude and longitude) maded in this way: [0] = "45.01234,9.12345" [1] = "46.11111,9.12345" [2] = "47.22222,9.98765" [...] etc In a loop, convert these coordinates in meters (UTM northing / UTM easting) and after that i convert these coords in pixel (X / Y) on screen (the output device is an iphone) to draw a route line on a custom map. [0] = "512335.00000,502333.666666" [...] etc The returning pixel are passed to a method that draw a line on screen (simulating a route calculation). [0] = "20,30" [1] = "21,31" [2] = "25,40" [...] etc As coordinate (lat/lon) are too many, i need to truncate lat/lon array eliminating the values that doesn't fill in the map bound (the visible part of map on screen). Map bounds are 2 couple of coords lat/lon, upper left and lower right. Now, what is the best way to loop on this array (NOT SORTED) and check if a value is or not in bound and after remove the value that is outside? To return a clean array that contains only the coords visible on screen? Note: the coords array is a very big array. 4000/5000 couple of items. This is a method that should be looped every drag or zoom. Anyone have an idea to optimize search and controls in this array? many thanks, A

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• Incomplete mesh using DrawIndexedPrimitives after rotating mesh

  - by user1278255

  Through help on this site I was able to draw the triangles of an unrotated, nonscaled nontransformed mesh created in Blender and exported to OBJ, accurately imported through Assimp and rendered in XNA Graphics. However after applying rotation on a single axis in Blender(Z) and adding materials(I wanted to test loading of materials through Assimp) the same mesh appears incomplete. Is something wrong with my view matrix or is it something else? This is what the unrotated mesh looks like: http://www.4shared.com/photo/qXNUSvxtba/okcube.html Here is the rotated mesh: http://www.4shared.com/photo/HAys2rWvba/badcube.html Camera, View and Projection are defined as follows: cameraPos = new Vector3(0, 5, 9); viewMatrix = Matrix.CreateLookAt(cameraPos, new Vector3(0, 0, 1), new Vector3(0, 1, 0)); projectionMatrix = Matrix.CreatePerspectiveFieldOfView(MathHelper.PiOver4, device.Viewport.AspectRatio, 1.0f, 200.0f); Rendering is done through this code: device.Clear(ClearOptions.Target | ClearOptions.DepthBuffer, Color.DarkSlateBlue, 1.0f, 0); effect = new BasicEffect(GraphicsDevice); effect.VertexColorEnabled = true; effect.View = viewMatrix; effect.Projection = projectionMatrix; effect.World = Matrix.Identity; foreach (EffectPass pass in effect.CurrentTechnique.Passes) { pass.Apply(); device.SetVertexBuffer(vertexBuffer); device.Indices = indexBuffer; device.DrawIndexedPrimitives(Microsoft.Xna.Framework.Graphics.PrimitiveType.TriangleList, 0, 0, oScene.Meshes[0].VertexCount, 0, mMesh.FaceCount); } base.Draw(gameTime);

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• What is the correct and most efficient approach of streaming vertex data?

  - by Martijn Courteaux

  Usually, I do this in my current OpenGL ES project (for iOS): Initialization: Create two VBO's and one IndexBuffer (since I will use the same indices), same size. Create two VAO's and configure them, both bound to the same Index Buffer. Each frame: Choose a VBO/VAO couple. (Different from the previous frame, so I'm alternating.) Bind that VBO Upload new data using glBufferSubData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, ...). Bind the VAO Render my stuff using glDrawElements(GL_***, ...); Unbind the VAO However, someone told me to avoid uploading data (step 3) and render immediately the new data (step 5). I should avoid this, because the glDrawElements call will stall until the buffer is effectively uploaded to VRAM. So he suggested to draw all my geometry I uploaded the previous frame and upload in the current frame what will be drawn in the next frame. Thus, everything is rendered with the delay of one frame. Is this true or am I using the good approach to work with streaming vertex data? (I do know that the pipeline will stall the other way around. Ie: when you draw and immediately try to change the buffer data. But I'm not doing that, since I implemented double buffering.)

