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• What is Paging in memory management?

  - by Fasih Khatib

  I was just reading Operating System Principles by Silberschatz et al when I came across paging in memory management.I'm slightly confused about it. It states that Physical Memory(I assume it's RAM) is divided into frames, and logical memory is divided into pages. CPU generates logical addresses containing page number and an offset. This page number is used to retrieve the frame number from a page table which gives the base address so the physical address is calculated as base+offset. My question is: is the page table maintained for every process? I logically think that the answer would be yes as every process will need to map its own pages to frames. I may be wrong. Please clarify. Also: paging and segmentation(where 'holes' are created in memory) are two totally different techniques that are not used in combination. Correct?

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• how to protect php app (vbulletin) from hackers

  - by samsmith

  Our vBulletin system is under constant attack, raising cpu load and making the system very slow for legit users. The attack is a script type attack that is attempting to log in and/or create new login ids (mostly it is trying to create login ids in order to spam the site). In vBulletin, we have black listed large ranges of ips, which has helped a lot, but the attacks continue. Is there an automated way to protect the application or web server? ideally, the protection would detect the pages accessed and automatically black list the ip.

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• Server OS: put it on a separate drive? Yes, no, or depends on the situation?

  - by captainentropy

  Hi, I would like opinions, or facts, both preferably, on whether it's ok to install a server's OS on the RAID array or not. I would predict installation on separate drives is the best but I'm interested in the performance. The server in question will have 8 cores (2.4GHz ea.), 24GB RAM, and ~16TB of usable space of server-class drives in RAID10. There is also a subsytem of an ~equivalent size for backup. I will be running CPU/memory intesive applications on this server in addition to it being file storage for my work (research lab). IF I install the OS (haven't decided which one, probably Ubuntu or Fedora or some other good linux distro) on separate drives will there be any performance problems if they aren't configured in RAID10? IF it is better to have the OS on separate drives should I go for 150GB velociraptors in RAID1 or smallish SSD drives in RAID1? Money is unfortunately a factor as I think I'm close to maxing my budget as it is. Thanks!

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• Windows 7 stopped booting

  - by jstawski

  I have a laptop which after shutdown it stopped booting. I tried repair, safe mode, and even start with Windows 7 Installation. The screen just goes blank with a mouse pointer that I can move around. I removed the harddrive from the laptop and connected it to my desktop using an External HD casing. The computer recognizes the disk, but it seems like it can't read it. If I go to My Computer it shows up, but it doesn't display usage information. When I double click on the drive it sits there as if it was loading something and eventually shows "G:\ is not accessible. The parameter is incorrect." Disk Management and Diskpart also take forever to load and when it does it shows the drive. My question, do you think this is a hardware problem or some corrupted sector? How can I try to fix the drive without formatting it? Thanks...

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• wireless printer - entering WPA - is there a quicker way?

  - by camcam

  I have a wireless printer (Brother DCP-585CW). The wireless setup instruction says I should enter the WPA key to the printer. The key is entered using up and down buttons on the printer. So, I am supposed to enter 64 characters using up and down buttons. To enter 1 character, it takes on average (24+10)/2 = 17 times pressing the button (digits start after 24 letters). So 17*64 = 1088 times. Is there a quicker way to setup a wireless printer? Maybe there is a Windows program that discovers printers connected to computer through USB or Ethernet (my printer has both sockets) and allows to pre-configure it for wireless usage (enter the long WPA key)? Update There is BRAdmin program and it allows to set up almost all wireless settings... almost - all except WPA :(

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• Linux freezes every few seconds

  - by Zeppomedio

  We're having an issue where one our Linux boxes (Ubuntu 10.04 LTS, running on EC2 with a quadruple-large size, 68GB of RAM and 8 virtual cores with 3.25GHz each) freezes up every few seconds. Typing in an ssh session will freeze, and running strace on one of the Postgresql processes that's running usually shows: 02:37:41.567990 semop(7831581, {{3, -1, 0}}, 1 for a few seconds before it proceeds (it always gets stuck at that semop). OProfile shows that most of the time is spent in the kernel (60%) versus 37% in Postgresql. The result of these halts (which began suddenly a day ago) is that load on the box has gone from 0.7 to 10+, and causes our entire stack to slow done. Any ideas on how to track down what's going on? iostat doesn't show the disks being particularly slow or overloaded, and top shows user cpu % spike from 8% to about 40% whenever these back-ups happen.

