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  • Nullable Integer ? (working with linq)

    - by nCdy
    I've got exception about convert NULL to Int32. I've got a table from database with nullable tinyint [Column(Storage="_StatType", DbType="tinyint NULL")] public StatType : int { get { _StatType; } } (to get C# code just replace variable's type) and after making linq select def StartLinq = linq <#from lpi in _CfgListParIzm where lpi.ID_ListParIzm==drr1 select (lpi.StatType) #> ; StartLinq.ToArray()[0] can't be readed if that is null :-/ mutable STT : int = 0; try { _=int.TryParse(StartLinq.ToArray()[0].ToString(), out STT); } catch { | _ is Exception => () /* I don't care*/ } upper code is very poor trick :( I wont use it.

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  • mysql way to make a lock in a php page

    - by Cris
    Hello, i have the following mysql table: myTable: id int auto_increment voucher int not null id_user int null I've populated voucher field with values from 1 to 100000 so i've got 100000 records; when a user clicks a button in a PHP page, i need to allocate a record for the user so i make something similar like: update myTable set id_user=XXX where voucher=(SELECT * FROM (SELECT MIN(voucher) FROM myTable WHERE id_user is null) v); The problem is that I don't use locks and i should use them because if two users click in the same moment i risk to assign the same voucher to different persons (2 updates in the same record so i lose 1 user) ... I think there must be a correct way to do this, can you help me please? Thanks ! cris

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  • how iterate over class members java (app-engine)

    - by Alexandre H. Tremblay
    Hello, I am using the java version of the google app engine. I would like to create a function that can receive as parameters many types of objects. I would like to print out the members of the object. Each objects may be different and the function must work for all objects. Do I have to use reflection - if so, what kind of code do I need to write? public class dataOrganization { private String name; private String contact; private PostalAddress address; public dataOrganization(){} } public int getObject(Object obj){ // This function prints out the name of every // member of the object, the type and the value // In this example, it would print out "name - String - null", // "contact - String - null" and "address - PostalAddress - null" } How would I write the function getObject?

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  • Why index_merge is not used here?

    - by user198729
    Setup: mysql> create table t(a integer unsigned,b integer unsigned); mysql> insert into t(a,b) values (1,2),(1,3),(2,4); mysql> create index i_t_a on t(a); mysql> create index i_t_b on t(b); mysql> explain select * from t where a=1 or b=4; +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t | ALL | i_t_a,i_t_b | NULL | NULL | NULL | 3 | Using where | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+ Is there something I'm missing?

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  • Representing Sparse Data in PostgreSQL

    - by Chris S
    What's the best way to represent a sparse data matrix in PostgreSQL? The two obvious methods I see are: Store data in a single a table with a separate column for every conceivable feature (potentially millions), but with a default value of NULL for unused features. This is conceptually very simple, but I know that with most RDMS implementations, that this is typically very inefficient, since the NULL values ususually takes up some space. However, I read an article (can't find its link unfortunately) that claimed PG doesn't take up data for NULL values, making it better suited for storing sparse data. Create separate "row" and "column" tables, as well as an intermediate table to link them and store the value for the column at that row. I believe this is the more traditional RDMS solution, but there's more complexity and overhead associated with it. I also found PostgreDynamic, which claims to better support sparse data, but I don't want to switch my entire database server to a PG fork just for this feature. Are there any other solutions? Which one should I use?

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  • Nothing = String.Empty (Why are these equal?)

    - by Ek0nomik
    I find it very puzzling that null equals String.Empty in VB.NET. There must be an explanation for it that I'm not understanding. Somehow, when the equality of String.Empty (which has an object type of string) is tested against Nothing (which has no type) the test returns true. It just seems like a turn around in logic to me. In SQL if I were to compare an empty char or varchar against a null value, the test wouldn't return true. A null value is not the same as an empty string in this case. Yet in VB.NET they are equal. I'd love it if someone could provide a good explanation around this.

