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  • Problem understanding Inheritance

    - by dhruvbird
    I've been racking my brains over inheritance for a while now, but am still not completely able to get around it. For example, the other day I was thinking about relating an Infallible Human and a Fallible Human. Let's first define the two: Infallible Human: A human that can never make a mistake. It's do_task() method will never throw an exception Fallible Human: A human that will occasionally make a mistakes. It's do_task() method may occasionally throw a ErrorProcessingRequest Exception The question was: IS an infallible human A fallible human OR IS a fallible human AN infallible human? The very nice answer I received was in the form of a question (I love these since it gives me rules to answer future questions I may have). "Can you pass an infallible human where a fallible human is expected OR can you pass a fallible human where an infallible human is expected?" It seems apparent that you can pass an infallible human where a fallible human is expected, but not the other way around. I guess that answered my question. However, it still feels funny saying "An infallible human is a fallible human". Does anyone else feel queasy when they say it? It almost feels as if speaking out inheritance trees is like reading out statements from propositional calculus in plain English (the if/then implication connectives don't mean the same as that in spoken English). Does anyone else feel the same?

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  • does anyone see any issues with this thread pattern?

    - by prmatta
    Here is a simple thread pattern that I use when writing a class that needs just one thread, and needs to a specific task. The usual requirements for such a class are that it should be startable, stopable and restartable. Does anyone see any issues with this pattern that I use? public class MyThread implements Runnable { private boolean _exit = false; private Thread _thread = null; public void start () { if (_thread == null) { _thread = new Thread(this, "MyThread"); _thread.start(); } } public void run () { while (_exit) { //do something } } public void stop () { _exit = true; if (_thread != null) { _thread.interrupt(); _thread = null; } } } I am looking for comments around if I am missing something, or if there is a better way to write this.

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  • How to implement the API/SPI Pattern in Java?

    - by Adam Tannon
    I am creating a framework that exposes an API for developers to use: public interface MyAPI { public void doSomeStuff(); public int getWidgets(boolean hasRun); } All the developers should have to do is code their projects against these API methods. I also want them to be able to place different "drivers"/"API bindings" on the runtime classpath (the same way JDBC or SLF4J work) and have the API method calls (doSomeStuff(), etc.) operate on different 3rd party resources (files, servers, whatever). Thus the same code and API calls will map to operations on different resources depending on what driver/binding the runtime classpath sees (i.e. myapi-ftp, myapi-ssh, myapi-teleportation). How do I write (and package) an SPI that allows for such runtime binding, and then maps MyAPI calls to the correct (concrete) implementation? In other words, if myapi-ftp allows you to getWidgets(boolean) from an FTP server, how would I could this up (to make use of both the API and SPI)? Bonus points for concrete, working Java code example! Thanks in advance!

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  • Python: How should I make instance variables available?

    - by swisstony
    Suppose I have: class myclass: def __init__(self): self.foo = "bar" where the value of foo needs to be available to users of myclass. Is it OK to just read the value of foo directly from an instance of myclass? Should I add a get_foo method to myclass or perhaps add a foo property? What's the best practice here?

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  • Alternative to singleton for unique resources

    - by user1320881
    I keep reading over and over again that one should avoid using singletons for various reasons. I'm wondering how to correctly handle a situation where a class represents a unique system resource. For example, a AudioOutput class using SDL. Since SDL_OpenAudio can only be open once at a time it makes no sense having more then one object of this type and it seems to me preventing accidentally making more then one object would actually be good. Just wondering what experienced programmers think about this, am i missing another option ?

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  • Parallel programming, are we not learning from history again?

    - by mezmo
    I started programming because I was a hardware guy that got bored, I thought the problems being solved in the software side of things were much more interesting than those in hardware. At that time, most of the electrical buses I dealt with were serial, some moving data as fast as 1.5 megabit!! ;) Over the years these evolved into parallel buses in order to speed communication up, after all, transferring 8/16/32/64, whatever bits at a time incredibly speeds up the transfer. Well, our ability to create and detect state changes got faster and faster, to the point where we could push data so fast that interference between parallel traces or cable wires made cleaning the signal too expensive to continue, and we still got reasonable performance from serial interfaces, heck some graphics interfaces are even happening over USB for a while now. I think I'm seeing a like trend in software now, our processors were getting faster and faster, so we got good at building "serial" software. Now we've hit a speed bump in raw processor speed, so we're adding cores, or "traces" to the mix, and spending a lot of time and effort on learning how to properly use those. But I'm also seeing what I feel are advances in things like optical switching and even quantum computing that could take us far more quickly that I was expecting back to the point where "serial programming" again makes the most sense. What are your thoughts?

