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  • Python: re-initialize a function's default value for subsequent calls to the function.

    - by Peter Stewart
    I have a function that calls itself to increment and decrement a stack. I need to call it a number of times, and I'd like it to work the same way in subsequent calls but, as expected, it doesn't re-use the default value. I've read that this is a newbie trap and I've seen suggested solutions, but I haven't been able to make any solution work. It would be nice to be able to "fun.reset" def a(x, stack = [None]): print x,' ', stack if x > 5: temp = stack.pop() if x <=5: stack.append(1) if stack == []: return a(x + 1) print a(0) print a(2) #second call print a(3) #third call I expected this to work, but it doesn't. print a(0, [None]) print a(2, [None]) #second call print a(3, [None]) #third call Can I reset the function to it's initial state? Any help would be appreciated.

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  • Python - Why use anything other than uuid4() for unique strings?

    - by orokusaki
    I see quit a few implementations of unique string generation for things like uploaded image names, session IDs, et al, and many of them employ the usage of hashes like SHA1, or others. I'm not questioning the legitimacy of using custom methods like this, but rather just the reason. If I want a unique string, I just say this: >>> import uuid >>> uuid.uuid4() 07033084-5cfd-4812-90a4-e4d24ffb6e3d And I'm done with it. I wasn't very trusting before I read up on uuid, so I did this: >>> import uuid >>> s = set() >>> for i in range(5000000): # That's 5 million! >>> s.add(uuid.uuid4()) ... ... >>> len(s) 5000000 Not one repeater (I didn't expect one considering the odds are like 1.108e+50, but it's comforting to see it in action). You could even half the odds by just making your string by combining 2 uuid4()s. So, with that said, why do people spend time on random() and other stuff for unique strings, etc? Is there an important security issue or other regarding uuid?

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  • How to split but ignore separators in quoted strings, in python?

    - by Sly
    I need to split a string like this, on semicolons. But I don't what to split on semicolons that are inside of a string (' or "). I'm not parsing a file; just a simple string with no line breaks. part 1;"this is ; part 2;";'this is ; part 3';part 4 Result should be: part 1 "this is ; part 2" 'this is ; part 4' part 4 I suppose this can be done with a regex but if not; I'm open to another approach.

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  • How to get the list of price offers on an item from Amazon with python-amazon-product-api item_looku

    - by miernik
    I am trying to write a function to get a list of offers (their prices) for an item based on the ASIN: def price_offers(asin): from amazonproduct import API, ResultPaginator, AWSError from config import AWS_KEY, SECRET_KEY api = API(AWS_KEY, SECRET_KEY, 'de') str_asin = str(asin) node = api.item_lookup(id=str_asin, ResponseGroup='Offers', Condition='All', MerchantId='All') for a in node: print a.Offer.OfferListing.Price.FormattedPrice I am reading http://docs.amazonwebservices.com/AWSECommerceService/latest/DG/index.html?ItemLookup.html and trying to make this work, but all the time it just says: Failure instance: Traceback: <type 'exceptions.AttributeError'>: no such child: {http://webservices.amazon.com/AWSECommerceService/2009-10-01}Offer

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  • How do I get user input to refer to a variable in Python?

    - by somefreakingguy
    I would like to get user input to refer to some list in my code. I think it's called namespace? So, what would I have to do to this code for me to print whatever the user inputs, supposing they input 'list1' or 'list2'? list1 = ['cat', 'dog', 'juice'] list2 = ['skunk', 'bats', 'pogo stick'] x = raw_input('which list would you like me to print?') I plan to have many such lists, so a series of if...then statements seems unruly.

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  • Python - wxPython custom button -> unbound method __init__()? what?

