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  • How should I structure my turn based engine to allow flexibility for players/AI and observation?

    - by Reefpirate
    I've just started making a Turn Based Strategy engine in GameMaker's GML language... And I was cruising along nicely until it came time to handle the turn cycle, and determining who is controlling what player, and also how to handle the camera and what is displayed on screen. Here's an outline of the main switch happening in my main game loop at the moment: switch (GameState) { case BEGIN_TURN: // Start of turn operations/routines break; case MID_TURN: switch (PControlledBy[Turn]) { case HUMAN: switch (MidTurnState) { case MT_SELECT: // No units selected, 'idle' UI state break; case MT_MOVE: // Unit selected and attempting to move break; case MT_ATTACK: break; } break; case COMPUTER: // AI ROUTINES GO HERE break; case OBSERVER: // OBSERVER ROUTINES GO HERE break; } break; case END_TURN: // End of turn routines/operations, and move Turn to next player break; } Now, I can see a couple of problems with this set-up already... But I don't have any idea how to go about making it 'right'. Turn is a global variable that stores which player's turn it is, and the BEGIN_TURN and END_TURN states make perfect sense to me... But the MID_TURN state is baffling me because of the things I want to happen here: If there are players controlled by humans, I want the AI to do it's thing on its turn here, but I want to be able to have the camera follow the AI as it makes moves in the human player's vision. If there are no human controlled player's, I'd like to be able to watch two or more AI's battle it out on the map with god-like 'observer' vision. So basically I'm wondering if there are any resources for how to structure a Turn Based Strategy engine? I've found lots of writing about pathfinding and AI, and those are all great... But when it comes to handling the turn structure and the game states I am having trouble finding any resources at all. How should the states be divided to allow flexibility between the players and the controllers (HUMAN, COMPUTER, OBSERVER)? Also, maybe if I'm on the right track I just need some reassurance before I lay down another few hundred lines of code...

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  • Live-Ubuntu 12.04 ran fine, now stopped booting!

    - by user89743
    I've seen similar problems to this several times in the forum, but mine is a bit different, so the other posts I saw were no help to me. When I boot Ubuntu 12.04 64-bit from live-SD-card (3GB persistence) I suddenly get this error: (initramfs) mount: mounting /dev/loop0 on //filesystem.squashfs failed: Invalid argument Can not mount /dev/loop/0 (/cdrom/casper/filesystem.squashfs) on //filesystem.squashfs (it says I can type "help" for commands, but I don't know anything about how to go from there, totally new to linux) The reason I say my case is different is because my Ubuntu worked fine for over a week, even pretty fast, and now this problem happened. Before that I used to run my live ubuntu from USB sticks but that was slower (especially when booting which took 15 minutes from USB stick!). Also I kept getting the same above problem after a while when booting and had to re-create a live USB linux several times. Installing on harddrive is not an option because my harddrive has physical damage and getting a replacement will take a while, therefore I can only use live-USB or live-SD-card Ubuntu. As I said I used Ubuntu without problems for more than a week, before that as well for several weeks on USB sticks, but the above problem occured sooner or later. This time I paid attention to when it happened: I was rebooting my computer (HP 620 laptop, 4 GB RAM, 64 bit system) from SD flash card and when I was booting I selected F6 and then the first option "no acpi" or something like that...I had used it before and noticed it slowed down the time it took Linux to use. This time it caused this error. Now even when I boot normally/default I get this error. Now I'm accessing Ubuntu from my USB stick without persistence file, when I check my SD card, all the files mentioned in the error message are there and the filesystem.squashfs is 691.2 MB so nothing seems to have been deleted by accident. (I have already made many changes/downloaded programs to my SD card persistent Ubuntu and would hope to loose them, since downloading is expensive for me, and since the problem seems to re-occur...) Can anyone help me, preferably without having to create another startup disk on my SD card? I'm totally new to this. Sorry for the long posts, just didn't know what info is relevant and what isnt! Kon

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  • Generating tileable terrain using Perlin Noise [duplicate]

    - by terrorcell
    This question already has an answer here: How do you generate tileable Perlin noise? 9 answers I'm having trouble figuring out the solution to this particular algorithm. I'm using the Perlin Noise implementation from: https://code.google.com/p/mikeralib/source/browse/trunk/Mikera/src/main/java/mikera/math/PerlinNoise.java Here's what I have so far: for (Chunk chunk : chunks) { PerlinNoise noise = new PerlinNoise(); for (int y = 0; y < CHUNK_SIZE_HEIGHT; ++y) { for (int x = 0; x < CHUNK_SIZE_WIDTH; ++x) { int index = get1DIndex(y, CHUNK_SIZE_WIDTH, x); float val = 0; for (int i = 2; i <= 32; i *= i) { double n = noise.tileableNoise2(i * x / (float)CHUNK_SIZE_WIDTH, i * y / (float)CHUNK_SIZE_HEIGHT, CHUNK_SIZE_WIDTH, CHUNK_SIZE_HEIGHT); val += n / i; } // chunk tile at [index] gets set to the colour 'val' } } } Which produces something like this: Each chunk is made up of CHUNK_SIZE number of tiles, and each tile has a TILE_SIZE_WIDTH/HEIGHT. I think it has something to do with the inner-most for loop and the x/y co-ords given to the noise function, but I could be wrong. Solved: PerlinNoise noise = new PerlinNoise(); for (Chunk chunk : chunks) { for (int y = 0; y < CHUNK_SIZE_HEIGHT; ++y) { for (int x = 0; x < CHUNK_SIZE_WIDTH; ++x) { int index = get1DIndex(y, CHUNK_SIZE_WIDTH, x); float val = 0; float xx = x * TILE_SIZE_WIDTH + chunk.x; float yy = y * TILE_SIZE_HEIGHT + chunk.h; int w = CHUNK_SIZE_WIDTH * TILE_SIZE_WIDTH; int h = CHUNK_SIZE_HEIGHT * TILE_SIZE_HEIGHT; for (int i = 2; i <= 32; i *= i) { double n = noise.tileableNoise2(i * xx / (float)w, i * yy / (float)h, w, h); val += n / i; } // chunk tile at [index] gets set to the colour 'val' } } }

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  • Installing XP through USB-flash disc

