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  • Why does a function that takes IEnumerable<interface> not accept IEnumerable<class>?

    - by Matt Whitfield
    Say, for instance, I have a class: public class MyFoo : IMyBar { ... } Then, I would want to use the following code: List<MyFoo> classList = new List<MyFoo>(); classList.Add(new MyFoo(1)); classList.Add(new MyFoo(2)); classList.Add(new MyFoo(3)); List<IMyBar> interfaceList = new List<IMyBar>(classList); But this produces the error: `Argument '1': cannot convert from 'IEnumerable<MyFoo>' to 'IEnumerable<IMyBar>' Why is this? Since MyFoo implements IMyBar, one would expect that an IEnumerable of MyFoo could be treated as an IEnumerable of IMyBar. A mundane real-world example being producing a list of cars, and then being told that it wasn't a list of vehicles. It's only a minor annoyance, but if anyone can shed some light on this, I would be much obliged.

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  • inverse relation to multiple inheriting classes in django

    - by Ofri Raviv
    Here are my schematic models: class Law(models.Model): ... class Bill(models.Model): ... # data for a proposed law, or change of an existing law class PrivateBill(Bill): ... # data for a Bill that was initiated by a parliament member class GovernmentBill(Bill): ... # data for a Bill that was initiated by the government It is possible and likely that in the future I (or maybe someone else) would want to add more Bill types. Every Bill should point to a Law (indicating what law this bill is going to change) and my question is: What is the best way to implement this? If I add the ForeignKey(Law) to Bill, I'll have a relation from every Bill to Law, but a Law would only have an inverse relation to Bills (bill_set), and not a different inverse relation to each type of bill. Of course I'll be able to filter each type of bill to get only the ones pointing to a specific Law, but this is something I think I'll need to use often, so I think having privatebill_set, governmentbill_set etc would make the code more readable. Another possible solution is to add the foreign key to each of the inheriting classes (this would give me a privatebill_set, governmentbill_set, futurebill_set), but that seems hairy because I would be relying on future programmers to remember to add that relation. How would you solve this?

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  • How to use derived class shared variables in shared methods of base class

    - by KoolKabin
    Hi guys, I am trying to add shared members in derived classes and use that values in base classes... I have base class DBLayer public shared function GetDetail(byval UIN as integer) dim StrSql = string.format("select * from {0} where uin = {1}", tablename, uin) .... end function end class my derived class class User inherits dblayer public shared tabledname as string = "users" end class class item inherits dblayer public shared tabledname as string = "item" end class class category inherits dblayer public shared tabledname as string = "category" end class currently there is error using the tablename variable of derived class in base class but i want to use it... coz i dun know other techniques... if other solutions are better then u can post it or u can say how can i make it work? confused...

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  • Adding STI to Existing Table...

    - by keruilin
    I want to add STI to an existing table using a custom type column. Let's call this taste_type whose corresponding model is Fruit. In the Fruit model I have: set_inheritance_column :taste_type In my migration to add STI I have: class AddSTI < ActiveRecord::Migration def self.up add_column :fruits, :taste_type, :string, :limit => 100, :null => false Fruit.reset_column_information Fruit.find_by_id(1).update_attributes({:taste_type => 'Sour'}) end def self.down remove_column :fruits, :taste_type end end When I run the migration, I get the following error: Mysql::Error: Column 'taste_type' cannot be null: ... Any idea what's going? I can get the migration to run if I comment the set_inheritance_column in the Fruit model, then uncomment it after I run the migration. Obviously, I don't want to do this, however.

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  • MSDN: How can I see what inherits/implements a class/interface?

    - by d03boy
    One thing I really, really miss from Javadoc is the ability to see which classes inherit the class you're looking at. So if you are looking at an abstract class (such as List) then you would be able to see all classes that inherit/implement the class/interface you're looking at. Is this available in the MSDN and I'm just missing it or is this really a missing feature?

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  • XSLT: Is there a way to "inherit" canned functionality?