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  • Uncompressing zlib data using boost::iostreams::filtering_streambuf trouble

    - by GuitaringEgg
    I'm trying to write a small class that will load the chunk data from part of a minecraft world file. I'm to the point where I have stored some data in a char array which was compressed with zlib and need to decompress it. I'm trying to use the boost filtering_streambuf to do this. char * rawChunk = new char[length - 1]; // Load chunk data stringstream ssRawChunk(rawChunk); boost::iostreams::filtering_istream in; in.push(boost::iostreams::zlib_decompressor()); in.push(ssRawChunk); stringstream ssOut; boost::iostreams::copy(in, ssOut); My problem is that rawChunk contains null data, so when coping data from (char*) rawChunk to (stringstream) ssRawChunk, it terminates at ~257 instead of the expected length 2154. Is there any way to use filtering_streambuf without stringstream to allow for null data or is there a way to stop stringstream to not terminate on null data?

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  • Jackson - suppressing serialization(write) of properties dynamically

    - by kapil.israni
    I am trying to convert java object to JSON object in Tomcat/jersey using Jackson. And want to suppress serialization(write) of certain properties dynamically. I can use JsonIgnore, but I want to make the ignore decision at runtime. Any ideas?? So as an example below, I want to suppress "id" field when i serialize the User object to JSON.. new ObjectMapper.writeValueAsString(user); class User { private String id = null; private String firstName = null; private String lastName = null; //getters //setters }//end class

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  • Apple MBP 7,1 Color profile xcalib

    - by cloudlight
    I have installed Kubuntu 64bit on my MBP 7,1. After installation I was going through following documentation (screen) https://help.ubuntu.com/community/MacBookPro7-1/Maverick#Screen I am confused about line /usr/bin/xcalib "/etc/xcalib/<insert name of profile here>" which profile to put at that place? I am getting following output on command prompt bharat@bharat-MacBookPro:~$ ls /etc/xcalib Color LCD-00000610-0000-9CC5-0000-000004273140.icc EPSON PJ -00004CA3-0000-A600-0000-000028E98001.icc SyncMaster-00004C2D-0000-0117-4C45-31370B4074F5.icc

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  • How to fix splash screen in Ubuntu 13.10!

    - by Nolt
    This is soultion how to fix no splash screen in Ubuntu after nvidia proprietary driver installation. Open your terminal and type sudo apt-get install v86d Then sudo gedit /etc/default/grub Find this line #GRUB_GFXMODE=640x480 and chagne for this one (of course choose your resolution) GRUB_GFXMODE=1440x900x24 GRUB_GFXPAYLOAD_LINUX=keep Save file and type in terminal echo FRAMEBUFFER=y | sudo tee /etc/initramfs-tools/conf.d/splash sudo update-initramfs -u sudo update-grub2 It's worked for me in all Ubuntu versions. Give it a try :)

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  • tunnel effect cocos2d

    - by samfisher
    I am looking to create a similar tunnel effect in COCOS2D (iOS). Could anyone suggest any pointers? ref Video 1 ref Video 2 Till now I have tried with several ring shape sprites with decreasing scale and positioned center to a same point and keeping Z decreasing as well for each smaller sprite. With that, animating it with CCScaleTo and changing the size to 2.0 with animation duration but it does not come anyway near to the tunnel effect shown in the reference. Thanks, sam

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  • [MYSQL] Select users who own both a dog and a cat

    - by matte
    Hi, I have this sample table: CREATE TABLE `dummy` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `userId` int(11) NOT NULL, `pet` varchar(50) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`) ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 AUTO_INCREMENT=7 ; INSERT INTO `dummy` (`id`, `userId`, `pet`) VALUES(1, 1, 'dog'); INSERT INTO `dummy` (`id`, `userId`, `pet`) VALUES(2, 1, 'cat'); INSERT INTO `dummy` (`id`, `userId`, `pet`) VALUES(3, 2, 'dog'); INSERT INTO `dummy` (`id`, `userId`, `pet`) VALUES(4, 2, 'cat'); INSERT INTO `dummy` (`id`, `userId`, `pet`) VALUES(5, 3, 'cat'); INSERT INTO `dummy` (`id`, `userId`, `pet`) VALUES(6, 4, 'dog'); How can I write the statements below in mysql: Retrieve all users who own both a dog and a cat Retrieve all users who own a dog or a cat Retrieve all users who own only a cat Retrieve all users who doesn't own a cat Thanks!