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• how to make HLSL effect just for lighning without texture mapping?

  - by naprox

  I'm new to XNA, i created an effect and just want to use lightning but in default effect that XNA create we should do texture mapping or the model appears 'RED', because of this lines of code in the effect file: float4 PixelShaderFunction(VertexShaderOutput input) : COLOR0 { float4 output = float4(1,0,0,1); return output; } and if i want to see my model (appear like when i use basiceffect) must do texture mapping by UV coordinates. but my model does not have UV coordinates assigned or its UV coordinates is not exported. and if i do texture mapping i got error. (i do texture mapping by this line of code in vertexshaderfunction and other necessary codes) output.UV= input.UV i have many of this models and want to work with them.(my models are in .FBX format) when i use Bassiceffect i have no problem and model appears correctly. how can i use "just" lightnings in my custom effects? and don't do texture mapping (because i have no UV coordinates in my models) and my model be look like when i use BasicEffect? if you need my complete code Here it is: http://www.mediafire.com/?4jexhd4ulm2icm2 here is inside of my Model Using BasicEffect http://i.imgur.com/ygP2h.jpg?1 and this is my code for drawing with or without BasicEffect inside of my draw() method: Matrix baseWorld = Matrix.CreateScale(Scale) * Matrix.CreateFromYawPitchRoll(Rotation.Y, Rotation.X, Rotation.Z) * Matrix.CreateTranslation(Position); foreach(ModelMesh mesh in Model.Meshes) { Matrix localWorld = ModelTransforms[mesh.ParentBone.Index] * baseWorld; foreach(ModelMeshPart part in mesh.MeshParts) { Effect effect = part.Effect; if (effect is BasicEffect) { ((BasicEffect)effect).World = localWorld; ((BasicEffect)effect).View = View; ((BasicEffect)effect).Projection = Projection; ((BasicEffect)effect).EnableDefaultLighting(); } else { setEffectParameter(effect, "World", localWorld); setEffectParameter(effect, "View", View); setEffectParameter(effect, "Projection", Projection); setEffectParameter(effect, "CameraPosition", CameraPosition); } } mesh.Draw(); } setEffectParameter is another method that sets effect parameter if i use my custom effect.

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• Clear edged sprite

  - by Ananth

  I am a newbie to cocos2d. I would like make user to draw similar to what a painting brush would do. I am using CCSprite for that. I almost implemented the velocity, color and opacity factors for that tool, but I couldn't get the Sprite to be as clear as it should be. I can draw only in the below image http://i.imgur.com/KBe0L.png which has blunt edges. But I want it to be harder / clear outside edges as in http://i.stack.imgur.com/GrFlv.png. I am getting no idea to make it clear edged. The piece of code Im using is glEnable(GL_BLEND); [brush.texture setAliasTexParameters]; [brush setBlendFunc:(ccBlendFunc){GL_ONE, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA}]; [brush visit]; I suspect the problem would be on blending mode. I tried some blending modes, but with no expected results. I am trying this for the past five days and so confused. Can some one help me sort this out? Thanks in advance.

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• How AlphaBlend Blendstate works in XNA 4 when accumulighting light into a RenderTarget?