    - by Ian Boyd
    i am once again having to cobble together a bit of XSLT into order to turn generated XML into (rather than simply generating HTML). i'm having huge deja-vu this time again. i'm once again having to solve again basic problems, e.g.: how to convert characters into valid html entity references how to preserve whitespace/carriage returns when converting to html how to convert to HTML as opposed to xhtml how to convert dates from xml format into presentable format how to tear apart strings with substring This is all stuff that i've solved many times before. But every time i come back to XSLT i have to start from scratch, re-inventing the wheel every time. If it were a programming language i would have a library of canned functions and procedures i can call. i would have subroutines to perform the commonly repeated tasks. i would inherit from a base class that already implements the ugly boilerplate stuff. Is there any way in XSLT to grow, expand and improve the ecosystem with canned code?

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  • Trying to recognize _NSFaultingMutableSet as member of NSSet

    - by Will
    I'm trying to recognize the result of a generic query to a managed object as an NSSet. Currently the class returned is a member of _NSFaultingMutableSet, which is clearly related, but fails the isMemberOf:[NSSet class] and isKindOf:[NSSet class] calls. Given that Cocoa doesn't do a direct implementation of NSSet, it's not surprising that I've got some air in the pipes, but I'm wondering if I'm messing something obvious up or this requires a higher grade of kung-fu than I possess. Code follows: SEL selector = NSSelectorFromString(someString); if(![self respondsToSelector:selector]){ NSLog(@"Error processing item"); return; } id items = [self performSelector:selector]; Class itemsClass = [items class]; if ( [itemsClass isKindOfClass:[NSSet class]]) { // do something }

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  • Can a class inherit from LambdaExpression in .NET? Or is this not recommended?

    - by d.
    Consider the following code (C# 4.0): public class Foo : LambdaExpression { } This throws the following design-time error: Foo does not implement inherited abstract member System.Linq.Expressions.LambdaExpression.Accept(System.Linq.Expressions.Compiler.StackSpiller) There's absolutely no problem with public class Foo : Expression { } but, out of curiosity and for the sake of learning, I've searched in Google System.Linq.Expressions.LambdaExpression.Accept(System.Linq.Expressions.Compiler.StackSpiller) and guess what: zero results returned (when was the last time you saw that?). Needless to say, I haven't found any documentation on this method anywhere else. As I said, one can easily inherit from Expression; on the other hand LambdaExpression, while not marked as sealed (Expression<TDelegate> inherits from it), seems to be designed to prevent inheriting from it. Is this actually the case? Does anyone out there know what this method is about? EDIT (1): More info based on the first answers - If you try to implement Accept, the editor (C# 2010 Express) automatically gives you the following stub: protected override Expression Accept(System.Linq.Expressions.ExpressionVisitor visitor) { return base.Accept(visitor); } But you still get the same error. If you try to use a parameter of type StackSpiller directly, the compiler throws a different error: System.Linq.Expressions.Compiler.StackSpiller is inaccessible due to its protection level. EDIT (2): Based on other answers, inheriting from LambdaExpression is not possible so the question as to whether or not it is recommended becomes irrelevant. I wonder if, in cases like this, the error message should be Foo cannot implement inherited abstract member System.Linq.Expressions.LambdaExpression.Accept(System.Linq.Expressions.Compiler.StackSpiller) because [reasons go here]; the current error message (as some answers prove) seems to tell me that all I need to do is implement Accept (which I can't do).

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  • Method interception in PHP 5.*