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• Slow running Ubuntu 10.10 laptop

  - by user5978

  Hello everyone. I have a slow computer. When I click on an icon say Firefox it can take 10 seconds to load. when I minimize and maximize windows you can see it happening. I get "ghost" screens where you see the window outline of the box but nothing in it or it may be white. The laptop is two years old and has these specs: Intel core two duo 2.8GHZ CPU 4GB RAM 500GB HDD 512MB Nvidia 8600GT video Realtek HD audio What is going on and where should I start looking for issues? Ubuntu 10.10 was upgraded from 10.04LTS following the instructions from the Ubuntu Wiki and it was done through the update manager GUI, not the CLI. Thanks for the help.

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• Real RAM latency

  - by user32569

  Hi, very quick question. When I look for RAM timing, I got 2 different explanations on what is CAS latency. First states, its the time after command to read has been issued from CPU and data are send to data bus. Second says its time betwen column in memory layout has been activated. So, where is the truth? I mean, when I want to know total RAM latenci, in case 1, ot would be just CAS times one clock time. In second case, it would be CAS+other things like RAstoCAS and so times one clock time. Thanks.

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• How do I disable Windows Search Indexing Service while on battery on Windows 7?

  - by Slaggg

  Since upgrading from Windows XP to Windows 7, I've found laptop battery life is reduced. One issue is that the Windows Search Indexing Service is constantly running, even when on battery power. Using Resource Monitor shows it is often the top consumer of CPU time and top producer of disk activity. I imagine this is one of the primary reasons the battery is getting drained faster. I cannot find any options to tell Windows Search Indexing Service to not index while on battery power. The only solution seems to be to stop the service, and also disable the service (if you just stop it, it will restart itself after a while). Doing this gives me considerably more battery life, but it's a pain because I have to re-enable the service when plugged in again. Is there a better solution?

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• Sharing RAM resources between 2 or more computers

  - by davee44

  I know there was a somewhat similar question before: How to share CPU or RAM? But, let me just specify it a little more... When Microsoft Windows requires more RAM capacity than available it uses a swap-file to temporarily store the data there, this is actually something like a hard-drive-based RAM. This technology is used for many years. Theoretically, it shouldn't be too hard to implement a similar technology that uses the RAM of different computer(s) in the network for temporary data storage. This just requires a software that runs on computers in the network that accepts and returns data from/to the main computer and keep that data in the RAM; plus the operation system of the main computer must have the ability to use computers in the network instead of (or in addition to) the swap-file. I wonder, are there any implementations of this idea? This would allow users to build RAM clusters using all of their home or office computers, that will boost the performance of a single computer for some development/gaming/video tasks, etc.

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• Resolve local subdomain on apache for paths within user dir

  - by MaoPU

  On Apache 2.2.x I've activated mod_userdir. I used the default setup, so that http://localhost/~name/ will be connect with ~name/public_html/ and a path within public_html, e.g. ~name/public_html/mySite can be reached through http://localhost/~name/mySite. How can I achieve, that the same path can be reached through http://mySite.name.localhost/? I don't want a manual approach like it is suggested in other SF questions (such as http://serverfault.com/q/133921/53624), but rather want an automatic mapping of all available paths to the corresponding URL. I think, several steps will need to be taken: Change mod_userdir configuration, so that the subdomain of localhost will be connected with all available user names on the machine. The second step would maybe include the usage of mod_rewrite, so that the subsubdomain could be matched to the path within ~name/public_html... What would be your prefered way?

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• Git completion __git_ps1 really slow on Mac

  - by mckeed

  I've had __git_ps1 in my bash prompt for a while, but just recently (I noticed it after I did some messing around with Homebrew and rbenv), it has slowed down my prompt horribly. When I'm in a git directory I have to wait 3-4 seconds after every command for the prompt to appear. If I just mash return and watch the Activity Monitor, it shows that distnoted and Finder are using more CPU than normal during the delay. Could something git-completion.bash is doing be triggering a notification to Finder? Maybe it involves folder actions or something?

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• How to delete previous revisions with svn?

  - by apache

  I want to clear all all previous revisions and leave only the current revision. Is there a way to do this? I don't find a possible command to do this: [secret@vps303 ~]# svnadmin --help general usage: svnadmin SUBCOMMAND REPOS_PATH [ARGS & OPTIONS ...] Type 'svnadmin help <subcommand>' for help on a specific subcommand. Type 'svnadmin --version' to see the program version and FS modules. Available subcommands: crashtest create deltify dump help (?, h) hotcopy list-dblogs list-unused-dblogs load lslocks lstxns pack recover rmlocks rmtxns setlog setrevprop setuuid upgrade verify

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• How to empty a project created by svnadmin create /svnroot ?