    - by Crazy Buddy
    I don't know whether this could be asked here... So, Pardon me for this. Probably, this is based on My laptop and a contradiction to this question asked already here... I tried to format my "government-provided" laptop (No CD-drive). I thought those IT guys are proving that they're too smart..! I have the Windows XP CD right now. I didn't like to stick with some home-made OS from our Government. So, I used another laptop to format the govt. thing and tried to install XP (As I didn't have enough bills to invest on Windows 7 or 8). Case 1: First, I allowed WinSetupFromUSB 1.0 beta 8 to deal with the flash disk. I wondered for the first time that XP text-screen appeared. Using the first part, I formatted my laptop. It started to copy files, entered into the next part, and completed the installation. I started my PC for the first time. XP splash screen appeared. Suddenly, a blue screen flashed and disappeared (I can't even read what it says). Rebooted and arrived at the screen, "Start Windows Normally". It happens and happens still - like an infinite loop :-) Case 2: Next, I used Rufus 1.2.0 to transfer files to my Flash and it screwed everything out. Even if I used Flash to boot, it arrives to the same screen "Start Windows normally". It doesn't show any response of Flash being inserted. Then I recognized that, It's simply copies everything to the flash disk. Case 3: Then, I started with Novicorp WinToFlash (giving utmost priority to this site). I booted with the disk. I entered into the first part - "Text mode". Some lines started running like that "Press F6 if you..." like that. The last thing I saw was, "Setup is starting Windows..." Suddenly a blue screen appeared like this captured one. I've a suspicion that the same screen appears again & again in first case. Man, I'm dead. Case 4: For the sake of my last hope, I used WinSetupFromUSB 0.1.1. I was shocked on arriving at a screen which says something "GRUB4DOS" like that and some commands like {command line, reboot, halt, \find menu.lst} and when I go inside those "find" options, I see "Error:15 - File not found". Googling provided some commands to mount SETUPLDR.BIN file in the "grub" thing which also proved unsuccessful... Some sites say that Factory reset uses only some function keys. A guy said that it's F11 for lenovo. Screw him. It's all a waste-of-time. But, I think SE would help me out. Is our government IT guys doin' this to me? Are they Soooo smart to spark some blue screen in front of me to freak me out? Any suggestions or new (useful) USB transferring things would be appreciated. It's very urgent. So, It'd be better if you guys pay some attention in debugging and help me out..? Thanks for your time guys :-)

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  • OpenGL ES 2 jittery camera movement

    - by user16547
    First of all, I am aware that there's no camera in OpenGL (ES 2), but from my understanding proper manipulation of the projection matrix can simulate the concept of a camera. What I'm trying to do is make my camera follow my character. My game is 2D, btw. I think the principle is the following (take Super Mario Bros or Doodle Jump as reference - actually I'm trying to replicate the mechanics of the latter): when the caracter goes beyond the center of the screen (in the positive axis/direction), update the camera to be centred on the character. Else keep the camera still. I did accomplish that, however the camera movement is noticeably jittery and I ran out of ideas how to make it smoother. First of all, my game loop (following this article): private int TICKS_PER_SECOND = 30; private int SKIP_TICKS = 1000 / TICKS_PER_SECOND; private int MAX_FRAMESKIP = 5; @Override public void run() { loops = 0; if(firstLoop) { nextGameTick = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime(); firstLoop = false; } while(SystemClock.elapsedRealtime() > nextGameTick && loops < MAX_FRAMESKIP) { step(); nextGameTick += SKIP_TICKS; loops++; } interpolation = ( SystemClock.elapsedRealtime() + SKIP_TICKS - nextGameTick ) / (float)SKIP_TICKS; draw(); } And the following code deals with moving the camera. I was unsure whether to place it in step() or draw(), but it doesn't make a difference to my problem at the moment, as I tried both and neither seemed to fix it. center just represents the y coordinate of the centre of the screen at any time. Initially it is 0. The camera object is my own custom "camera" which basically is a class that just manipulates the view and projection matrices. if(character.getVerticalSpeed() >= 0) { //only update camera if going up float[] projectionMatrix = camera.getProjectionMatrix(); if( character.getY() > center) { center += character.getVerticalSpeed(); cameraBottom = center + camera.getBottom(); cameraTop = center + camera.getTop(); Matrix.orthoM(projectionMatrix, 0, camera.getLeft(), camera.getRight(), center + camera.getBottom(), center + camera.getTop(), camera.getNear(), camera.getFar()); } } Any thought about what I should try or what I am doing wrong? Update 1: I think I updated every value you can see on screen to check whether the jittery movement is affected by that, but nothing changed, so something must be fundamentally flawed with my approach/calculations.

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  • Problem creating levels using inherited classes/polymorphism

    - by Adam
    I'm trying to write my level classes by having a base class that each level class inherits from...The base class uses pure virtual functions. My base class is only going to be used as a vector that'll have the inherited level classes pushed onto it...This is what my code looks like at the moment, I've tried various things and get the same result (segmentation fault). //level.h class Level { protected: Mix_Music *music; SDL_Surface *background; SDL_Surface *background2; vector<Enemy> enemy; bool loaded; int time; public: Level(); virtual ~Level(); int bgX, bgY; int bg2X, bg2Y; int width, height; virtual void load(); virtual void unload(); virtual void update(); virtual void draw(); }; //level.cpp Level::Level() { bgX = 0; bgY = 0; bg2X = 0; bg2Y = 0; width = 2048; height = 480; loaded = false; time = 0; } Level::~Level() { } //virtual functions are empty... I'm not sure exactly what I'm supposed to include in the inherited class structure, but this is what I have at the moment... //level1.h class Level1: public Level { public: Level1(); ~Level1(); void load(); void unload(); void update(); void draw(); }; //level1.cpp Level1::Level1() { } Level1::~Level1() { enemy.clear(); Mix_FreeMusic(music); SDL_FreeSurface(background); SDL_FreeSurface(background2); music = NULL; background = NULL; background2 = NULL; Mix_CloseAudio(); } void Level1::load() { music = Mix_LoadMUS("music/song1.xm"); background = loadImage("image/background.png"); background2 = loadImage("image/background2.png"); Mix_OpenAudio(48000, MIX_DEFAULT_FORMAT, 2, 4096); Mix_PlayMusic(music, -1); } void Level1::unload() { } //functions have level-specific code in them... Right now for testing purposes, I just have the main loop call Level1 level1; and use the functions, but when I run the game I get a segmentation fault. This is the first time I've tried writing inherited classes, so I know I'm doing something wrong, but I can't seem to figure out what exactly.