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  • What is the definition of a Service object ?

    - by Maskime
    I've been working a lot with PHP. But recently i was sent on a work wich use Java. In PHP i used to do a lot of Singleton object but this pattern has not the same signification in Java that it has in PHP. So i wanted to go for an utility class (a class with static method) but my chief doesn't like this kind of classes and ask me to go for services object. So my guess was that a service object is just a class with a constructor that implement some public methods... Am i right ?

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  • Static and default constuctor

    - by Ram
    A non static class can have static as well as default constructor at the same time. What is the difference between these two constructors? When shall I go for only static or static with default constructor?

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  • How do I manipulate a tree of immutable objects?

    - by Frederik
    I'm building an entire application out of immutable objects so that multi-threading and undo become easier to implement. I'm using the Google Collections Library which provides immutable versions of Map, List, and Set. My application model looks like a tree: Scene is a top-level object that contains a reference to a root Node. Each Node can contain child Nodes and Ports. An object graph might look like this: Scene | +-- Node | +-- Node | +- Port +-- Node | +- Port +- Port If all of these objects are immutable, controlled by a top-level SceneController object: What is the best way to construct this hierarchy? How would I replace an object that is arbitrarily deep in the object tree? Is there a way to support back-links, e.g. a Node having a "parent" attribute?

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  • The best way to structure this database?

    - by James P
    At the moment I'm doing this: gems(id, name, colour, level, effects, source) id is the primary key and is not auto-increment. A typical row of data would look like this: id => 40153 name => Veiled Ametrine colour => Orange level => 80 effects => +12 sp, +10 hit source => Ametrine (Some of you gamers might see what I'm doing here :) ) But I realise this could be sorted a lot better. I have studied database relationships and secondary keys in my A-Level computing class but never got as far as to set one up properly. I just need help with how this database should be organised, like what tables should have what data with what secondary and foreign keys? I was thinking maybe 3 tables: gem, effects, source. Which then have relationships to each other? Can anyone shed some light on this? Is a complex way like I'm proposing really the way to go or should I just carry on with what I'm doing? Cheers.

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  • Global variable in a recursive function how to keep it at zero?

    - by Grammin
    So if I have a recursive function with a global variable var_: int var_; void foo() { if(var_ == 3) return; else var_++; foo(); } and then I have a function that calls foo() so: void bar() { foo(); return; } what is the best way to set var_ =0 everytime foo is called thats not from within itself. I know I could just do: void bar() { var_ =0; foo(); return; } but I'm using the recursive function a lot and I don't want to call foo and forget to set var_=0 at a later date. Does anyone have any suggestions on how to solve this? Thanks, Josh

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  • Setting the type of a field in a superclass from a subclass (Java)

    - by Ibolit
    Hi. I am writing a project on Google App Engine, within it I have a number of abstract classes that I hope I will be able to use in my future projects, and a number of concrete classes inheriting from them. Among other abstract classes I have an abstract servlet that does user management, and I hava an abstract user. The AbstractUser has all the necessary fields and methods for storing it in the datastore and telling whether the user is registered with my service or not. It does not implement any project specific functionality. The abstract servlet that manages users, refers only to the methods declared in the AbstractUser class, which allows it to generate links for logging in, logging out and registering (for unregistered users). In order to implement the project-specific user functionality I need to subclass the Abstract user. The servlets I use in my project are all indirect descendants from that abstract user management servlet, and the user is a protected field in it, so the descendant servlets can use it as their own field. However, whenever i want to access any project specific method of the concrete user, i need to cast it to that type. i.e. (abstract user managing servlet) ... AbstractUser user = getUser(); ... abstract protected AbstractUser getUser(); (project-specific abstract servlet) @Override protected AbstractUser getUser() { return MyUserFactory.getUser(); } any other project specific servlet: int a = ((ConcreteUser) user).getA(); Well, what i'd like to do is to somehow make the type of “user” in the superclass depend on something in the project-specific abstract class. Is it at all possible? And i don't want to move all the user-management stuff into a project-specific layer, for i would like to have it for my future projects already written :) Thank you for your help.