  - by apache

  I want to clear all files checked into the repository /svnroot Is there a way to do this? I don't find a possible command to do this: [secret@vps303 ~]# svnadmin --help general usage: svnadmin SUBCOMMAND REPOS_PATH [ARGS & OPTIONS ...] Type 'svnadmin help <subcommand>' for help on a specific subcommand. Type 'svnadmin --version' to see the program version and FS modules. Available subcommands: crashtest create deltify dump help (?, h) hotcopy list-dblogs list-unused-dblogs load lslocks lstxns pack recover rmlocks rmtxns setlog setrevprop setuuid upgrade verify

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• Games + Closed Lid = Hibernation

  - by Isaac Rabinovitch

  I have an ASUS N53S that I mainly bought for its RAM capacity. (I run a lot of VMs.) But as a bonus, it came with a fancy ATI video card. So I decided to install GTA 4 and plug it into a big monitor and settle down for some casual mayhem. But after about 5 minutes, it goes into hibernation! What gives? Since I was using an external monitor and didn't need the keyboard (using an XBox controller) I closed the lid on the laptop. Gaming is compute-intensive, so my GPU and CPU were both working hard and generating heat. Closing the lid interfered with cooling. Since I have the laptop configured to hibernate when I press the power button, the heat-triggered shutdown caused hibernation.

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• init.d service died

  - by jerluc

  Adapting some code from a linux forum, I've added a service script to /etc/init.d on my ubuntu natty server to start/stop/restart node.js It literally was working the first day I made it, but then today, after viewing my website this morning, the server threw a 404, and upon further inspection, the node.js process was gone. So I went to start the service again, only this time, node.js didn't start at all, and ever since I haven't been able to get my service script working. Below is the entire script: #!/bin/sh # # Node Server Startup # case "$1" in start) echo -n "Starting node: " daemon node /usr/local/www/server.js echo touch /var/lock/subsys/node ;; stop) echo -n "Shutting down node: " killall node echo rm -f /var/lock/subsys/node rm -f /var/run/node.pid ;; status) status node ;; restart) $0 stop $0 start ;; reload) echo -n "Reloading node: " killall node -HUP echo ;; *) echo "Usage: $0 {start|stop|restart|reload|status}" exit 1 esac exit 0 Thanks for any help!

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• Use test to check for condition with find and execdir option

  - by slosd

  I think I can keep my question short. Why does the following command produce no output? find /usr/share/themes -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 -type d -execdir test -d {}/gnome-shell \; I expected it to print all folders in /usr/share/themes that contain a folder gnome-shell. Several websites suggest that this usage of test as a command in exec/execdir is possible. From man find: -exec command ; Execute command; true if 0 status is returned. [...]

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• Remote connect to mysql server?

  - by LF4

  I've been trying to figure out why I keep getting this error when I try to connect to the MySQL server with the following commands. $~ mysql -u username -h SQLserver -p Enter password: ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'username'@'myIP' (using password: YES) I've done the following: Port is open in the firewall other wise I wouldn't get the error it'd just timeout. MySQL server not running with skip-networking or bind-address username has host as '%' and I can connect locally so the password is correct. GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO username@% IDENTIFIED BY 'password'; FLUSH PRIVILEGES; I wanted to know if anyone had ideas or ran into this issue before and solved it? mysql> select user, host from mysql.user where user='username'; +----------+------+ | user | host | +----------+------+ | username | % | +----------+------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> show grants for 'username'; +----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Grants for username@% | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'username'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD '*F42AD03PASSWORDHASHADF4021C86B' | | GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON `DB2`.* TO 'username'@'%' | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

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• Building a workstation computer for Image processing? [closed]

  - by echolab

  I am taking a gigapixel image my goal is 50gigapixel and shooting is almost done , i am doing some research to build a workstation so i can stitch images together , my questions is ! Could u suggest some dual cpu mainboard that works fine with xeon 5500+ , with 64GB+ ram support ? My other question is which hardware is most important in image processing , all i see in story of gigapixel panoramas is they have dual xeon and 32gb+ ram ? i wonder if i am doing this right , i mean they don't post information on graphic card , mainboard and stuff ! I did asked several websites , but nothing best answer was get some high-end workstation and plenty of hours , i don't want to purchase ready to use workstations, i wanna build it up Thanks in advance

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• games and movies become too slow after some time