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  • Nokia Windows Phone 8 App Collection

    - by Tim Murphy
    I recently upgraded to a Nokia Lumia 920.  Along with it came the availability of a number of Nokia developed apps or apps that Nokia has made available from other developers.  Below is a summary of some of the ones that I have used to this point.  There are quite a few of them so I won’t be covering everything that is available. Nokia Maps I am quite pleased with the accuracy of Nokia Maps and not having to tap the screen for each turn any more.  The information on the screen is quite good as well.  The couple of improvements I would like to see are for the voice directions to include which street or exit you need to use and improve the search accuracy.  Bing maps had much better search results in my opinion. Nokia Drive This one really had me confused when I first setup the phone.  I was driving down the road and suddenly I am getting notification tones, but there were no visual notifications on the phone.  It seems that in their infinite wisdom Nokia thinks I don’t know when I am going over the speed limit and need to be told. ESPN I really liked my ESPN app on Windows Phone 7.5, but I am not getting the type of experience I was looking for out of this app.  While it allows me to pick my favorite teams, but there isn’t a pivot page or panorama page that shows a summary of my favorite teams.  I have also found that the live tile don’t update very often.  Over all I am rather disappointed compared app produced by ESPN. Smart Shoot I really need to get the kids to let me use this on.  I like the concept, but I need to spend more time with it.  The idea how running the camera through a continuous shooting mode and then picking the best is something that I have done with my DSLR and am glad to see it available here. Cinemagraph Here is a fun filter.  It doesn’t have the most accurate editing features, but it is fun to stop certain parts of a scene and let other parts move.  As a test I stopped the traffic on the highway and let the traffic on the frontage road flow.  It makes for a fun effect.  If nothing else it could be great for sending prank animations to your friends. YouSendIt I have only briefly touched this application.  What I don’t understand is why it is needed.  Most of the functionality seems to be similar to SkyDrive and it gives you less storage.  They only feature that seems to differentiate the app is the signature capability. Creative Studio This app has some nice quick edits, but it is not very comprehensive.  I am also not to thrilled with the user experience.  It puts you though an initial color cast series that I’m not sure why it is there.  Discovery of the remaining adjustments isn’t that great.  In the end I found myself wanting Thumbia back. Panorama This is one of the apps that I like.  I found it easy to use as it guides you with a target circle that you center for it to take the next pictures.  It also stitches the images with amazing speed.  The one thing I wish it had was the capability to turn the phone into portrait orientation and do a taller panorama.  Perhaps we will see this in the future. Nokia Music After getting over the missing album art I found that there were a number of missing features with this app as well.  I have a Zune HD and I am used to being able to go through my collection and adding songs, albums or artists to my now playing.  There also doesn’t seem to be a way to manage playlists that I have seen yet.  Other than that the UI is familiar and it give Nokia City Lens Augmented reality is a cool concept, but I still haven’t seen it implemented in a compelling fashion beyond a demo at TED a couple of years ago.  The app still leaves me wanting as well.  It does give an interesting toy.  It gives you the ability to look for general categories and see general direction and clusters of locations.  I think as this concept is better thought out it will become more compelling. Nokia Trailers I don’t know how often I will use this app, but I do like being able to see what movies are being promoted.  I can’t wait for The Hobbit to come out and the trailer was just what the doctor ordered.  I can see coming back to this app from time to time. PhotoBeamer PhotoBeamer is a strange beast that needs a better instruction manual.  It seems a lot like magic but very confusing.  I need some more testing, but I don’t think this is something that most people are going to understand quickly and may give up before getting it to work.  I may put an update here after playing with it further. Ringtone Maker The app was just published and it didn’t work very well for me. It couldn’t find 95% of the songs that Nokia Music was playing for me and crashed several times.  It also had songs named wrong that when I checked them in Nokia Music they were fine.  This app looks like it has a long way to go. Summary In all I think that Nokia is offering a well rounded set of initial applications that can get any new owner started.  There is definitely room for improvement in all of these apps.  The main need is usability upgrades.  I would guess that with feedback from users they will come up to acceptable levels.  Try them out and see if you agree. del.icio.us Tags: Windows Phone,Nokia,Lumia,Nokia Apps,ESPN,PhotoBeamer,City Lens,YouSendIt,Drive,Maps

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  • Asynchronously returning a hierarchal data using .NET TPL... what should my return object "look" like?

    - by makerofthings7
    I want to use the .NET TPL to asynchronously do a DIR /S and search each subdirectory on a hard drive, and want to search for a word in each file... what should my API look like? In this scenario I know that each sub directory will have 0..10000 files or 0...10000 directories. I know the tree is unbalanced and want to return data (in relation to its position in the hierarchy) as soon as it's available. I am interested in getting data as quickly as possible, but also want to update that result if "better" data is found (better means closer to the root of c:) I may also be interested in finding all matches in relation to its position in the hierarchy. (akin to a report) Question: How should I return data to my caller? My first guess is that I think I need a shared object that will maintain the current "status" of the traversal (started | notstarted | complete ) , and might base it on the System.Collections.Concurrent. Another idea that I'm considering is the consumer/producer pattern (which ConcurrentCollections can handle) however I'm not sure what the objects "look" like. Optional Logical Constraint: The API doesn't have to address this, but in my "real world" design, if a directory has files, then only one file will ever contain the word I'm looking for.  If someone were to literally do a DIR /S as described above then they would need to account for more than one matching file per subdirectory. More information : I'm using Azure Tables to store a hierarchy of data using these TPL extension methods. A "node" is a table. Not only does each node in the hierarchy have a relation to any number of nodes, but it's possible for each node to have a reciprocal link back to any other node. This may have issues with recursion but I'm addressing that with a shared object in my recursion loop. Note that each "node" also has the ability to store local data unique to that node. It is this information that I'm searching for. In other words, I'm searching for a specific fixed RowKey in a hierarchy of nodes. When I search for the fixed RowKey in the hierarchy I'm interested in getting the results FAST (first node found) but prefer data that is "closer" to the starting point of the hierarchy. Since many nodes may have the particular RowKey I'm interested in, sometimes I may want to get a report of ALL the nodes that contain this RowKey.

