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  • Cobol: science and fiction

    - by user847
    There are a few threads about the relevance of the Cobol programming language on this forum, e.g. this thread links to a collection of them. What I am interested in here is a frequently repeated claim based on a study by Gartner from 1997: that there were around 200 billion lines of code in active use at that time! I would like to ask some questions to verify or falsify a couple of related points. My goal is to understand if this statement has any truth to it or if it is totally unrealistic. I apologize in advance for being a little verbose in presenting my line of thought and my own opinion on the things I am not sure about, but I think it might help to put things in context and thus highlight any wrong assumptions and conclusions I have made. Sometimes, the "200 billion lines" number is accompanied by the added claim that this corresponded to 80% of all programming code in any language in active use. Other times, the 80% merely refer to so-called "business code" (or some other vague phrase hinting that the reader is not to count mainstream software, embedded systems or anything else where Cobol is practically non-existent). In the following I assume that the code does not include double-counting of multiple installations of the same software (since that is cheating!). In particular in the time prior to the y2k problem, it has been noted that a lot of Cobol code is already 20 to 30 years old. That would mean it was written in the late 60ies and 70ies. At that time, the market leader was IBM with the IBM/370 mainframe. IBM has put up a historical announcement on his website quoting prices and availability. According to the sheet, prices are about one million dollars for machines with up to half a megabyte of memory. Question 1: How many mainframes have actually been sold? I have not found any numbers for those times; the latest numbers are for the year 2000, again by Gartner. :^( I would guess that the actual number is in the hundreds or the low thousands; if the market size was 50 billion in 2000 and the market has grown exponentially like any other technology, it might have been merely a few billions back in 1970. Since the IBM/370 was sold for twenty years, twenty times a few thousand will result in a couple of ten-thousands of machines (and that is pretty optimistic)! Question 2: How large were the programs in lines of code? I don't know how many bytes of machine code result from one line of source code on that architecture. But since the IBM/370 was a 32-bit machine, any address access must have used 4 bytes plus instruction (2, maybe 3 bytes for that?). If you count in operating system and data for the program, how many lines of code would have fit into the main memory of half a megabyte? Question 3: Was there no standard software? Did every single machine sold run a unique hand-coded system without any standard software? Seriously, even if every machine was programmed from scratch without any reuse of legacy code (wait ... didn't that violate one of the claims we started from to begin with???) we might have O(50,000 l.o.c./machine) * O(20,000 machines) = O(1,000,000,000 l.o.c.). That is still far, far, far away from 200 billion! Am I missing something obvious here? Question 4: How many programmers did we need to write 200 billion lines of code? I am really not sure about this one, but if we take an average of 10 l.o.c. per day, we would need 55 million man-years to achieve this! In the time-frame of 20 to 30 years this would mean that there must have existed two to three million programmers constantly writing, testing, debugging and documenting code. That would be about as many programmers as we have in China today, wouldn't it? Question 5: What about the competition? So far, I have come up with two things here: 1) IBM had their own programming language, PL/I. Above I have assumed that the majority of code has been written exclusively using Cobol. However, all other things being equal I wonder if IBM marketing had really pushed their own development off the market in favor of Cobol on their machines. Was there really no relevant code base of PL/I? 2) Sometimes (also on this board in the thread quoted above) I come across the claim that the "200 billion lines of code" are simply invisible to anybody outside of "governments, banks ..." (and whatnot). Actually, the DoD had funded their own language in order to increase cost effectiveness and reduce the proliferation of programming language. This lead to their use of Ada. Would they really worry about having so many different programming languages if they had predominantly used Cobol? If there was any language running on "government and military" systems outside the perception of mainstream computing, wouldn't that language be Ada? I hope someone can point out any flaws in my assumptions and/or conclusions and shed some light on whether the above claim has any truth to it or not.

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  • AVIO Academy - ADF w/Oracle BPM