    - by Rolf
    Hi everybody, I'm implementing a Log system for PHP, and I'm a bit stuck. All the configuration is defined in an XML file, that declares every method to be logged. XML is well parsed and converted into a multidimensionnal array (classname = array of methods). So far, so good. Let's take a simple example: #A.php class A { public function foo($bar) { echo ' // Hello there !'; } public function bar($foo) { echo " $ù$ùmezf$z !"; } } #B.php class B { public function far($boo) { echo $boo; } } Now, let's say I've this configuration file: <interceptor> <methods class="__CLASS_DIR__A.php"> <method name="foo"> <log-level>INFO</log-level> <log-message>Transaction init</log-message> </method> </methods> <methods class="__CLASS_DIR__B.php"> <method name="far"> <log-level>DEBUG</log-level> <log-message>Useless</log-message> </method> </methods> </interceptor> The thing I'd like AT RUNTIME ONLY (once the XML parser has done his job) is: #Logger.php (its definitely NOT a final version) -- generated by the XML parser class Logger { public function __call($name,$args) { $log_level = args[0]; $args = array_slice($args,1); switch($method_name) { case 'foo': case 'far': //case ..... //write in log files break; } //THEN, RELAY THE CALL TO THE INITIAL METHOD } } #"dynamic" A.php class A extends Logger { public function foo($log_level, $bar) { echo ' // Hello there !'; } public function bar($foo) { echo " $ù$ùmezf$z !"; } } #"dynamic" B.php class B extends Logger { public function far($log_level, $boo) { echo $boo; } } The big challenge here is to transform A and B into their "dynamic" versions, once the XML parser has completed its job. The ideal would be to achieve that without modifying the code of A and B at all (I mean, in the files) - or at least find a way to come back to their original versions once the program is finished. To be clear, I wanna find the most proper way to intercept method calls in PHP. What are your ideas about it ??? Thanks in advance, Rolf

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  • Me As Child Type

    - by Steven
    I have a MustInherit Parent class with two Child classes which Inherit from the Parent. How can I use (or Cast) Me in a Parent function as the the child type of that instance? EDIT: My actual goal is to be able to serialize (BinaryFormatter.Serialize(Stream, Object)) either of my child classes. However, "repeating the code" in each child "seems" wrong.

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  • Conversion of pointer-to-pointer between derived and base classes?

    - by Mike Mueller
    Regarding the following C++ program: class Base { }; class Child : public Base { }; int main() { // Normal: using child as base is allowed Child *c = new Child(); Base *b = c; // Double pointers: apparently can't use Child** as Base** Child **cc = &c; Base **bb = cc; return 0; } GCC produces the following error on the last assignment statement: error: invalid conversion from ‘Child**’ to ‘Base**’ My question is in two parts: Why is there no implicit conversion from Child** to Base**? I can make this example work with a C-style cast or a reinterpret_cast. Using these casts means throwing away all type safety. Is there anything I can add to the class definitions to make these pointers cast implicitly, or at least phrase the conversion in a way that allows me to use static_cast instead?

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  • C# visually subclass datagridview control VS2005

    - by DRapp
    Maybe its something stupid, but I'm having a problem with a subclass of a DataGridView Control in VS2005 C#. I know I can subclass from almost anything by doing public class MyDataGridView : DataGridView {} no problem, and I put in some things / elements I want applicable globally. Now, I take this gridview and put into a custom user control that will contain other controls too. So I have something like created by the visual designer. I grab some buttons, label, and my derived "MyDataGridView" on it. public partial class MyCompoundDGVPlus : UserControl So, now, I can visually draw, move, change all sorts of settings as needed, no problem. Now, I want this "MyCompoundDGVPlus" class as the basis for other classes, of which I will manipulate settings specific, but want all to have the same look / feel, and otherwise similar flow, hence the derivations. I've even set the "modifiers" setting to public, so I SHOULD be able to modify any of the properties of the controls at any derived level. So, now, I create a new subclass of "MyFirstDetailedDGVPlus" derived from "MyCompoundDGVPlus". Ok visually, all the label, button, datagridview appear. However, now I want to specifically define the columns of the datagridview here in this class visually, but its locked. However, the LABEL on the form, I CAN get all the property settings.... What am I missing.