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  • C++ traits question

    - by duli
    I have a templated class template <typename Data> class C { ..... } In most situations, I depend on the compiler to let me substitute types for Data. I call methods foo(), goo() on objects of type Data, so what I substitute needs to provide that. I now need to substitute int and string for my Data type. I do not want to specialize because the class is already too big and would require specializing each method (with only small code change). My options (please tell me if there are more) 1) I can provide wrapper classes around int and string which implement the methods foo(), goo() etc 2) provide a traits class traits that calls foo() or goo() on objects of classes that provide foo(),goo() (these are my present substitutable classes) and specialize these classes for int and string. Questions 1) what are the relative merits of 1 vs 2? 2) My traits classes will have static methods. Can a traits class have non-static methods as well? I see most traits classes define constants in the STL. 3) Do I make the traits classes global or should I pass them in as a template parameter for class C?

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  • Publish/Subscribe paradigm: Why must message classes not know about their subscribers?

    - by carleeto
    From Wikipedia: "Publish/subscribe (or pub/sub) is a messaging paradigm where senders (publishers) of messages are not programmed to send their messages to specific receivers (subscribers). Rather, published messages are characterized into classes, without knowledge of what (if any) subscribers there may be" I can understand why a sender must not be programmed to send its message to a specific receiver. But why must published messages be classes that do not have knowledge of their subscribers? It would seem that once the messaging system itself is in place, what typically changes as software evolves is the messages sent, the publishers and the receivers. Keeping the messages separate from the subscribers seems to imply that the subscription model might also change. Is this the reason? Also, does this occur in the real world? I realize this may be a basic question, but I'm trying to understand this paradigm and your replies are very much appreciated.

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  • guarantee child records either in one table or another, but not both?

    - by user151841
    I have a table with two child tables. For each record in the parent table, I want one and only one record in one of the child tables -- not one in each, not none. How to I define that? Here's the backstory. Feel free to criticize this implementation, but please answer the question above, because this isn't the only time I've encountered it: I have a database that holds data pertaining to user surveys. It was originally designed with one authentication method for starting a survey. Since then, requirements have changed, and now there are two different ways someone could sign on to start a survey. Originally I captured the authentication token in a column in the survey table. Since requirements changed, there are three other bits of data that I want to capture in authentication. So for each record in the survey table, I'm either going to have one token, or a set of three. All four of these are of different types, so my thought was, instead of having four columns where either one is going to be null, or three are going to be null ( or even worse, a bad mashup of either of those scenarios ), I would have two child tables, one for holding the single authentication token, the other for holding the three. Problem is, I don't know offhand how to define that in DDL. I'm using MySQL, so maybe there's a feature that MySQL doesn't implement that lets me do this.

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  • Suggested improvements?

    - by J Harley
    Hello, I have been coding a site in pure HTML/CSS - using no server-side language. I was wondering if anyone had any feedback - is there anything that you would change etc...? Many Thanks, J View Site

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  • Creating our own APIs

    - by Markii
    We need a bunch of APIs for our service and are looking at the job as being quite tedious for starting from scratch because we need strict user restrictions such as max queries and usage statistics. Are there any pre-made services or scripts for this already?

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  • Class structure for the proposed data and its containers ?