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  • Detect WebKit Version 525 and Below With RegEx

    - by Jay
    I'm no good at Regular Expressions, really! I would like to specifically detect WebKit browsers below version 525. I have a regular expression [/WebKit\/[\d.]+/.exec(navigator.appVersion)] that correctly returns WebKit/5….…, really, I'd like it to return only the version number, but if the browser isn't WebKit, return null, or better still 0. For example, if the browser was Trident, Presto or Gecko, return null, whereas if the browser is WebKit, return it's version number. To clarify, I would like the regular expression to check if navigator.appVersion contains WebKit and if it does not, return null, if it does, return the version number. I appreciate all your help! Please let's keep this focused, let's not flirt with jQuery or the sort, it's overkill in this scenario.

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  • Do any languages other than haskell/agda have a hindley-milner type system and type classes?

    - by Jimmy Hoffa
    In pondering what gives Haskell such a layer of mental pain in becoming proficient the main thing I can think of are the Monads, Applicatives, Functors, and gaining an intuition to know how a list or maybe will behave in regards to sequence or alternate or bind etc. But why haven't other languages presented these same concepts given the usefulness of monads/applicatives/etc? It occurs to me, type classes are the key, so the question is: Have any languages other than Haskell/Agda actually implemented type classes in the same or similar way?

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  • Severe issues with document.GetElementById

    - by BadDayComing
    I've been using document.GetElementById succesfully but from some time on I can't make it work again. Old pages in which I used it still work but things as simple as this: <html> <head> <title>no title</title> <script type="text/javascript"> document.getElementById("ThisWillBeNull").innerHTML = "Why is this null?"; </script> </head> <body> <div id="ThisWillBeNull"></div> </body> </html> Are giving me "document.getElementById("parsedOutput") is null" all the time now. It doesnt matter if I use Firefox or Chrome or which extensions i have enabled or what headers I use for the html, it's always null and I can't find what could be wrong. Thanks for your input =)

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  • random numbers in C

    - by Sergey
    for(i = 0; i < n; i++){ srand(time(NULL)); printf("%d ", time(NULL)); for(j = 0; j < (n-1); j++){ a[i,j] = rand(); } } I try to generate random numbers, but they are the same... I try srand(i * time(NULL)). No matter.. What should i do?

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  • How to apply disk quota in ubuntu server on a VPS?

    - by Pedram
    I have a VPS with ubuntu server 10.04 installed on it.Now I want to have some shell users with limited home folder size. It seems quota is the best way to do this, but all tutorials require editing /etc/fstab and add usrquota or grpquota to /home partition options. As my /etc/fstab looks like this: proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 none /dev/pts devpts rw 0 0 how can I apply quota?

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  • How was programming done 20 years ago?

    - by Click Upvote
    Nowadays we have a lot of programming aids that make it easier to work, including: IDEs Debuggers (line by line, breakpoints, etc) Ant scripts, etc for compiling Sites like Stackoverflow to help if you're too stuck on a bug. 20 years ago none of these things were around, which tools did people use to program and how did they make do without these tools? I'm interested in learning more about how programming was done back then.

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  • How to get query result even if JOIN hasn't found any results?

    - by user1734651
    I want select data for user, and join another info from other table that related to the user. The problem is that this extra data not always exist for any user, just for few. How can I write a query that will return NULL for not found data, instead just return null for the whole query? SELECT a.*, b.* FROM user AS a LEFT JOIN extra AS b ON (a.userid = b.userid) WHERE a.userid = {$userid} LIMIT 1 When extra data found for the user, I get the resource as expected. If not, I get NULL for the whole query. Bottom line, I don't care if "extra" exist for the user or not, if yes - select it as well, if not - ignore that.