    - by BPMWarrior
    Oracle Platinum Partner AVIO Consulting is excited to announce the launch of the industry’s first ADF with Oracle BPM developer training program.  This training program is for any prospects or customers that could benefit from a better understanding of Oracle ADF and Oracle BPM.    Visit the AVIO Academy website for an in-depth description of the new ADF with Oracle BPM Workshop .     What it is: ·         Industry’s first ADF with Oracle BPM training program ·         3-day workshop showcasing application development using ADF with Oracle BPM Suite   Training Purpose: Teaches developers how to use Oracle Application Development Framework (ADF) with the Oracle Business Process Management (BPM) Suite.  The workshop is the only one of its kind on the market today.  During the course, students gain a better understanding of Oracle ADF, and the nuances of making it work with Oracle BPM.   Course Overview This course in AVIO’s BPM series, consists of 11 hands-on lessons designed specifically for developers.   It provides a comprehensive overview of ADF and Oracle BPM concepts, and step-by-step easy to follow instructions for creating and integrating ADF user interfaces with Oracle BPM processes.  Students leave the workshop with the working versions of the projects they build for their future reference.  Rather than just frantically clicking through the lessons, concepts are thoroughly explained and demonstrated.  Students leave understanding the best practices AVIO established during years of developing ADF solutions for Oracle BPM and SOA.   AVIO Academy This new workshop is offered through AVIO Academy, the only program with curriculum specifically developed for the most recent version of the Oracle BPM Suite. The academy specializes in hands-on role based training that uses an organization’s own processes for a more practical learning experience.   Visit the AVIO Academy website for an in-depth description of the new ADF with Oracle BPM Workshop. If you have any questions please contact Brandon Dean at [email protected]

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  • MIX10 Talk - Slides and Code

    At MIX10, I presented the Developing with WCF RIA Services Quickly and Effectively talk. For the demos I used a BookClub application - the scenario is a team application for team members to use to share books and browse/search/request shared books. The following are the concepts that the demos and code cover: [Full post continued here...]...Did you know that DotNetSlackers also publishes .net articles written by top known .net Authors? We already have over 80 articles in several categories including Silverlight. Take a look: here.

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  • CoffeeScript 1.4.0 disponible, le langage qui propose une nouvelle syntaxe pour JavaScript améliore son compilateur

    CoffeeScript 1.4.0 disponible le langage qui propose une nouvelle syntaxe pour JavaScript améliore son compilateur Jeremy Ashkenas, le créateur de CoffeeScript a annoncé la sortie de la version 1.4 du langage dérivé de JavaScript sur son compte Twitter. Pour rappel, CoffeeScript offre une syntaxe semblable à celles de Python ou Ruby et permet de compiler son code en JavaScript. [IMG]http://idelways.developpez.com/news/images/coffeescript.jpg[/IMG] Le but de CoffeeScript est de faire abstraction de la syntaxe de JavaScript qui ne reflèterait pas les concepts profonds du langage, dont le noyau et le modèle orienté objet ou fonctionnel ...

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  • Common SOA Problems by C2B2

    - by JuergenKress
    SOA stands for Service Oriented Architecture and has only really come together as a concrete approach in the last 15 years or so, although the concepts involved have been around for longer. Oracle SOA Suite is based around the Service Component Architecture (SCA) devised by the Open SOA collaboration of companies including Oracle and IBM. SCA, as used in SOA suite, is designed as a way to crystallise the concepts of SOA into a standard which ensures that SOA principles like the separation of application and business logic are maintained. Orchestration or Integration? A common thing to see with many people who are beginning to either build a new SOA based infrastructure, or move an old system to be service oriented, is confusion in the purpose of SOA technologies like BPEL and enterprise service buses. For a lot of problems, orchestration tools like BPEL or integration tools like an ESB will both do the job and achieve the right objectives; however it’s important to remember that, although a hammer can be used to drive a screw into wood, that doesn’t mean it’s the best way to do it. Service Integration is the act of connecting components together at a low level, which usually results in a single external endpoint for you to expose to your customers or other teams within your organisation – a simple product ordering system, for example, might integrate a stock checking service and a payment processing service. Process Orchestration, however, is generally a higher level approach whereby the (often externally exposed) service endpoints are brought together to track an end-to-end business process. This might include the earlier example of a product ordering service and couple it with a business rules service and human task to handle edge-cases. A good (but not exhaustive) rule-of-thumb is that integrations performed by an ESB will usually be real-time, whereas process orchestration in a SOA composite might comprise processes which take a certain amount of time to complete, or have to wait pending manual intervention. BPEL vs BPMN For some, with pre-existing SOA or business process projects, this decision is effectively already made. For those embarking on new projects it’s certainly an important consideration for those using Oracle SOA software since, due to the components included in SOA Suite and BPM Suite, the choice of which to buy is determined by what they offer. Oracle SOA suite has no BPMN engine, whereas BPM suite has both a BPMN and a BPEL engine. SOA suite has the ESB component “Mediator”, whereas BPM suite has none. Decisions must be made, therefore, on whether just one or both process modelling languages are to be used. The wrong decision could be costly further down the line. Design for performance: Read the complete article here. SOA & BPM Partner Community For regular information on Oracle SOA Suite become a member in the SOA & BPM Partner Community for registration please visit www.oracle.com/goto/emea/soa (OPN account required) If you need support with your account please contact the Oracle Partner Business Center. Blog Twitter LinkedIn Facebook Wiki Technorati Tags: C2B2,SOA best practice,SOA Community,Oracle SOA,Oracle BPM,Community,OPN,Jürgen Kress

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  • Basics of Link Building

    When it comes to the confusing task of Search Engine Optimization, building links is one of the significant techniques. For building links, you must be familiar with many concepts including link popularity, search engine visibility, PageRank etc. you must also have a basic knowledge about the other basic linking tactics and tools.