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  • Yet another frustum culling question

    - by Christian Frantz
    This one is kinda specific. If I'm to implement frustum culling in my game, that means each one of my cubes would need a bounding sphere. My first question is can I make the sphere so close to the edge of the cube that its still easily clickable for destroying and building? Frustum culling is easily done in XNA as I've recently learned, I just need to figure out where to place the code for the culling. I'm guessing in my method that draws all my cubes but I could be wrong. My camera class currently implements a bounding frustum which is in the update method like so frustum.Matrix = (view * proj); Simple enough, as I can call that when I have a camera object in my class. This works for now, as I only have a camera in my main game class. The problem comes when I decide to move my camera to my player class, but I can worry about that later. ContainmentType CurrentContainmentType = ContainmentType.Disjoint; CurrentContainmentType = CamerasFrustrum.Contains(cubes.CollisionSphere); Can it really be as easy as adding those two lines to my foreach loop in my draw method? Or am I missing something bigger here? UPDATE: I have added the lines to my draw methods and it works great!! So great infact that just moving a little bit removes the whole map. Many factors could of caused this, so I'll try to break it down. cubeBoundingSphere = new BoundingSphere(cubePosition, 0.5f); This is in my cube constructor. cubePosition is stored in an array, The vertices that define my cube are factors of 1 ie: (1,0,1) so the radius should be .5. I least I think it should. The spheres are created every time a cube is created of course. ContainmentType CurrentContainmentType = ContainmentType.Disjoint; foreach (Cube block in cube.cubes) { CurrentContainmentType = cam.frustum.Contains(cube.cubeBoundingSphere); ///more code here if (CurrentContainmentType != ContainmentType.Disjoint) { cube.Draw(effect); } Within my draw method. Now I know this works because the map disappears, its just working wrong. Any idea on what I'm doing wrong?

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  • Problem trying to lock framerate at 60 FPS

    - by shad0w
    I've written a simple class to limit the framerate of my current project. But it does not work as it should. Here is the code: void FpsCounter::Process() { deltaTime = static_cast<double>(frameTimer.GetMsecs()); waitTime = 1000.0/fpsLimit - deltaTime; frameTimer.Reset(); if(waitTime <= 0) { std::cout << "error, waittime: " << waitTime << std::endl; } else { SDL_Delay(static_cast<Uint32>(waitTime)); } if(deltaTime == 0) { currFps = -1; } else { currFps = 1000/deltaTime; } std::cout << "--Timings--" << std::endl; std::cout << "Delta: \t" << deltaTime << std::endl; std::cout << "Delay: \t" << waitTime << std::endl; std::cout << "FPS: \t" << currFps << std::endl; std::cout << "-- --" << std::endl; } Timer::Timer() { startMsecs = 0; } Timer::~Timer() { // TODO Auto-generated destructor stub } void Timer::Start() { started = true; paused = false; Reset(); } void Timer::Pause() { if(started && !paused) { paused = true; pausedMsecs = SDL_GetTicks() - startMsecs; } } void Timer::Resume() { if(paused) { paused = false; startMsecs = SDL_GetTicks() - pausedMsecs; pausedMsecs = 0; } } int Timer::GetMsecs() { if(started) { if(paused) { return pausedMsecs; } else { return SDL_GetTicks() - startMsecs; } } return 0; } void Timer::Reset() { startMsecs = SDL_GetTicks(); } The "FpsCounter::Process()" Method is called everytime at the end of my gameloop. I've got the problem that the loop is correctly delayed only every second frame, so it runs one frame delayed at 60 FPS and the next without delay at over 1000 fps. I am searching the error quite a while now, but I do not find it. I hope somebody can point me in the right direction.

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  • Create simple jQuery plugin

    - by ybbest
    In the last post, I have shown you how to add the function to jQuery. In this post, I will show you how to create plugin to achieve this. 1. You need to wrap your code in the following construct, this is because you should not use $ directly as $ is global variable, it could have clash with some other library which also use $.Basically, you can pass in jQuery object into the function, so that $ is made available inside the function. (JavaScript use function to create scope, so you can make sure $ is referred to jQuery inside the function ) (function($){ //Your code goes here. }; })(jQuery); 2. Put your code into the construct above. (function ($) { $.getParameterByName = function (name) { name = name.replace(/[\[]/, "\\\[").replace(/[\]]/, "\\\]"); var regexS = "[\\?&]" + name + "=([^&#]*)"; var regex = new RegExp(regexS); var results = regex.exec(window.location.search); if (results == null) return ""; else return decodeURIComponent(results[1].replace(/\+/g, " ")); }; })(jQuery); 3. Now you can reference the code into you project and you can call the method in you JavaScript References: Provides scope for variables Variables are scoped at the function level in javascript. This is different to what you might be used to in a language like C# or Java where the variables are scoped to the block. What this means is if you declare a variable inside a loop or an if statement, it will be available to the entire function. If you ever find yourself needing to explicitly scope a variable inside a function you can use an anonymous function to do this. You can actually create an anonymous function and then execute it straight away and all the variables inside will be scoped to the anonymous function: (function() { var myProperty = "hello world"; alert(myProperty); })(); alert(typeof(myProperty)); // undefined How does an anonymous function in JavaScript work? Building Your First jQuery Plugin A Plugin Development Pattern

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  • PASS: FY10 Actuals Posted

    - by Bill Graziano
    Earlier this year we published preliminary fiscal year 2010 financials to the Governance page on the PASS web site.  Please remember that FY10 runs from July 1st, 2009 through June 30th, 2010 and includes the November 2009 Summit.  We do our fiscal year this way so that the Summit falls earlier in the fiscal year.  The financials we had posted were P&L numbers at the portfolio level.  Prior to this we had posted our detailed budget but only posted the auditors report at the end of each year.  Today we updated our published financials to include: Pre-audit actuals from FY10 at the same level as our budget.  The document has both actuals and budget for FY10 side by side.  This is over 20 pages of detailed financial information covering hundreds of line-items. A letter describing key differences between our budget and actuals.  I walked through each line item where the difference was greater than $25,000 and explained what happened and why. We updated the financial graph going back to 2003 to include FY10. This update should “close the loop” on our financials.  You can now start with the published budget and compare it to the finished financials at the same level of detail.  We also plan to publish the auditor’s report when that is completed -- as we do every year. Overall I’m very happy with how FY10 turned out.  Keep in mind that this was the November 2009 Summit so we were still facing economic challenges.  With all that we were roughly break-even showing a $15,000 profit on $3.9 million of revenue.  I didn’t find anything shocking in reviewing our actual vs. budget but there were a few things that needed explanation.  You can see those in the letter on the governance page. Please keep in mind that these are the actuals from our operating financials.  The auditor may have us make adjustments for depreciation or other financial transactions.  We may also account for certain transactions differently for tax purposes than we do for financial reporting purposes.  I feel these financial statements give you the clearest picture of how our organization spends its money. We were late publishing these this year.  We were working through some tax issues and that delayed our ability to file our final tax forms which delayed this process.  In hindsight I should have published these documents as soon as we had them and not waited for the tax issues.  We’ll do this better in the future. And on a final note, you don’t need to login to view these documents.  If you have any questions you can post them here.  If we get more than a few questions we may see about creating some forums for financial issues on the PASS web site.