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  • Binding functions of derived class with luabind

    - by Anamon
    I am currently developing a plugin-based system in C++ which provides a Lua scripting interface, for which I chose to use luabind. I'm using Lua 5 and luabind 0.9, both statically linked and compiled with MSVC++ 8. I am now having trouble binding functions with luabind when they are defined in a derived class, but not its parent class. More specifically, I have an abstract base class called 'IPlugin' from which all plugin classes inherit. When the plugin manager initialises, it registers that class and its functions like this: luabind::open(L); luabind::module(L) [ luabind::class_("IPlugin") .def("start", (void(IPlugin::*)())&IPlugin::start) ]; As it is only known at runtime what effective plugin classes are available, I had to solve loading plugins in a kind of roundabout way. The plugin manager exposes a factory function to Lua, which takes the name of a plugin class and a desired object name. The factory then creates the object, registers the plugin's class as inheriting from the 'IPlugin' base class, and immediately calls a function on the created object that registers itself as a global with the Lua state, like this: void PluginExample::registerLuaObject(lua_State *L, string a_name) { luabind::globals(L)[a_name] = (PluginExample*)this; } I initially did this because I had problems with Lua determining the most derived class of the object, as if I register it from the StreamManager it is only known as a subtype of 'IPlugin' and not the specific subtype. I'm not sure anymore if this is even necessary though, but it works and the created object is subsequently accessible from Lua under 'a_name'. The problem I have, though, is that functions defined in the derived class, which were not declared at all in the parent class, cannot be used. Virtual functions defined in the base class, such as 'start' above, work fine, and calling them from Lua on the new object runs the respective redefined code from the 'PluginExample' class. But if I add a new function to 'PluginExample', here for example a function taking no arguments and returning void, and register it like this: luabind::module(L) [ luabind::class_("PluginExample") .def(luabind::constructor()) .def("func", &PluginExample::func) ]; calling 'func' on the new object yields the following Lua runtime error: No matching overload found, candidates: void func(PluginExample&) I am correctly using the ':' syntax so the 'self' argument is not needed and it seems suddenly Lua cannot determine the derived type of the object anymore. I am sure I am doing something wrong, probably having to do with the two-step binding required by my system architecture, but I can't figure out where. I'd much appreciate some help =)

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  • Virgin STI Help

    - by Mutuelinvestor
    I am working on a horse racing application and I'm trying to utilize STI to model a horse's connections. A horse's connections is comprised of his owner, trainer and jockey. Over time, connections can change for a variety of reasons: The horse is sold to another owner The owner switches trainers or jockey The horse is claimed by a new owner As it stands now, I have model this with the following tables: horses connections (join table) stakeholders (stakeholder has three sub classes: jockey, trainer & owner) Here are my clases and associations: class Horse < ActiveRecord::Base has_one :connection has_one :owner_stakeholder, :through => :connection has_one :jockey_stakeholder, :through => :connection has_one :trainer_stakeholder, :through => :connection end class Connection < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :horse belongs_to :owner_stakeholder belongs_to :jockey_stakeholder belongs_to :trainer_stakeholder end class Stakeholder < ActiveRecord::Base has_many :connections has_many :horses, :through => :connections end class Owner < Stakeholder # Owner specific code goes here. end class Jockey < Stakeholder # Jockey specific code goes here. end class Trainer < Stakeholder # Trainer specific code goes here. end One the database end, I have inserted a Type column in the connections table. Have I modeled this correctly. Is there a better/more elegant approach. Thanks in advance for you feedback. Jim

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  • Can can I reference extended methods/params without having to cast from the base class object return

    - by Greg
    Hi, Is there away to not have a "cast" the top.First().Value() return to "Node", but rather have it automatically assume this (as opposed to NodeBase), so I then see extended attributes for the class I define in Node? That is is there a way to say: top.Nodes.First().Value.Path; as opposed to now having to go: ((Node)top.Nodes.First().Value).Path) thanks [TestMethod()] public void CreateNoteTest() { var top = new Topology(); Node node = top.CreateNode("a"); node.Path = "testpath"; Assert.AreEqual("testpath", ((Node)top.Nodes.First().Value).Path); // *** HERE *** } class Topology : TopologyBase<string, Node, Relationship> { } class Node : NodeBase<string> { public string Path { get; set; } } public class NodeBase<T> { public T Key { get; set; } public NodeBase() { } public NodeBase(T key) { Key = key; } } public class TopologyBase<TKey, TNode, TRelationship> where TNode : NodeBase<TKey>, new() where TRelationship : RelationshipBase<TKey>, new() { // Properties public Dictionary<TKey, NodeBase<TKey>> Nodes { get; private set; } public List<RelationshipBase<TKey>> Relationships { get; private set; } }