    - by Wallter
    After looking at questions like this it doesn't make sense that my __init__(self, parrent, id) would be throwing a unbound error? help? main.py import wx from customButton import customButton from wxPython.wx import * class MyFrame(wx.Frame): def __init__(self, parent, ID, title): wxFrame.__init__(self, parent, ID, title, wxDefaultPosition, wxSize(400, 400)) # Non-important code here... # This is the first declaration of the Button1 # This is also where the ERROR is thrown. # Omitting this line causes the window to execute # flawlessly. self.Button1 = customButton.__init__(self, parent, -1) # ... finishes in a basic wx.program style... customButton.py # I've included all of the code in the file # because have no idea where the bug/error happens import wx from wxPython.wx import * class Custom_Button(wx.PyControl): # The BMP's Over_bmp = None #wxEmptyBitmap(1,1,1) # When the mouse is over Norm_bmp = None #wxEmptyBitmap(1,1,1) # The normal BMP Push_bmp = None #wxEmptyBitmap(1,1,1) # The down BMP def __init__(self, parent, id, **kwargs): wx.PyControl.__init__(self,parent, id, **kwargs) # Set the BMP's to the ones given in the constructor #self.Over_bmp = wx.Bitmap(wx.Image(MOUSE_OVER_BMP, wx.BITMAP_TYPE_ANY).ConvertToBitmap()) #self.Norm_bmp = wx.Bitmap(wx.Image(NORM_BMP, wx.BITMAP_TYPE_ANY).ConvertToBitmap()) #self.Push_bmp = wx.Bitmap(wx.Image(PUSH_BMP, wx.BITMAP_TYPE_ANY).ConvertToBitmap()) #self.Pos_bmp = self.pos self.Bind(wx.EVT_LEFT_DOWN, self._onMouseDown) self.Bind(wx.EVT_LEFT_UP, self._onMouseUp) self.Bind(wx.EVT_LEAVE_WINDOW, self._onMouseLeave) self.Bind(wx.EVT_ENTER_WINDOW, self._onMouseEnter) self.Bind(wx.EVT_ERASE_BACKGROUND,self._onEraseBackground) self.Bind(wx.EVT_PAINT,self._onPaint) self._mouseIn = self._mouseDown = False def _onMouseEnter(self, event): self._mouseIn = True def _onMouseLeave(self, event): self._mouseIn = False def _onMouseDown(self, event): self._mouseDown = True def _onMouseUp(self, event): self._mouseDown = False self.sendButtonEvent() def sendButtonEvent(self): event = wx.CommandEvent(wx.wxEVT_COMMAND_BUTTON_CLICKED, self.GetId()) event.SetInt(0) event.SetEventObject(self) self.GetEventHandler().ProcessEvent(event) def _onEraseBackground(self,event): # reduce flicker pass def _onPaint(self, event): dc = wx.BufferedPaintDC(self) dc.SetFont(self.GetFont()) dc.SetBackground(wx.Brush(self.GetBackgroundColour())) dc.Clear() dc.DrawBitmap(self.Norm_bmp) # draw whatever you want to draw # draw glossy bitmaps e.g. dc.DrawBitmap if self._mouseIn: # If the Mouse is over the button dc.DrawBitmap(self, self.Mouse_over_bmp, self.Pos_bmp, useMask=False) if self._mouseDown: # If the Mouse clicks the button dc.DrawBitmap(self, self.Push_bmp, self.Pos_bmp, useMask=False)

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  • What are good Python and/or Django deployment solutions?

    - by e-satis
    For now I use some mix between virtual_env, pip and Fabric. This allows to: install required libs; generate dynamic content; isolate installation; push everything through ssh. It works well, I just want to know if there are other tools around. The only problem I could think of is that it's a lot of to set up every time. It doesn't solve database / media files migration issues either, but maybe I should just open another question for this specific subject. Eventually, I don't know how to automatize the server setup. I'd love to have a tool to let me configure Apache/Lighttp/Cherokee and MySQL automatically. Related : How django projects can be deployed with minimal installation works?

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  • How do I abort a socket.recv() from another thread in python?