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  • Android - Force Close - Null Pointer on Canvas?

    - by user22241
    Please bear with me. I have a very odd problem. Basically, my app so far, has 3 activities (a main splash screen, an 'options/menu' screen and the main app). If I follow the very specific steps oulined below, I get a 'null pointer exception' in the 2nd activity) and the app force closes...... Here are the steps: Start the app (a game based on Surfaceview), tap through to the third activity so the game is running, then hit the home key so the game is paused and put to the background, the activity/app is ended through DDMS in the SDK then restarted on the device (all OK so far), now if I hit the back key on the device twice in quick succession, it happens. All other sequence of events is fine, even to the point of pressing the back key, waiting for the previous activity to show, then hitting back again - all OK. Only when the back key is pressed twice in quick succession following all the above steps does the problem occur. I'm assuming that the canvas isn't ready as it's showing as 'null' when this happens, but I'm not sure why this is happening as surely it's happening when I'm trying to go back to activity 1, but the logcat shows the error in activity 2. if I stop the activity running my 'doDraw' method (which referenced the canvas), then all is OK - so I can safely assume it is the canvas causing the problem. Also, if I skip my first activity (which is a very basic full-screen button which just displays a splashscreen and waits for the user to tap the screen), and make my 2nd activity the launch activity, again, it is OK. this is the part of the code that I think is probably relevant: @Override public void surfaceChanged(SurfaceHolder arg0, int arg1, int arg2, int arg3) { vheight = this.getHeight(); vwidth = this.getWidth(); } @Override public void surfaceCreated(SurfaceHolder holder) { vheight = this.getHeight(); vwidth = this.getWidth(); this.viewWidth = vwidth; this.viewHeight = vheight; if (runthread==false){ if (preThread.getState()==Thread.State.TERMINATED){ preThread = new OptionsThread(thisholder, thiscontext, thishandler); } preThread.setRunning(true); preThread.start();} } @Override public void surfaceDestroyed(SurfaceHolder holder) { preThread.setRunning(false); //Stop the loop boolean retry = true; //Stop the thread while (retry) { try { preThread.join(); retry = false; } catch (InterruptedException e) { } } Thank you all for any help you can offer

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  • How do you make a bullet ricochet off a vertical wall?

    - by Bagofsheep
    First things first. I am using C# with XNA. My game is top-down and the player can shoot bullets. I've managed to get the bullets to ricochet correctly off horizontal walls. Yet, despite using similar methods (e.g. http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3203952/mirroring-an-angle) and reading other answered questions about this subject I have not been able to get the bullets to ricochet off a vertical wall correctly. Any method I've tried has failed and sometimes made ricocheting off a horizontal wall buggy. Here is the collision code that calls the ricochet method: //Loop through returned tile rectangles from quad tree to test for wall collision. If a collision occurs perform collision logic. for (int r = 0; r < returnObjects.Count; r++) if (Bullets[i].BoundingRectangle.Intersects(returnObjects[r])) Bullets[i].doCollision(returnObjects[r]); Now here is the code for the doCollision method. public void doCollision(Rectangle surface) { if (Ricochet) doRicochet(surface); else Trash = true; } Finally, here is the code for the doRicochet method. public void doRicochet(Rectangle surface) { if (Position.X > surface.Left && Position.X < surface.Right) { //Mirror the bullet's angle. Rotation = -1 * Rotation; //Moves the bullet in the direction of its rotation by given amount. moveFaceDirection(Sprite.Width * BulletScale.X); } else if (Position.Y > surface.Top && Position.Y < surface.Bottom) { } } Since I am only dealing with vertical and horizontal walls at the moment, the if statements simply determine if the object is colliding from the right or left, or from the top or bottom. If the object's X position is within the boundaries of the tile's X boundaries (left and right sides), it must be colliding from the top, and vice verse. As you can see, the else if statement is empty and is where the correct code needs to go.

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  • Separating logic and data in browser game

    - by Tesserex
    I've been thinking this over for days and I'm still not sure what to do. I'm trying to refactor a combat system in PHP (...sorry.) Here's what exists so far: There are two (so far) types of entities that can participate in combat. Let's just call them players and NPCs. Their data is already written pretty well. When involved in combat, these entities are wrapped with another object in the DB called a Combatant, which gives them information about the particular fight. They can be involved in multiple combats at once. I'm trying to write the logic engine for combat by having combatants injected into it. I want to be able to mock everything for testing. In order to separate logic and data, I want to have two interfaces / base classes, one being ICombatantData and the other ICombatantLogic. The two implementers of data will be one for the real objects stored in the database, and the other for my mock objects. I'm now running into uncertainties with designing the logic side of things. I can have one implementer for each of players and NPCs, but then I have an issue. A combatant needs to be able to return the entity that it wraps. Should this getter method be part of logic or data? I feel strongly that it should be in data, because the logic part is used for executing combat, and won't be available if someone is just looking up information about an upcoming fight. But the data classes only separate mock from DB, not player from NPC. If I try having two child classes of the DB data implementer, one for each entity type, then how do I architect that while keeping my mocks in the loop? Do I need some third interface like IEntityProvider that I inject into the data classes? Also with some of the ideas I've been considering, I feel like I'll have to put checks in place to make sure you don't mismatch things, like making the logic for an NPC accidentally wrap the data for a player. Does that make any sense? Is that a situation that would even be possible if the architecture is correct, or would the right design prohibit that completely so I don't need to check for it? If someone could help me just layout a class diagram or something for this it would help me a lot. Thanks. edit Also useful to note, the mock data class doesn't really need the Entity, since I'll just be specifying all the parameters like combat stats directly instead. So maybe that will affect the correct design.

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  • How can I cleanly and elegantly handle data and dependancies between classes

    - by Neophyte
    I'm working on 2d topdown game in SFML 2, and need to find an elegant way in which everything will work and fit together. Allow me to explain. I have a number of classes that inherit from an abstract base that provides a draw method and an update method to all the classes. In the game loop, I call update and then draw on each class, I imagine this is a pretty common approach. I have classes for tiles, collisions, the player and a resource manager that contains all the tiles/images/textures. Due to the way input works in SFML I decided to have each class handle input (if required) in its update call. Up until now I have been passing in dependencies as needed, for example, in the player class when a movement key is pressed, I call a method on the collision class to check if the position the player wants to move to will be a collision, and only move the player if there is no collision. This works fine for the most part, but I believe it can be done better, I'm just not sure how. I now have more complex things I need to implement, eg: a player is able to walk up to an object on the ground, press a key to pick it up/loot it and it will then show up in inventory. This means that a few things need to happen: Check if the player is in range of a lootable item on keypress, else do not proceed. Find the item. Update the sprite texture on the item from its default texture to a "looted" texture. Update the collision for the item: it might have changed shape or been removed completely. Inventory needs to be updated with the added item. How do I make everything communicate? With my current system I will end up with my classes going out of scope, and method calls to each other all over the place. I could tie up all the classes in one big manager and give each one a reference to the parent manager class, but this seems only slightly better. Any help/advice would be greatly appreciated! If anything is unclear, I'm happy to expand on things.