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  • Linq 2 SQL Store inherited classes - not mapped to tables in the database

    - by user348672
    Hi. I'm trying to introduce the Linq2SQL technique into the project and have encountered the following issue: I've created ORM classes based on the Northwind database. In some other application I create several classes derived from the Linq2SQL classes. I'm able to add such a class to EntitySet but the application fails to submit changes. Is there any way around this? Sample code(MyClass is derived from the Order): DataClasses1DataContext northwind = new DataClasses1DataContext(); Product chai = northwind.Products.Single(p => p.ProductName == "Chai"); Product tofu = northwind.Products.Single(p => p.ProductName == "Tofu"); Order myOrder = new Order(); myOrder.OrderDate = DateTime.Now; myOrder.RequiredDate = DateTime.Now.AddDays(1); myOrder.Freight = 34; Order_Detail myItem1 = new Order_Detail(); myItem1.Product = chai; myItem1.Quantity = 12345; Order_Detail myItem2 = new Order_Detail(); myItem2.Product = tofu; myItem2.Quantity = 3; myOrder.Order_Details.Add(myItem1); myOrder.Order_Details.Add(myItem2); Customer myCustomer = northwind.Customers.Single(c => c.CompanyName == "B's Beverages"); MyClass newOrder = new MyClass(); newOrder.OrderDate = DateTime.Now; newOrder.RequiredDate = DateTime.Now.AddDays(31); newOrder.Freight = 35; Order_Detail myItem3 = new Order_Detail(); myItem3.Product = tofu; myItem3.Quantity = 3; newOrder.Order_Details.Add(myItem3); myCustomer.Orders.Add(myOrder); myCustomer.Orders.Add(newOrder); As I said I'm able to add the newOrder object but unable to submit into the database.

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  • Final classes in Python 3.x- something Guido isn't telling me?

    - by GlenCrawford
    This question is built on top of many assumptions. If one assumption is wrong, then the whole thing falls over. I'm still relatively new to Python and have just entered the curious/exploratory phase. It is my understanding that Python does not support the creating of classes that cannot be subclassed (final classes). However, it seems to me that the bool class in Python cannot be subclassed. This makes sense when the intent of the bool class is considered (because bool is only supposed to have two values: true and false), and I'm happy with that. What I want to know is how this class was marked as final. So my question is: how exactly did Guido manage to prevent subclassing of bool? >>> class TestClass(bool): pass Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#2>", line 1, in <module> class TestClass(bool): TypeError: type 'bool' is not an acceptable base type Related question: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2172189/why-i-cant-extend-bool-in-python

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  • How do I prevent JAXB from binding superclass methods of the @XmlRootElement when marshalling?

    - by Matt Fisher
    I have a class that is annotated as the @XmlRootElement with @XmlAccessorType(XmlAccessType.NONE). The problem that I am having is that the superclass's methods are being bound, when I do not want them to be bound, and cannot update the class. I am hoping there is an annotation that I can put on the root element class to prevent this from happening. Example: @XmlRootElement @XmlAccessorType(XmlAccessType.NONE) public class Person extends NamedObject { @XmlElement public String getId() { ... } } I would expect that only the methods annotated @XmlElement on Person would be bound and marshalled, but the superclass's methods are all being bound, as well. The resulting XML then has too much information. How do I prevent the superclass's methods from being bound without having to annotate the superclass, itself?