  - by cubrman

  I am using a Deferred Rendering engine from Catalin Zima's tutorial: His lighting shader returns the color of the light in the rgb channels and the specular component in the alpha channel. Here is how light gets accumulated: Game.GraphicsDevice.SetRenderTarget(LightRT); Game.GraphicsDevice.Clear(Color.Transparent); Game.GraphicsDevice.BlendState = BlendState.AlphaBlend; // Continuously draw 3d spheres with lighting pixel shader. ... Game.GraphicsDevice.BlendState = BlendState.Opaque; MSDN states that AlphaBlend field of the BlendState class uses the next formula for alphablending: (source × Blend.SourceAlpha) + (destination × Blend.InvSourceAlpha), where "source" is the color of the pixel returned by the shader and "destination" is the color of the pixel in the rendertarget. My question is why do my colors are accumulated correctly in the Light rendertarget even when the new pixels' alphas equal zero? As a quick sanity check I ran the following code in the light's pixel shader: float specularLight = 0; float4 light4 = attenuation * lightIntensity * float4(diffuseLight.rgb,specularLight); if (light4.a == 0) light4 = 0; return light4; This prevents lighting from getting accumulated and, subsequently, drawn on the screen. But when I do the following: float specularLight = 0; float4 light4 = attenuation * lightIntensity * float4(diffuseLight.rgb,specularLight); return light4; The light is accumulated and drawn exactly where it needs to be. What am I missing? According to the formula above: (source x 0) + (destination x 1) should equal destination, so the "LightRT" rendertarget must not change when I draw light spheres into it! It feels like the GPU is using the Additive blend instead: (source × Blend.One) + (destination × Blend.One)

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• How AlphaBlend Blendstate works in XNA when accumulighting light into a RenderTarget?

  - by cubrman

  I am using a Deferred Rendering engine from Catalin Zima's tutorial: His lighting shader returns the color of the light in the rgb channels and the specular component in the alpha channel. Here is how light gets accumulated: Game.GraphicsDevice.SetRenderTarget(LightRT); Game.GraphicsDevice.Clear(Color.Transparent); Game.GraphicsDevice.BlendState = BlendState.AlphaBlend; // Continuously draw 3d spheres with lighting pixel shader. ... Game.GraphicsDevice.BlendState = BlendState.Opaque; MSDN states that AlphaBlend field of the BlendState class uses the next formula for alphablending: (source × Blend.SourceAlpha) + (destination × Blend.InvSourceAlpha), where "source" is the color of the pixel returned by the shader and "destination" is the color of the pixel in the rendertarget. My question is why do my colors are accumulated correctly in the Light rendertarget even when the new pixels' alphas equal zero? As a quick sanity check I ran the following code in the light's pixel shader: float specularLight = 0; float4 light4 = attenuation * lightIntensity * float4(diffuseLight.rgb,specularLight); if (light4.a == 0) light4 = 0; return light4; This prevents lighting from getting accumulated and, subsequently, drawn on the screen. But when I do the following: float specularLight = 0; float4 light4 = attenuation * lightIntensity * float4(diffuseLight.rgb,specularLight); return light4; The light is accumulated and drawn exactly where it needs to be. What am I missing? According to the formula above: (source x 0) + (destination x 1) should equal destination, so the "LightRT" rendertarget must not change when I draw light spheres into it! It feels like the GPU is using the Additive blend instead: (source × Blend.One) + (destination × Blend.One)

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• Libgdx ParallaxScrolling and TiledMaps

  - by kirchhoff

  I implemented ParallaxScrolling for my SideScroller project, everything is working but the tiled map (the most important part!). I've been trying out everything but it doesn't work (see the code below). I'm using ParallaxCamera from GdxTests, it's working perfectly for the background layers. I can't explain myself properly in english, so I recorded 2 videos: Before parallaxScrolling After parallaxScrolling As you can see, now the platforms appear in the middle of the Y-axis. I've got a Map class with 2 tiled maps, so I need two renderers too: private TiledMapRenderer renderer1; private TiledMapRenderer renderer2; public void update(GameCamera camera) { renderer1.setView(camera.calculateParallaxMatrix(1f, 0f), camera.position.x - camera.viewportWidth / 2, **camera.position.y - camera.viewportHeight/2**, camera.viewportWidth, camera.viewportHeight); renderer2.setView(camera.calculateParallaxMatrix(1f, 0f), camera.position.x - camera.viewportWidth / 2, **camera.position.y - camera.viewportHeight/2**, camera.viewportWidth, camera.viewportHeight); } In bold, the code I think I should change. I've tried changing parameters, even adding hardcoded values, etc, but one of two: 1. Nothing happens. 2. Platforms disappear. Here is some aditional code. The render method: world.update(delta); parallaxBackground.update(camera); clear(0.5f, 0.7f, 1.0f, 1); batch.setProjectionMatrix(camera.calculateParallaxMatrix(0, 0)); batch.disableBlending(); batch.begin(); batch.draw(background, -(int)background.getRegionWidth()/2, -(int)background.getRegionHeight()/2); batch.end(); batch.enableBlending(); parallaxBackground.draw(batch, camera); renderer.render(batch);