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  • Checking timeouts made more readable

    - by Markus
    I have several situations where I need to control timeouts in a technical application. Either in a loop or as a simple check. Of course – handling this is really easy, but none of these is looking cute. To clarify, here is some C# (Pseudo) code: private DateTime girlWentIntoBathroom; girlWentIntoBathroom = DateTime.Now; do { // do something } while (girlWentIntoBathroom.AddSeconds(10) > DateTime.Now); or if (girlWentIntoBathroom.AddSeconds(10) > DateTime.Now) MessageBox.Show("Wait a little longer"); else MessageBox.Show("Knock louder"); Now I was inspired by something a saw in Ruby on StackOverflow: Now I’m wondering if this construct can be made more readable using extension methods. My goal is something that can be read like “If girlWentIntoBathroom is more than 10 seconds ago” 1st attempt if (girlWentIntoBathroom > (10).Seconds().Ago()) MessageBox.Show("Wait a little longer"); else MessageBox.Show("Knock louder"); So I wrote an extension for integer that converts the integer into a TimeSpan public static TimeSpan Seconds(this int amount) { return new TimeSpan(0, 0, amount); } After that, I wrote an extension for TimeSpan like this: public static DateTime Ago(this TimeSpan diff) { return DateTime.Now.Add(-diff); } This works fine so far, but has a great disadvantage. The logic is inverted! Since girlWentIntoBathroom is a timestamp in the past, the right side of the equation needs to count backwards: impossible. Just inverting the equation is no solution, because it will invert the read sentence as well. 2nd attempt So I tried something new: if (girlWentIntoBathroom.IsMoreThan(10).SecondsAgo()) MessageBox.Show("Knock louder"); else MessageBox.Show("Wait a little longer"); IsMoreThan() needs to transport the past timestamp as well as the span for the extension SecondsAgo(). It could be: public static DateWithIntegerSpan IsMoreThan(this DateTime baseTime, int span) { return new DateWithIntegerSpan() { Date = baseTime, Span = span }; } Where DateWithIntegerSpan is simply: public class DateWithIntegerSpan { public DateTime Date {get; set;} public int Span { get; set; } } And SecondsAgo() is public static bool SecondsAgo(this DateWithIntegerSpan dateAndSpan) { return dateAndSpan.Date.Add(new TimeSpan(0, 0, dateAndSpan.Span)) < DateTime.Now; } Using this approach, the English sentence matches the expected behavior. But the disadvantage is, that I need a helping class (DateWithIntegerSpan). Has anyone an idea to make checking timeouts look more cute and closer to a readable sentence? Am I a little too insane thinking about something minor like this?

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  • Setting uniform value of a vertex shader for different sprites in a SpriteBatch

    - by midasmax
    I'm using libGDX and currently have a simple shader that does a passthrough, except for randomly shifting the vertex positions. This shift is a vec2 uniform that I set within my code's render() loop. It's declared in my vertex shader as uniform vec2 u_random. I have two different kind of Sprites -- let's called them SpriteA and SpriteB. Both are drawn within the same SpriteBatch's begin()/end() calls. Prior to drawing each sprite in my scene, I check the type of the sprite. If sprite instance of SpriteA: I set the uniform u_random value to Vector2.Zero, meaning that I don't want any vertex changes for it. If sprite instance of SpriteB, I set the uniform u_random to Vector2(MathUtils.random(), MathUtils.random(). The expected behavior was that all the SpriteA objects in my scene won't experience any jittering, while all SpriteB objects would be jittering about their positions. However, what I'm experiencing is that both SpriteA and SpriteB are jittering, leading me to believe that the u_random uniform is not actually being set per Sprite, and being applied to all sprites. What is the reason for this? And how can I fix this such that the vertex shader correctly accepts the uniform value set to affect each sprite individually? passthrough.vsh attribute vec4 a_color; attribute vec3 a_position; attribute vec2 a_texCoord0; uniform mat4 u_projTrans; uniform vec2 u_random; varying vec4 v_color; varying vec2 v_texCoord; void main() { v_color = a_color; v_texCoord = a_texCoord0; vec3 temp_position = vec3( a_position.x + u_random.x, a_position.y + u_random.y, a_position.z); gl_Position = u_projTrans * vec4(temp_position, 1.0); } Java Code this.batch.begin(); this.batch.setShader(shader); for (Sprite sprite : sprites) { Vector2 v = Vector2.Zero; if (sprite instanceof SpriteB) { v.x = MathUtils.random(-1, 1); v.y = MathUtils.random(-1, 1); } shader.setUniformf("u_random", v); sprite.draw(this.batch); } this.batch.end();