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  • ruby restrict attr_accessor in subclass

    - by Arivarasan
    I want restrict the access of superclass's method in subclass class Parent attr_accessor :first_name, :last_name def initialize(first_name, last_name) @first_name, @last_name = first_name, last_name end def full_name @first_name + " " + @last_name end end class Son < Parent attr_accessor :first_name def initialize(parent, first_name) @first_name = first_name @last_name = parent.last_name end def full_name @first_name + " " + @last_name end end p = Parent.new("Bharat", "Chipli") puts p.full_name s = Son.new(p, "Harry") s.last_name= "Smith" puts s.full_name here i am getting son's full name as "Harry Smith", but i want "Harry Chipli"

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  • Sharing view logic in Django

    - by Jeremy B.
    I've begun diving into Django again and I'm having trouble finding the parallel to some common concepts from my life in C#. While using .NET MVC I very often find myself creating a base controller which will provide a base action implementation to take care of the type of stuff I want to do on every request, like retrieving user information, getting localization values. Where I'm finding myself confused is how to do this in Django. I am getting more familiar with the MVT concept but I can't seem to find how to solve this scenario. I've looked at class based views and the generic views yet they didn't seem to work how I expected. What am I missing? How can i create default logic that each view will be instructed to run but not have to write it in each view method?

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  • Define interface for loading custom UserControls through reflection

    - by Tim
    I'm loading custom user controls into my form using reflection. I would like all my user controls to have a "Start" and "End" method so they should all be like: public interface IStartEnd { void Start(); void End(); } public class AnotherControl : UserControl, IStartEnd { public void Start() { } public void End() { } } I would like an interface to load through reflection, but the following obviously wont work as an interface cannot inherit a class: public interface IMyUserControls : UserControl, IInit, IDispose { }

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  • How can you extend the Bitmap class

    - by vrish88
    Hello, I am trying to extend the Bitmap class so that I can apply my own effects to an image. When I use this code: namespace ImageEditor { public class Effects : System.Drawing.Bitmap { public void toBlackAndWhite() { System.Drawing.Bitmap image = (Bitmap)this; AForge.Imaging.Filters.Grayscale filter = new AForge.Imaging.Filters.Grayscale(); this = filter.Apply(this); } } } I get the following error: 'ImageEditor.Effects': cannot derive from sealed type 'System.Drawing.Bitmap' So is there a way to get around this or is it simply not possible to extend the class? Thanks.

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  • django class with an array of "parent" foreignkeys issue

    - by user298032
    Let's say I have a class called Fruit with child classes of the different kinds of Fruit with their own specific attributes, and I want to collect them in a FruitBasket: class Fruit(models.Model):     type = models.CharField(max_length=120,default='banana',choices=FRUIT_TYPES)     ... class Banana(Fruit):     """banana (fruit type)"""     length = models.IntegerField(blank=True, null=True)     ... class Orange(Fruit):     """orange (fruit type)"""     diameter = models.IntegerField(blank=True, null=True)     ... class FruitBasket(models.Model):     fruits = models.ManyToManyField(Fruit)     ... The problem I seem to be having is when I retrieve and inspect the Fruits in a FruitBasket, I only retrieve the Fruit base class and can't get at the Fruit child class attributes. I think I understand what is happening--when the array is retrieved from the database, the only fields that are retrieved are the Fruit base class fields. But is there some way to get the child class attributes as well without multiple expensive database transactions? (For example, I could get the array, then retrieve the child Fruit classes by the id of each array element). thanks in advance, Chuck

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  • Two models, one STI and a Validation

    - by keruilin
    Let's say I have two tables -- Products and Orders. For the sake of simplicity assume that only one product can be purchased at a time so there is no join table like order_items. So the relationship is that Product has many orders, and Order belongs to product. Therefore, product_id is a fk in the Order table. The product table is STI -- with the subclasses being A, B, C. When the user orders subclass Product C, two special validations must be checked on the Order model fields order_details and order_status. These two fields can be nil for all other Product subclasses (ie A and B). In other words, no validation needs to run for these two fields when a user purchases A and B. My question is: How do I write validations (perhaps custom?) in the Order model so that the Order model knows to only run the validations for the two fields -- order_details and order_status -- when Product subclass C is being saved to the orders table?

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