    - by Prix
    First I would like to wish a happy new year to everyone that may read this :) I am having trouble on how to make a container for some data that I am importing into my application, and I am not sure on how to explain this very well and my english is not really a that good so I hope you can bear with my mistake and help me with some guidance. Currently with a foreach I am importing the follow fields from the data I receive: guid, itemid, name, owner(optional, can be null), zoneid, titleid, subid, heading, x, y, z, typeA, typeB, typeC From the above fields I need to store a Waypoint list of all coords a given item has moved to BUT for each guid I have a new list of waypoints. And from the waypoint list the first entry is also my initial item start location which would be my item initial position (if you notice i have a separate list for it which I was not sure would be better or not) not all items have a waypoint list but all items have the first position. So the first idea I came with to store this data was a list with a class with 2 inner classes with their list: public List<ItemList> myList = new List<ItemList>(); public class ItemList { public int guid { get; set; } public int itemid { get; set; } public string name { get; set; } public int titleid { get; set; } public itemType status { get; set; } public class Waypoint { public float posX { get; set; } public float posY { get; set; } public float posZ { get; set; } } public List<Waypoint> waypoint = new List<Waypoint>(); public class Location { public int zone { get; set; } public int subid { get; set; } public int heading { get; set; } public float posX { get; set; } public float posY { get; set; } public float posZ { get; set; } } public List<Location> position = new List<Location>(); } So here is an example of how I would add a new waypoint to a GUID that exists in the list bool itemExists = myList.Exists(item => item.guid == guid && item.itemid == itemid); if (itemExists) { int lastDistance = 3; ItemList.Waypoint nextWaypoint; ItemList myItem = myList.Find(item => item.guid == guid && item.itemid == itemid); if (myItem.waypoint.Count == 0) { nextWaypoint = new ItemList.Waypoint(); nextWaypoint.posX = PosX; nextWaypoint.posY = PosY; nextWaypoint.posZ = PosZ; } else { ItemList.Waypoint lastWaypoint = myItem.waypoint[myItem.waypoint.Count - 1]; if (lastWaypoint != null) { lastDistance = getDistance(x, y, z, lastWaypoint.posX, lastWaypoint.posY, lastWaypoint.posZ); } if (lastDistance > 2) { nextWaypoint = new ItemList.Waypoint(); nextWaypoint.posX = PosX; nextWaypoint.posY = PosY; nextWaypoint.posZ = PosZ; } } myItem.waypoint.Add(nextWaypoint); } Then to register a new item I would take advantage of the itemExist above so I won't register the same GUID again: ItemList newItem = new ItemList(); newItem.guid = guid; newItem.itemid = itemid; newItem.name = name; newItem.status = status; newItem.titleid = titleid; // Item location ItemList.Location itemLocation = new ItemList.Location(); itemLocation.subid = 0; itemLocation.zone= zone; itemLocation.heading = convertHeading(Heading); itemLocation.posX = PosX; itemLocation.posY = PosY; itemLocation.posZ = PosZ; newItem.position.Add(itemLocation); myList.Add(newItem); Could you help me with advices on how my class structure and lists should look like ? Are there better ways to interate with the lists to get lastWaypoint of a GUID or verify wether an item exist or not ? What else would you advise me in general ? PS: If you have any questions or if there is something I missed to post please let me know and I will update it.

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  • Change object on client side or on server side

    - by Polina Feterman
    I'm not sure what is the best practice. I have some big and complex objects (NOT flat). In that object I have many related objects - for example Invoice is the main class and one of it's properties is invoiceSupervisor - a big class by it's own called User. User can also be not flat and have department property - also an object called Department. For example I want create new Invoice. First way: I can present to client several fields to fill in. Some of them will be combos that I will need to fill with available values. For example available invoiceSupervisors. Then all the chosen values I can send to server and on server I can create new Invoice and assign all chosen values to that new Invoice. Then I will need to assign new supervisor I will pull the chosen User by id that user picked up on server from combobox. I might do some verification on the User such as does the user applicable to be invoice supervisor. Then I will assign the User object to invoiceSupervisor. Then after filling all properties I will save the new invoice. Second way: In the beginning I can call to server to get a new Invoice. Then on client I can fill all chosen values , for example I can call to server to get new User object and then fill it's id from combobox and assign the User as invoiceSupervisor. After filling the Invoice object on client I can send it to server and then the server will save the new invoice. Before saving server can run some validations as well. So what is the best approach - to make the object on client and send it to server or to collect all values from client and to make a new object on server using those values ?

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  • Running a sharded DB from a single machine

    - by ming yeow
    This sounds kinda dumb, but I have a sharded DB that I no longer think I need to run on 2 machines, and would like to run on one single machine instead. Any ideas on how that can potentially be done? There are lots of resources on how i can achieve the converse, but very little on how this can be done

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  • Using Multiple Databases

    - by sergiuoala
    A company is hired by another company for helping in a certain field. So I created the following tables: Companies: id, company name, company address Administrators: (in relation with companies) id, company_id, username, email, password, fullname Then, each company has some workers in it, I store data about workers. Hence, workers has a profession, Agreement Type signed and some other common things. Now, the parent tables and data in it for workers (Agreement Types, Professions, Other Common Things) are going to be the same for each company. Should I create 1 new database for each company? Or store All data into the same database? Thanks.

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