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• SFML - Moving a sprite on mouseclick

  - by Mike

  I want to be able to move a sprite from a current location to another based upon where the user clicks in the window. This is the code that I have: #include <SFML/Graphics.hpp> int main() { // Create the main window sf::RenderWindow App(sf::VideoMode(800, 600), "SFML window"); // Load a sprite to display sf::Texture Image; if (!Image.LoadFromFile("cb.bmp")) return EXIT_FAILURE; sf::Sprite Sprite(Image); // Define the spead of the sprite float spriteSpeed = 200.f; // Start the game loop while (App.IsOpened()) { if (sf::Keyboard::IsKeyPressed(sf::Keyboard::Escape)) App.Close(); if (sf::Mouse::IsButtonPressed(sf::Mouse::Right)) { Sprite.SetPosition(sf::Mouse::GetPosition(App).x, sf::Mouse::GetPosition(App).y); } // Clear screen App.Clear(); // Draw the sprite App.Draw(Sprite); // Update the window App.Display(); } return EXIT_SUCCESS; } But instead of just setting the position I want to use Sprite.Move() and gradually move the sprite from one position to another. The question is how? Later I plan on adding a node system into each map so I can use Dijkstra's algorithm, but I'll still need this for moving between nodes.

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• Animation API vs frame animation

  - by Max

  I'm pretty far down the road in my game right now, closing in on the end. And I'm adding little tweaks here and there. I used custom frame animation of a single image with many versions of my sprite on it, and controlled which part of the image to show using rectangles. But I'm starting to think that maybe I should've used the Animation API that comes with android instead. Will this effect my performance in a negative way? Can I still use rectangles to draw my bitmap? Could I add effects from the Animation API to my current frame-controlled animation? like the fadeout-effect etc? this would mean I wont have to change my current code. I want some of my animations to fade out, and just noticed that using the Animation API makes things alot easier. But needless to say, I would prefer not having to change all my animation-code. I'm bad at explaining, so Ill show a bit of how I do my animation: private static final int BMP_ROWS = 1; //I use top-view so only need my sprite to have 1 direction private static final int BMP_COLUMNS = 3; public void update(GameControls controls) { if (sprite.isMoving) { currentFrame = ++currentFrame % BMP_COLUMNS; } else { this.setFrame(1); } } public void draw(Canvas canvas, int x, int y, float angle) { this.x=x; this.y=y; canvas.save(); canvas.rotate(angle , x + width / 2, y + height / 2); int srcX = currentFrame * width; int srcY = 0 * height; Rect src = new Rect(srcX, srcY, srcX + width, srcY + height); Rect dst = new Rect(x, y, x + width, y + height); canvas.drawBitmap(bitmap, src, dst, null); canvas.restore(); }

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• Foreach loop with 2d array of objects

  - by Jacob Millward

  I'm using a 2D array of objects to store data about tiles, or "blocks" in my gameworld. I initialise the array, fill it with data and then attempt to invoke the draw method of each object. foreach (Block block in blockList) { block.Draw(spriteBatch); } I end up with an exception being thrown "Object reference is not set to an instance of an object". What have I done wrong? EDIT: This is the code used to define the array Block[,] blockList; Then blockList = new Block[screenRectangle.Width, screenRectangle.Height]; // Fill with dummy data for (int x = 0; x <= screenRectangle.Width / texture.Width; x++) { for (int y = 0; y <= screenRectangle.Height / texture.Width; y++) { if (y >= screenRectangle.Height / (texture.Width*2)) { blockList[x, y] = new Block(1, new Rectangle(x * 16, y * 16, texture.Width, texture.Height), texture); } else { blockList[x, y] = new Block(0, new Rectangle(x * 16, y * 16, texture.Width, texture.Height), texture); } } }