    - by Samuel Skånberg
    I have a main thread that waits for connection. It spawns client threads that will echo the response from the client (telnet in this case). But say that I want to close down all sockets and all threads after some time, like after 1 connection. How would I do? If I do clientSocket.close() from the main thread, it won't stop doing the recv. It will only stop if I first send something through telnet, then it will fail doing further sends and recvs. My code look like this: # Echo server program import socket from threading import Thread import time class ClientThread(Thread): def __init__(self, clientSocket): Thread.__init__(self) self.clientSocket = clientSocket def run(self): while 1: try: # It will hang here, even if I do close on the socket data = self.clientSocket.recv(1024) print "Got data: ", data self.clientSocket.send(data) except: break self.clientSocket.close() HOST = '' PORT = 6000 serverSocket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) serverSocket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1) serverSocket.bind((HOST, PORT)) serverSocket.listen(1) clientSocket, addr = serverSocket.accept() print 'Got a new connection from: ', addr clientThread = ClientThread(clientSocket) clientThread.start() time.sleep(1) # This won't make the recv in the clientThread to stop immediately, # nor will it generate an exception clientSocket.close()

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  • How do i program a simple IRC bot in python?

    - by Jake
    Hi every one. I need help writing a basic IRC bot that just connects to a channel.. is anyone able to explain me this? I have managed to get it to connect to the IRC server but i am unable to join a channel and log on. The code i have thus far is: import sockethost = 'irc.freenode.org' port = 6667 join_sock = socket.socket() join_sock.connect((host, port)) <code here> Any help would be greatly appreciated.

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  • How does one pre-populate a Python Formish form?

    - by Jace
    How does one pre-populate a Formish form? The obvious method as per the documentation doesn't seem right. Using one of the provided examples: import formish, schemaish structure = schemaish.Structure() structure.add( 'a', schemaish.String() ) structure.add( 'b', schemaish.Integer() ) schema = schemaish.Structure() schema.add( 'myStruct', structure ) form = formish.Form(schema, 'form') If we pass this a valid request object: form.validate(request) The output is a structure like this: {'myStruct': {'a': 'value', 'b': 0 }} However, pre-populating the form using defaults requires this: form.defaults = {'myStruct.a': 'value', 'myStruct.b': 0} The dottedish package has a DottedDict object that can convert a nested dict to a dotted dict, but this asymmetry doesn't seem right. Is there a better way to do this?

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  • how to show all method and data when the object not has "__iter__" function in python..

    - by zjm1126
    i find a way : (1):the dir(object) is : a="['__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__delitem__', '__dict__', '__doc__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__iter__', '__metaclass__', '__module__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__setitem__', '__str__', '__weakref__', '_errors', '_fields', '_prefix', '_unbound_fields', 'confirm', 'data', 'email', 'errors', 'password', 'populate_obj', 'process', 'username', 'validate']" (2): b=eval(a) (3)and it became a list of all method : ['__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__delitem__', '__dict__', '__doc__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__iter__', '__metaclass__', '__module__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__setitem__', '__str__', '__weakref__', '_errors', '_fields', '_prefix', '_unbound_fields', 'confirm', 'data', 'email', 'errors', 'password', 'populate_obj', 'process', 'username', 'validate'] (3)then show the object's method,and all code is : s='' a=eval(str(dir(object))) for i in a: s+=str(i)+':'+str(object[i]) print s but it show error : KeyError: '__class__' so how to make my code running . thanks

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  • Python: Get items at depth? (set library?)

    - by Mark
    I have a nested list something like this: PLACES = ( ('CA', 'Canada', ( ('AB', 'Alberta'), ('BC', 'British Columbia' ( ('van', 'Vancouver'), ), ... )), ('US', 'United States', ( ('AL', 'Alabama'), ('AK', 'Alaska'), ... I need to retrieve some data out of it. If depth is 0 I need to retrieve all the countries (and their codes), if depth == 1, I need to retrieve all the states/provinces, if depth == 2 I need to retrieve all the cities... and so forth. Is there some set library for doing stuff like this? Or can someone point me in the right direction? I started coding up a solution only to realize it wouldn't work for levels deeper than 1 because you have to go in and out of each list...