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  • rotating spheres

    - by Dave
    I want to continuously rotate 2 spheres, however the rotation does not seem to work. Here is my code: float angle = 0.0f; void light(){ glEnable(GL_LIGHTING); glEnable(GL_LIGHT0); glEnable(GL_LIGHT1); // Create light components GLfloat positionlight1[] = { 9.0, 5.0, 1.0, 0.0 }; GLfloat positionlight2[] = {0.2,2.5,1.3,0.0}; GLfloat light_ambient1[] = { 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0}; GLfloat light_diffuse[] = { 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0 }; glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_AMBIENT, light_ambient1); glLightfv(GL_LIGHT1, GL_DIFFUSE, light_diffuse); glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_POSITION, positionlight1); glLightfv(GL_LIGHT1, GL_POSITION, positionlight2); } void changeSize(int w, int h) { if (h==0) // Prevent A Divide By Zero By { h=1; // Making Height Equal One } glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION); // Select The Projection Matrix glLoadIdentity(); // Reset The Projection Matrix glViewport(0,0,w,h);// Reset The Current Viewport // Calculate The Aspect Ratio Of The Window gluPerspective(45.0f,(GLfloat)w/(GLfloat)h,0.1f,100.0f); glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW); // Select The Modelview Matrix // Reset The Modelview Matrix } void renderScene(void) { glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); glPushMatrix(); //set where to start the current object glTranslatef(0.0,1.2,-6); glRotatef(angle,0,1.2,-6); glutSolidSphere(1,50,50); glPopMatrix(); //end the current object transformations glPushMatrix(); //set where to start the current object glTranslatef(0.0,-2,-6); glRotatef(angle,0,-2,-6); glutSolidSphere(0.5,50,50); glPopMatrix(); //end the current object transformations angle=+0.1; glutSwapBuffers(); } int main(int argc, char **argv) { // init GLUT and create window glutInit(&argc, argv); glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_DEPTH | GLUT_DOUBLE | GLUT_RGBA); glutInitWindowPosition(100,100); glutInitWindowSize(500,500); glutCreateWindow("Hello World"); // register callbacks light(); glutDisplayFunc(renderScene); glutReshapeFunc(changeSize); glutIdleFunc(renderScene); // enter GLUT event processing loop glutMainLoop(); return 1; } Graphicstest::Graphicstest(void) { } In the renderscene where i draw,translate and rotate my 2 spheres. It does not seem to rotate the spheres continuously. What am i doing wrong?

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  • android multitouch problem

    - by Max
    Im aware that there a a couple of posts on this matter, but Ive tried all of them and none of them gets rid of my problem. Im starting to get close to the end of my game so I bought a cabel to try it on a real phone, and as I expected my multitouch dosnt work. I use 2 joysticks, one to move my character and one to change his direction so he can shoot while walking backwards etc. my local variable: public void update(MotionEvent event) { if (event == null && lastEvent == null) { return; } else if (event == null && lastEvent != null) { event = lastEvent; } else { lastEvent = event; } int index = event.getActionIndex(); int pointerId = event.getPointerId(index); statement for left Joystick: if (pointerId == 0 && event.getAction() == MotionEvent.ACTION_DOWN && (int) event.getX() > steeringxMesh - 50 && (int) event.getX() < steeringxMesh + 50 && (int) event.getY() > yMesh - 50 && (int) event.getY() < yMesh + 50) { dragging = true; } else if (event.getAction() == MotionEvent.ACTION_UP) { dragging = false; } if (dragging) { //code for moving my character statement for my right joystick: if (pointerId == 1 && event.getAction() == MotionEvent.ACTION_DOWN && (int) event.getX() > shootingxMesh - 50 && (int) event.getX() < shootingxMesh + 50 && (int) event.getY() > yMesh - 50 && (int) event.getY() < yMesh + 50) { shooting = true; } else if (event.getAction() == MotionEvent.ACTION_UP) { shooting = false; } if (shooting) { // code for aiming } This class is my main-Views onTouchListener and is called in a update-method that gets called in my game-loop, so its called every frame. Im really at a loss here, I've done a couple of tutorials and Ive tried all relevant solutions to similar posts. Can post entire Class if necessary but I think this is all the relevant code. Just hope someone can make some sence out of this.

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  • Multi-threaded JOGL Problem

    - by moeabdol
    I'm writing a simple OpenGL application in Java that implements the Monte Carlo method for estimating the value of PI. The method is pretty easy. Simply, you draw a circle inside a unit square and then plot random points over the scene. Now, for each point that is inside the circle you increment the counter for in points. After determining for all the random points wither they are inside the circle or not you divide the number of in points over the total number of points you have plotted all multiplied by 4 to get an estimation of PI. It goes something like this PI = (inPoints / totalPoints) * 4. This is because mathematically the ratio of a circle's area to a square's area is PI/4, so when we multiply it by 4 we get PI. My problem doesn't lie in the algorithm itself; however, I'm having problems trying to plot the points as they are being generated instead of just plotting everything at once when the program finishes executing. I want to give the application a sense of real-time display where the user would see the points as they are being plotted. I'm a beginner at OpenGL and I'm pretty sure there is a multi-threading feature built into it. Non the less, I tried to manually create my own thread. Each worker thread plots one point at a time. Following is the psudo-code: /* this part of the code exists in display() method in MyCanvas.java which extends GLCanvas and implements GLEventListener */ // main loop for(int i = 0; i < number_of_points; i++){ RandomGenerator random = new RandomGenerator(); float x = random.nextFloat(); float y = random.nextFloat(); Thread pointThread = new Thread(new PointThread(x, y)); } gl.glFlush(); /* this part of the code exists in run() method in PointThread.java which implements Runnable */ void run(){ try{ gl.glPushMatrix(); gl.glBegin(GL2.GL_POINTS); if(pointIsIn) gl.glColor3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); // red point else gl.glColor3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f); // blue point gl.glVertex3f(x, y, 0.0f); // coordinates gl.glEnd(); gl.glPopMatrix(); }catch(Exception e){ } } I'm not sure if my approach to solving this issue is correct. I hope you guys can help me out. Thanks.

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  • Java Grade Calculator program for class kepp geting the error "Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException." [migrated]

    - by user2880621
    this is my first question I've posted. I've used this site to look at other questions to help with similar problems I've had. After some cursory looking I couldn't find quite the answer I was looking for so I decided to finally succumb and create an account. I am fairly new to java, only a few weeks into my first class. Anyway, my project is to create a program which takes any amount of students and their grades, and then assign them a letter grade. The catch is, however, that it is on a sort of curve and the other grades' letter are dependent on the the highest. Anything equal to or 10 points below the best grade is an a, anything 11-20 points below is a b, and so on. I am to use an array, but I get this error when ran "Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException." I will go ahead and post my code down below. Thanks for any advice you may be able to give. package grade.calculator; import java.util.Scanner; /** * * @author nichol57 */ public class GradeCalculator { /** * @param args the command line arguments */ public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.println("Enter the number of students"); int number = input.nextInt(); double[]grades = new double [number]; for (int J = number; J >=0; J--) { System.out.println("Enter the students' grades"); grades[J] = input.nextDouble(); } double best = grades[0]; for (int J = 1; J < number; J++) { if (grades[J] >= best){ best = grades[J]; } } for (int J = 0;J < number; J++){ if (grades[J] >= best - 10){ System.out.println("Student " + J + " score is " + grades[J] + " and grade is " + "A"); } else if (grades[J] >= best - 20){ System.out.println("Student " + J + " score is " + grades[J] + " and grade is " + "B"); } else if (grades[J] >= best - 30) { System.out.println("Student " + J + " score is " + grades[J] + " and grade is " + "C"); } else if (grades[J] >= best - 40) { System.out.println("Student " + J + " score is " + grades[J] + " and grade is " + "D"); } else { System.out.println("Student " + J + " score is " + grades[J] + " and grade is " + "F"); } } // end for loop for output }// end main method }