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• Sprites rendering blurry with velocity

  - by ashes999

  After adding velocity to my game, I feel like my textures are twitching. I thought it was just my eyes, until I finally captured it in a screenshot: The one on the left is what renders in my game; the one on the right is the original sprite, pasted over. (This is a screenshot from Photoshop, zoomed in 6x.) Notice the edges are aliasing -- it looks almost like sub-pixel rendering. In fact, if I had not forced my sprites (which have position and velocity as ints) to draw using integer values, I would swear that MonoGame is drawing with floating point values. But it isn't. What could be the cause of these things appearing blurry? It doesn't happen without velocity applied. To be precise, my SpriteComponent class has a Vector2 Position field. When I call Draw, I essentially use new Vector2((int)Math.Round(this.Position.X), (int)Math.Round(this.Position.Y)) for the position. I had a bug before where even stationary objects would jitter -- that was due to me using the straight Position vector and not rounding the values to ints. If I use Floor/Ceiling instead of round, the sprite sinks/hovers (one pixel difference either way) but still draws blurry.

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• What is UVIndex and how do I use it on OpenGL?

  - by Delta

  I am a noob in OpenGL ES 2.0 (for WebGL) and I'm trying to draw a simple model I've made with a 3D tool and exported to .fbx format. I've been able to draw some models that only have: A vertex buffer, a index buffer for the vertices, a normal buffer and a texture coordinate buffer, but this model now has a "UVIndex" and I'm not sure where am I supposed to put this UVIndex. My code looks like this: GL.bindBuffer(GL.ARRAY_BUFFER, this.Model.House.VertexBuffer); GL.vertexAttribPointer(this.Shader.TextureAndLighting.Attribute["vPosition"],3,GL.FLOAT, false, 0, 0); GL.bindBuffer(GL.ARRAY_BUFFER, this.Model.House.NormalBuffer); GL.vertexAttribPointer(this.Shader.TextureAndLighting.Attribute["vNormal"], 3, GL.FLOAT, false, 0, 0); GL.bindBuffer(GL.ARRAY_BUFFER, this.Model.House.TexCoordBuffer); GL.vertexAttribPointer(this.Shader.TextureAndLighting.Attribute["TexCoord"], 2, GL.FLOAT, false, 0, 0); GL.bindBuffer(GL.ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, this.Model.House.IndexBuffer); GL.bindTexture(GL.TEXTURE_2D, this.Texture.HTex1); GL.activeTexture(GL.TEXTURE0); GL.drawElements(GL.TRIANGLES, this.Model.House.IndexBuffer.Length, GL.UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0); But my model renders totally incorrect and I think it has to do with the fact that I am ignoring this "UVIndex" in the .fbx file, since I've never drawn any model that uses this UVIndex I really have no clue on what to do with it. This is the json file containing the model's data: http://pastebin.com/raw.php?i=G294TVmz

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• XNA texture stretching at extreme coordinates

  - by Shaun Hamman

  I was toying around with infinitely scrolling 2D textures using the XNA framework and came across a rather strange observation. Using the basic draw code: spriteBatch.Begin(SpriteSortMode.Deferred, null, SamplerState.PointWrap, null, null); spriteBatch.Draw(texture, Vector2.Zero, sourceRect, Color.White, 0.0f, Vector2.Zero, 2.0f, SpriteEffects.None, 1.0f); spriteBatch.End(); with a small 32x32 texture and a sourceRect defined as: sourceRect = new Rectangle(0, 0, Window.ClientBounds.Width, Window.ClientBounds.Height); I was able to scroll the texture across the window infinitely by changing the X and Y coordinates of the sourceRect. Playing with different coordinate locations, I noticed that if I made either of the coordinates too large, the texture no longer drew and was instead replaced by either a flat color or alternating bands of color. Tracing the coordinates back down, I found the following at around (0, -16,777,000): As you can see, the texture in the top half of the image is stretched vertically. My question is why is this occurring? Certainly I can do things like bind the x/y position to some low multiple of 32 to give the same effect without this occurring, so fixing it isn't an issue, but I'm curious about why this happens. My initial thought was perhaps it was overflowing the coordinate value or some such thing, but looking at a data type size chart, the next closest below is an unsigned short with a range of about 32,000, and above is an unsigned int with a range of around 2,000,000,000 so that isn't likely the cause.