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  • Google I/O 2012 - Google Compute Engine -- Technical Details

    Google I/O 2012 - Google Compute Engine -- Technical Details Joe Beda, Evan Anderson This session will provide an in depth overview of Google Compute Engine. Google Compute provides Virtual Machines optimized for large scale data processing and analytics. We will dive into the core concepts, API, unique features and architectural best practices in the context of concrete examples. For all I/O 2012 sessions, go to developers.google.com From: GoogleDevelopers Views: 2497 88 ratings Time: 01:01:39 More in Science & Technology

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  • Where can I learn about every OOP concept?

    - by Mel
    I'm looking for some material that can explain all the concepts related to OOP that doesn't deviate too much from the point. I want something short and understandable for a beginner. I know some of these can be found on wikipedia, but wikipedia is full of minor and sometimes big mistakes and I don't think that is the best choice for learning something. Where should I start ? Also, please don't recommend books of 1000 pages or such.

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  • Process synchronisation in Linux

    <b>Linux User and Developer:</b> "The two fundamental concepts in a Linux operating system are processes and time slice. A process is an instance of a program that is being executed by the computer&#8217;s operating system."

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  • Modélisation réseau, un article de Philippe Latu sur la modélisation en couche des protocoles réseau

    La modélisation du fonctionnement des réseaux électroniques de communications a toujours fait l'objet de grandes luttes d'influence entre les organismes de normalisation, les compagnies de télécommunications et les constructeurs. Avec l'avènement de l'Internet, un modèle contemporain faisant la synthèse entre les modèles de référence historiques OSI et TCP/IP s'est imposé. L'objectif de cet article est d'introduire les concepts de modélisation, de présenter les deux modélisations dominantes et le...

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  • Need help identifing what resources (eg. In MIT OpenCourseWare) can help me prepare for a test [closed]

    - by jiewmeng
    I am entering uni soon. I can sit for a placement test to see if I elegible for exemptions. The details are http://www.comp.nus.edu.sg/undergraduates/TestScope11_12.html Or CS2100 Computer Organisation (please click title) The objective of this module is to familiarise students with the fundamentals of computing devices. Through this module students will understand the basics of data representation, and how the various parts of a computer work, separately and with each other. This allows students to understand the issues in computing devices, and how these issues affect the implementation of solutions. Topics covered include data representation systems, combinational and sequential circuit design techniques, assembly language, processor execution cycles, pipelining, memory hierarchy and input/output systems. Recommended Textbooks Digital Design: Principles and Practices [DDPP] by John F. Wakerly, Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-324500-4. Computer Organizations and Design (The hardware/software interface) by David A. Patterson and John L. Hennessy. CS2105 Introduction to Computer Networks (please click title) This course aims to provide a broad introduction to computer networks and some appreciations of network application programming. It covers a range of topics including basic data communication and computer network concepts, protocols, networked computing concepts and principles, network applications development and network security. The emphasis of teaching is on the working principles and application of computer networks. As an integral part of the course, tutorials and practical assignments enforcing learning will also be given. These assignments provide an early exposure in network application programming and they should be able to complete by using personal computers and school's network facilities. Topics included: An overview of computer networks and the Internet Basic data communications Application layer Transport layer Network layer and routing Link layer and local area networks Recommended Textbook James F. Kurose & Keith W. Ross, Computer networking: A top-down approach featuring internet, Addison Wesley, 2001 I am wondering what resources eg. MIT OpenCourseWare or other universities resources are available to help he perpare for these particular modubles. I am thinking does the Networking one look like CCNA? The computer oragization. Its like electronics, assembly etc? I learnt some electronics in Poly but looking at the sample papers, uni looks very different... I have about 1 month to prepare if I want any chance of exempting from these modules :) any help?