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  • Collision disturbing the jumping mechanic in java 2D game [on hold]

    - by user50931
    So I have been working on a 2D Java game recently and everything was going smoothly, until I reached a problem to do with the players jumping mechanic. So far I've got the player to jump a fixed rate and fall due to gravity. Hers my code for my Player class. public class Player extends GameObject { public Player(int x, int y, int width, int height, ObjectId id) { super(x, y, width, height, id); } @Override public void tick(ArrayList<GameObject> object) { if(go){ x+=vx; y+=vy; } if(vx <0){ facing =-1; }else if(vx >0) facing =1; checkCollision(object); checkStance(); } private void checkStance() { if(falling){ //gravity jumping = false; vy = speed/2; } if(jumping){ // Calculates how high jump should be vy = -speed*2; if(jumpY - y >= maxJumpHeight) falling =true; } } private void checkCollision(ArrayList<GameObject> object) { for(int i=0; i< object.size(); i++ ){ GameObject tempObject = object.get(i); if(tempObject.getId() == ObjectId.Ledge){ if(getBoundsTop().intersects(tempObject.getBoundsAll())){ //Top y = tempObject.getY() + tempObject.getBoundsAll().height; falling =true; } if(getBoundsRight().intersects(tempObject.getBoundsAll())){ // Right x = tempObject.getX() -width ; } if(getBoundsLeft().intersects(tempObject.getBoundsAll())){ //Left x = tempObject.getX() + tempObject.getWidth(); } if(getBoundsBottom().intersects(tempObject.getBoundsAll())){ //Bottom y = tempObject.getY() - height; falling =false; vy=0; }else{ falling =true; } } } } @Override public void render(Graphics g) { g.setColor(Color.BLACK); g.fillRect((int)x, (int)y, width, height); } @Override public Rectangle getBoundsAll() { return new Rectangle((int)x, (int)y,width,height); } public Rectangle getBoundsTop() { return new Rectangle((int) x , (int)y ,width,height/15); } public Rectangle getBoundsBottom() { return new Rectangle( (int)x , (int) y +height -(height /15),width,height/15); } public Rectangle getBoundsLeft() { return new Rectangle( (int) x , (int) y + height /10 ,width/8,height - (height /5)); } public Rectangle getBoundsRight() { return new Rectangle((int) x + width - (width/8) ,(int) y + height /10 ,width/8,height - height/5); } } My problem is when I add: else{ falling =true; } during the loop of the ArrayList to check collision, it stops the player from jumping and keeps him on the ground. I've tried to find a way around this but haven't had any luck. Any suggestions?

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  • How to chain actions/animations together and delay their execution?

    - by codinghands
    I'm trying to build a simple game with a number of screens - 'TitleScreen', 'LoadingScreen', 'PlayScreen', 'HighScoreScreen' - each of which has it's own draw & update logic methods, sprites, other useful fields, etc. This works well for me as a game dev beginner, and it runs. However, on my 'PlayScreen' I want to run some animations before the player gets control - dropping in some artwork, playing some sound effects, generally prettifying things a little. However, I'm not sure what the best way to chain animations / sound effects / other timed general events is. I could make an intermediary screen, 'PrePlayScreen', which simply has all of this hardcoded like so: Update(){ Animation anim1 = new Animation(.....); Animation anim2 = new Animation(.....); anim1.Run(); if(anim1.State == AnimationState.Complete) anim2.Run(); if(anim2.State == AnimationState.Complete) // Load 'PlayScreen' screen } But this doesn't seem so great - surely their must be a better way? I then thought, 'Hey - an AnimationManager! That'd be awesome!'. But then that creeping OOP panic set in as I thought about it some more. If I create the Animation in my Screen, then add it to the AnimationManager (which may or may not be a GameComponent hooked up to Update/Draw), how can I get 'back' to it? To signal commands like start / end / repeat? I'd still need to keep a reference to the object in my Screen so that I could still communicate with it once it's buried in the bosom of a List in my AnimationManager. This seems bad. I've also tried using events - call 'Update' on all the animations in the PlayScreen update loop, but crucially all of the animations have a bool flag ('Active') which determines whether they should begin. The first animation has this set to 'true', all others 'false'. On completion the first animation raises an event, which sets animation 2's bool flag to true (and so it then runs). Once animation 2 is complete another 'anim complete' event is raised, and the screen state changes. Considering the game I'm making is basically as simple as it gets I know I'm overthinking this... it's just the paradigm shift from web - game development is making me break out in a serious case of the stupids.

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  • Brute force algorithm implemented for sudoku solver in C [closed]

    - by 0cool
    This is my code that I have written in C.. It could solve certain level of problems but not the harder one.. I could not locate the error in it, Can you please find that.. # include <stdio.h> # include "sudoku.h" extern int sudoku[size][size]; extern int Arr[size][size]; int i, j, n; int BruteForceAlgorithm (void) { int val; for (i=0; i<size; i++) { for (j=0; j<size; j++) { if (sudoku[i][j]==0) { for (n=1; n<nmax; n++) { val = check (i,j,n); if ( val == 1) { sudoku[i][j]=n; // output(); break; } else if ( val == 0 && n == nmax-1 ) get_back(); } } } } } int get_back (void) { int p,q; int flag=0; for ( p=i; p>=0; p-- ) { for (q=j; q>=0; q-- ) { flag=0; if ( Arr[p][q]==0 && !( p==i && q==j) ) { if ( sudoku[p][q]== nmax-1 ) sudoku[p][q]=0; else { n = sudoku[p][q]; sudoku[p][q]=0; i = p; j = q; flag = 1; break; } } } if ( flag == 1) break; } } Code description: Sudoku.h has definitions related to sudoku solver. 1. size = 9 nmax = 10 2. check(i,j,n) returns 1 if a number "n" can be placed at (i,j) or else "0". What does this code do ? The code starts iterating from sudoku[0][0] to the end... if it finds a empty cell ( we take cell having "0" ), it starts checking for n=1 to n=9 which can be put in that.. as soon as a number can be put in that which is checked by check() it assigns it and breaks from loop and starts finding another empty cell. In case for a particular cell if it doesn't find "n" which can be assigned to sudoku cell.. it goes back to the previous empty cell and start iterating from where it stopped and assigns the next value and continues, Here comes the function get_back(). it iterates back..

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