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• Designing a flexible tile-based engine

  - by Vee

  I'm trying to create a flexible tile-based game engine to make all sorts of non-realtime puzzle games, just as Bejeweled, Civilization, Sokoban, and so on. The first approach I had was to have a 2D array of Tile objects, and then have classes inheriting from Tile that represented the game objects. Unfortunately that way I couldn't stack more game elements on the same Tile without having a 3D array. Then I did something different: I still had the 2D array of Tile objects, but every Tile object contained a List where I put and different entities. This worked fine until 20 minutes ago, when I realized that it's too expensive to do many things, look at this example: I have a Wall entity. Every update I have to check the 8 adjacent Tiles, then check all of the entities in the Tile's List, check if any of those entities is a Wall, then finally draw the correct sprite. (This is done to draw walls that are next to each other seamlessly) The only solution I see now is having a 3D array, with many layers, that could suit every situation. But that way I can't stack two entities that share the same layer on the same tile. Whenever I want to do that I have to create a new layer. Is there a better solution? What would you do?

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• How to rotate html5 canvas as page background?

  - by Sebastian P.R. Gingter

  Hi, I want to achieve the following: Image a white sheet of paper on a black desk. Then rotate the paper a little bit to the left (like, 25 degrees). Now you still have the black desk, and a rotated white box on it. In this rotated white box I want to place non-rotated normal html content like text, tables, div's etc. I already have a problem at the very first step: rotating a rectangle. This is my code so far: <html> <head> <script> function draw() { var canvas=document.getElementById("myCanvas"); var c=canvas.getContext("2d"); c.fillStyle = '#00'; c.fillRect(100, 100, 100, 100); c.rotate(20); c.fillStyle = '#ff0000'; c.fillRect(150, 150, 10, 10); } </script> </head> <body onload="draw()"> <canvas id="myCanvas" width="500" height="500"></canvas> </body> </html> With this, I see only a normal black box. Nothing else. I assume there should be a red, rotated box too, but there's nothing. What is the best approach to reach this and to have it as a (scaling) background for my web page?

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• dynamic 2d texture creation in unity from script

  - by gman

  I'm coming from HTML5 and I'm used to having the 2D Canvas API I can use to generate textures. Is there anything similar in Unity3D? For example, let's say at runtime I want to render a circle, put 3 initials in the middle and then take the result and put that in a texture. In HTML5 I'd do this var initials = "GAT"; var textureWidth = 256; var textureHeight = 256; // create a canvas var c = document.createElement("canvas"); c.width = textureWidth; c.height = textureHeight; var ctx = c.getContext("2d"); // Set the origin to the center of the canvas ctx.translate(textureWidth / 2, textureHeight / 2); // Draw a yellow circle ctx.fillStyle = "rgb(255,255,0)"; // yellow ctx.beginPath(); var radius = (Math.min(textureWidth, textureHeight) - 2) / 2; ctx.arc(0, 0, radius, 0, Math.PI * 2, true); ctx.fill(); // Draw some black initials in the middle. ctx.fillStyle = "rgb(0,0,0)"; ctx.font = "60pt Arial"; ctx.textAlign = "center"; ctx.fillText(initials, 0, 30); // now I can make a texture from that var tex = gl.createTexture(); gl.bindTexture(gl.TEXTURE_2D, tex); gl.texImage2D(gl.TEXTURE_2D, 0, gl.RGBA, gl.RGBA, gl.UNSIGNED_BYTE, c); gl.generateMipmap(gl.TEXTURE_2D); I know I can edit individual pixels in a Unity texture but is there any higher level API for drawing to texture in unity?

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