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  • SQL 2014 does data the way developers want

    - by Rob Farley
    A post I’ve been meaning to write for a while, good that it fits with this month’s T-SQL Tuesday, hosted by Joey D’Antoni (@jdanton) Ever since I got into databases, I’ve been a fan. I studied Pure Maths at university (as well as Computer Science), and am very comfortable with Set Theory, which undergirds relational database concepts. But I’ve also spent a long time as a developer, and appreciate that that databases don’t exactly fit within the stuff I learned in my first year of uni, particularly the “Algorithms and Data Structures” subject, in which we studied concepts like linked lists. Writing in languages like C, we used pointers to quickly move around data, without a database in sight. Of course, if we had a power failure all this data was lost, as it was only persisted in RAM. Perhaps it’s why I’m a fan of database internals, of indexes, latches, execution plans, and so on – the developer in me wants to be reassured that we’re getting to the data as efficiently as possible. Back when SQL Server 2005 was approaching, one of the big stories was around CLR. Many were saying that T-SQL stored procedures would be a thing of the past because we now had CLR, and that obviously going to be much faster than using the abstracted T-SQL. Around the same time, we were seeing technologies like Linq-to-SQL produce poor T-SQL equivalents, and developers had had a gutful. They wanted to move away from T-SQL, having lost trust in it. I was never one of those developers, because I’d looked under the covers and knew that despite being abstracted, T-SQL was still a good way of getting to data. It worked for me, appealing to both my Set Theory side and my Developer side. CLR hasn’t exactly become the default option for stored procedures, although there are plenty of situations where it can be useful for getting faster performance. SQL Server 2014 is different though, through Hekaton – its In-Memory OLTP environment. When you create a table using Hekaton (that is, a memory-optimized one), the table you create is the kind of thing you’d’ve made as a developer. It creates code in C leveraging structs and pointers and arrays, which it compiles into fast code. When you insert data into it, it creates a new instance of a struct in memory, and adds it to an array. When the insert is committed, a small write is made to the transaction to make sure it’s durable, but none of the locking and latching behaviour that typifies transactional systems is needed. Indexes are done using hashes and using bw-trees (which avoid locking through the use of pointers) and by handling each updates as a delete-and-insert. This is data the way that developers do it when they’re coding for performance – the way I was taught at university before I learned about databases. Being done in C, it compiles to very quick code, and although these tables don’t support every feature that regular SQL tables do, this is still an excellent direction that has been taken. @rob_farley

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  • What is SOA ?

    - by llaszews
    First, let’s mention what SOA is not: • SOA is not the same thing as web services. Web Services implies the use of standard such as Java/JAX-RPC, .NET or REST. Web Services also implies the use of a WSDL, SOAP, and/or J2EE Connector Architecture (J2EE CA) and HTTP. SOA architectures can be implemented using J2EE CA, XML file transfer or Remote Procedural Call (RPC) over File Transfer Protocol (FTP), TCP/IP, Remote Method Invocation (RMI) or other protocols. In other words, Web Services are a very specific set of technologies. SOA is a concept and can be implemented in many different ways. Some very rudimentary, such as transfering flat files between applications. • SOA will not solve all of your problems. It will make your business more agile, increase business visibility, reduce integration costs and provide better reuse. However, if you don’t need help in these area or expect SOA to cure all of your IT problems, you are looking in the wrong place. • The concepts behind SOA are not new, but SOA is also not mature. SOA as it stands today has really only been around for 5 years. The concepts of standards based protocol handlers, predefined communication schemas and remote method invocation have been around for decades. So, what is SOA? SOA is an architectural blueprint, a way of developing applications, and a set of best practices. SOA is not an ‘out of the box’ solution you buy, install and then have up and running in a matter of months. SOA is a journey to a better way of doing business and the technology architecture to support this better way of doing business. SOA is also a broader set of technologies including more then just web services. Techologies like an Enterpirse Service Bus (ESB), Business Processs Execution Language (BPEL), message queues and Business Activity Monitoring (BAM) all are part of a SOA architecture. So, what is SOA? SOA is an architectural blueprint, a way of developing applications, and a set of best practices. SOA is not an ‘out of the box’ solution you buy, install and then have up and running in a matter of months. SOA is a journey to a better way of doing business and the technology architecture to support this better way of doing business. SOA is also a broader set of technologies including more then just web services. Techologies like an Enterpirse Service Bus (ESB), Business Processs Execution Language (BPEL), message queues and Business Activity Monitoring (BAM) all are part of a SOA architecture. Read more here: Oracle Modernization Solutions

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  • Network Design for a Small Business

    <b>Begin Linux:</b> "This image represents a basic network plan for a small company. The goal of this article is to use this image to help describe basic concepts of networks and how they typically constructed as well as why they are designed the way they are"

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  • Search Engine Discussion - The Debate About the Future

    The last few years we have witnessed the Internet world being ruled by Search Engine Optimization and Search Engine Marketing. However the debate is clearly on when it comes to the future of these two concepts. There are many who believe that the next five years will go through major changes as far as the SEO concept is concerned.