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  • Python - How to find a correlation between two vectors ?

    - by psihodelia
    Given two vectors X and Y I have to find their correlation, i.e. their linear dependence/independence. Both vectors have equal dimension. A resulted answer should be a floating point number from [-1.0 .. 1.0]. Example: X=[-1, 2, 0] Y=[ 4, 2, -0.3] Find y=cor(X,Y) such that y belongs to [-1.0 .. 1.0]. It should be a simple construction involving a list-comprehension. No external library is allowed. UPDATE: ok, if dot product is enough, then here is my solution: nX = 1/(sum([x*x for x in X]) ** 0.5) nY = 1/(sum([y*y for y in Y]) ** 0.5) cor = sum([(x*nX)*(y*nY) for x,y in zip(X,Y) ]) right?

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  • how to set a fixed color bar for pcolor in python matplotlib?

    - by user248237
    I am using pcolor with a custom color map to plot a matrix of values. I set my color map so that low values are white and high values are red, as shown below. All of my matrices have values between 0 and 20 (inclusive) and I'd like 20 to always be pure red and 0 to always be pure white, even if the matrix has values that don't span the entire range. For example, if my matrix only has values between 2 and 7, I don't want it to plot 2 as white and 7 as red, but rather color it as if the range is still 0 to 20. How can I do this? I tried using the "ticks=" option of colorbar but it did not work. Here is my current code (assume "my_matrix" contains the values to be plotted): cdict = {'red': ((0.0, 1.0, 1.0), (0.5, 1.0, 1.0), (1.0, 1.0, 1.0)), 'green': ((0.0, 1.0, 1.0), (0.5, 1.0, 1.0), (1.0, 0.0, 0.0)), 'blue': ((0.0, 1.0, 1.0), (0.5, 1.0, 1.0), (1.0, 0.0, 0.0))} my_cmap = matplotlib.colors.LinearSegmentedColormap('my_colormap', cdict, 256) colored_matrix = plt.pcolor(my_matrix, cmap=my_cmap) plt.colorbar(colored_matrix, ticks=[0, 5, 10, 15, 20]) any idea how I can fix this to get the right result? thanks very much.

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  • Set a script to automatically detect character encoding in a plain-text-file in Python?

    - by Haidon
    I've set up a script that basically does a large-scale find-and-replace on a plain text document. At the moment it works fine with ASCII, UTF-8, and UTF-16 (and possibly others, but I've only tested these three) encoded documents so long as the encoding is specified inside the script (the example code below specifies UTF-16). Is there a way to make the script automatically detect which of these character encodings is being used in the input file and automatically set the character encoding of the output file the same as the encoding used on the input file? findreplace = [ ('term1', 'term2'), ] inF = open(infile,'rb') s=unicode(inF.read(),'utf-16') inF.close() for couple in findreplace: outtext=s.replace(couple[0],couple[1]) s=outtext outF = open(outFile,'wb') outF.write(outtext.encode('utf-16')) outF.close() Thanks!

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  • Possible to capture the returned value from a Python list comprehension for use a condition?

    - by Joe
    I want to construct a value in a list comprehension, but also filter on that value. For example: [expensive_function(x) for x in generator where expensive_function(x) < 5] I want to avoid calling expensive_function twice per iteration. The generator may return an infinite series, and list comprehensions aren't lazily evaluated. So this wouldn't work: [y in [expensive_function(x) for x in generator where expensive_function(x)] where y < 5] I could write this another way, but it feels right for a list comprehension and I'm sure this is a common usage pattern (possible or not!).

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