  - by ishaq

  On my gaming desktop, I was fixing my desktop's power supply when something seemed to burn (I got that stinging burning smell). However when I turned ON the computer (it was OFF before), everything seemed to be fine. However, I have noticed that now it becomes too slow if I play a game or movie on it. I am talking about the computer becoming painfully slow after about 5 minutes into the movie/game (it works fine otherwise e.g. browsing), it becomes so slow I can see individual frames from movies/games. What could be the problem? A fried video card? friend memory (RAM), something else? My system's configuration is: Intel Core i7 CPU 3.40GHz 8GB DDR3 RAM 2TB WDC HDD NVIDIA GeForece GT 220 (1GB) Thermal Take Commander MS1 Chassis ( http://www.thermaltakeusa.com/Product.aspx?S=1394&ID=2051 ) mainboard: Intel DH67CL AAG10212-208 Realtek High Definition Audio

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• VPS showing low disk space despite there is nothing major on it

  - by SheoNarayyan

  Hello experts, On my VPS server I was trying to see the used disk space and when I open My Computer it shows 17.9 GB free out of 39.8 GB it means that 21.9 GB space is used. However, when I select all files and folders from C: and try to see the total size, it just count approximately 11 GB. The difference is around 10 GB. Where is this 10 GB going if I have not stored anything else here? I asked above question from my VPS provider and he responded below Check hidden files/system files/etc. This is default windows OS and its utilization and not specific to setup. If you want specifics of usage, you can go ahead and get in touch with Microsoft support team and they'll provide you with exact specification of the same. I am sure that Windows OS must not be taking up 10 GB space for hidden files and folders. My VPS has Windows Server 2008 R2 installed. Can anyone help me in this on who is right?

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• Offer me an ASP.NET & a SQL Server 2008 server specifications for about 2000 concurrent users, please.

  - by amkh

  We have a web application project wich will be created using ASP.NET 4.0, Entity Framework, and SQL Sever 2008 R2. To meet the needs, suppose a normal page of this application that has a query which it takes 10 miliseconds to response on a Core2 Quad @ 2.8GHz proccessor with 2x2GB of DDR3 Ram (EntityFramework overheads are considered). And we will have about 2000 concurrent user at peek times. So, what is the best recommended specifications (CPU/RAM/RAID/...) for the server which will be host this application? -- Or -- How can I calculate that?

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• Hardware changes to require XP Activation ? (for a Virtual Machine)

  - by NVRAM

  I have WXP-64 running on a VM and, for testing and performance reasons, I would like to occasionally change the allocations for it. Changes might include: Number of CPU cores, Amount of RAM Add/remove network adapters. But I'm concerned that XP will demand re-activation and that I might eventually have licensing issues if I do this. So, can anyone tell me: What kind of changes trigger re-activation in XP? Is there limits or caveat with regard to re-activation? I've perused this question and the article it references, but wanted more recent and verified info. (FWIW, I'm not trying to cheat: the OS copy was purchased explicitly for the VM.)

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• good books about server architecture?

  - by ajsie

  when the traffic for a website grows i dont think one apache server in a vps is the way to go. i would like to know more about how i then should set up the server side architecture. im not that much into hardware stuff (what kind of cables to use, different cpu architectures etc), but interested in the software architecture: what servers (apache, nginx, squid, varnish etc) to use and how they interact with each other one server in one machine? how many mysql servers. how many apache, nginx servers and so on. how the "machine court" looks like. are there any good books about this area?

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• Workstation Build: Single 2.66ghz i-7 with overclock potential, OR Dual 5520 2.26ghz Xeons?

  - by jdc0589

  There are probably better places to ask this, but I am used to the excellent quality of responses on stack overflow. I am rebuilding my desktop in a few months. Aside from normal lightweight internet usage, I use it to run sqlServer, mySql, 1-2 Ubuntu VMs from time to time, lots of IDE's, and a media server for my PS3. The two possible setups cost the exact same amount (within $50) and would both have 12gb 1333mhz ddr3 ram and a 500gb RAID-0 array (250x2). Now, If I go with a single i-7 920 2.66ghz quadcore, I can easily overclock it to 3ghz, and would have cash leftover to get a 160gb ssd (either the ocz vertex or the 120gb intel) for the main OS/Program install drive. Else, I could get a dual lga1366 motherboard with two e5520 Xeon's (2.26ghz),just use the disks I already have. So, do I go for 8 physical/16 virtual cores at 2.26ghz (No overclocking on server boards) with normal disk I/O, or a 4 physical/8 virtual cores at 3.0ghz with really outstanding disk I/O?

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