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  • Développer une application python avec WSGI, par Pythonnerie

    voici un tutoriel, destiné à des débutants en informatique, utilise la vidéo pour aider à visualiser les concepts.Cours vidéo Python pour débutantsCe tutoriel est un travail en cours, qui sera (doucement) enrichi et complété au fil du temps. Bien entendu, il n'a aucune prétention à remplacer la documentation de référence, qu'il espère simplement rendre indirectement plus accessible. Mais son auteur espère avoir confirmé le goût de l'informatique chez ceux qui l'avaient déjà et montré aux autres que la programmation n'est pas forcément rébarbative ni mystérieuse....

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  • Should selenium tests be written in imperative style?

    - by Amogh Talpallikar
    Is an automation tester supposed to know concepts of OOPS and design patterns to write Tests in a way where changes & code re-use are possible? For example, I pick up Java to write cucumber step definitions that instruct a selenium webdriver. Should I be using a lot of inheritance, interfaces, delegation etc. to make life easier or would that be overly complicated for something that should just line by line instructions?

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  • Traffic Online - SEO Style

    About traffic online as it pertains to simple and basic concepts to drive traffic online to you through content. This is a generic look at getting more targeted online traffic, and what people can do now in order to get this targeted audience today.

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  • Interview Questions [closed]

    - by Pemdas
    Possible Duplicate: What techniques do you use when interviewing developers? Nearly every SE interviewing process has some sort of coding exercise to prove that the interviewee can actually write code. More often then not, the exercise also hopes to demonstrate that the interviewee can solve problems. However, this is often not sufficient enough to determine if the interviewee can actually design software. What are some effective ways to determine if an interviewee understands the basic concepts of design such as abstraction, interface design, thread management, ...ect?

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  • Cloning a game and releasing the source

    - by Manux
    I'm not really aware of the legal issues surrounding game clones. I'm around halfway done of making a clone, but it's not just the same gaming concepts, I'm literally using the original game's files (which I do not intend to distribute in any way) in my clone. My original intention was to add features to the game (Firefly studios's first Stronghold) while still using the same art. Is it ok to distribute the source of my clone?

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  • Innovation for Retailers

    - by David Dorf
    One of my main objectives for this blog is to point out emerging technologies and how they might apply to the retail industry.  But ideas are just the beginning; retailers either have to rely on vendors or have their own lab to explore these ideas and see which ones work.  (A healthy dose of both is probably the best solution.)  The Nordstrom Innovation Lab is a fine example of dedicating resources to cultivate ideas and test prototypes. The video below, from 2011, is a case study in which the team builds an iPad app that helps customers purchase sunglasses in the store.  Customers take pictures of themselves wearing different sunglasses, then can do side-by-side comparisons. There are a few interesting take-aways from their process.  First, they are working in the store alongside employees and customers.  There's no concept of documenting all the requirements then building the product.  Instead, they work closely with those that will be using the app in order to fully understand what's needed.  When they find an issue, they change the software onsite and try again.  This iterative prototyping ensures their product hits the mark.  Feels like Extreme Programming if you recall that movement. Second, they have time-boxed the project to one week.  Either it works or it doesn't, and either way they've only expended a week's worth of resources.  Innovation always entails failure, and those that succeed are often good at detecting failure quickly then adjusting.  Fail fast and fail often. Third, its not always about technology.  I was impressed they used paper designs to walk through user stories and help understand the needs of the customer.  Pen and paper is the innovator's most powerful tool. Our Retail Applied Research (RAR) team uses some of these concepts in our development process.  (Calling it a process is probably overkill.)  We try to give life to concepts quickly so the rest of organization can help us decide if we're heading the right direction.  It takes many failures before finding a successful product.

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  • Tutoriel OpenGL Moderne : indexation VBO, optimisez vos tampons GPU en OpenGL 3 et supérieur

    Bonjour à tous,La rubrique 2D/3D/Jeux est heureuse de vous présenter une la suite de la série de tutoriels consacrée à OpenGL moderne (les versions à partir d'OpenGL 3.3). Ces tutoriels vous permettront d'intégrer facilement les nouveaux concepts d'OpenGL afin de profiter au maximum des dernières technologies de vos cartes graphiques. Ce neuvième tutoriel vous apprendra à optimiser vos tampons en indexant les VBO.Bonne lecture.

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