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  • i have problem with include file

    - by user309381
    //this is intializer.php defined('DS')? null :define('DS',DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR); defined('SITE_ROOT')? null : define('SITE_ROOT',DS.'C:',DS.'wamp',DS.'www',DS.'photo_gallery'); defined('LIB_PATH')?null:define('LIB_PATH',SITE_ROOT.DS.'includes'); require_once(LIB_PATH.DS.'datainfo.php'); require_once(LIB_PATH.DS.'function.php'); require_once(LIB_PATH.DS.'session.php'); require_once(LIB_PATH.DS.'database.php'); require_once(LIB_PATH.DS.'user.php'); //this is other file where i call php file // ERROR Use of undefined constant LIB_PATH - assumed 'LIB_PATH' in //C:\wamp\www\photo_gallery\includes\database.php on //Notice: Use of undefined constant DS - assumed 'DS' in //C:\wamp\www\photo_gallery\includes\database.php on include(LIB_PATH.DS."database.php") ?

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  • Data Structures for Logic Games / Deduction Rules / Sufficient Set of Clues?

    - by taserian
    I've been cogitating about developing a logic game similar to Einstein's Puzzle , which would have different sets of clues for every new game replay. What data structures would you use to handle the different entities (pets, colors of houses, nationalities, etc.), deduction rules, etc. to guarantee that the clues you provide point to a unique solution? I'm having a hard time thinking about how to get the deduction rules to play along with the possible clues; any insight would be appreciated.

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  • Not attending the LUGM mini-meetup - 05. Oct 2013

    Not attending a meeting of the LUGM can be fun, too. It's getting a bit of a habit that Ish is organising small gatherings, aka mini-meetups, of the Linux User Group Mauritius/Meta (LUGM) almost every Saturday. There they mainly discuss and talk about various elements of using Linux as ones main operating systems and the possibilities you are going to have. On top of course, some tips & tricks about mastering the command line and initial steps in scripting or even writing HTML. In general, sounds like a good portion of fun and great spirit of community. Unfortunately, I'm usually quite busy with private and family matters during the weekend and so I already signalised that I wouldn't be around. Well, at least not physically... But this Saturday a couple of things worked out faster than expected and so I was hanging out on my machine. I made virtual contact with one of Pawan's messages over on Facebook... And somehow that kicked off some kind of an online game fun on basic configuration of Apache HTTPd 2.2.x, PHP 5.x and how to improve the overall performance of a newly installed blog based on WordPress. Default configuration files Nitin's website finally came alive and despite the dark theme and the hidden Apple 'fanboy' advertisement I was more interested in the technical situation. As with any new installation there is usually quite some adjustment to be done. And Nitin's page was no exception. Unfortunately, out of the box installations of Apache httpd and PHP are too verbose and expose too much information under the hood. You might think that this isn't really a problem at all, well, think about it again after completely reading this article. First, I checked the HTTP response headers - using either Chrome Developer Tools or Firefox Web Developer extension - of Nitin's page and based on that I advised him to lower the noise levels a little bit. It's not really necessary that detailed information about web server software and scripting language has to be published in every response made. Quite a number of script kiddies and exploits actually check for version specifics prior to an attack. So, removing at least version details hardens the system a little bit. In particular, I'm talking about these response values: Server X-Powered-By How to achieve that? By tweaking the configuration files... Namely, we are going to look into the following ones: apache2.conf httpd.conf .htaccess php.ini The above list contains some additional files, I'm talking about in the next paragraphs. Anyway, those are the ones involved. Tweaking Apache Open your favourite text editor and start to modify the apache2.conf. Eventually, you might like to have a quick peak at the file to see whether it is necessary to adjust it or not. Following is a handy combination of commands to get an overview of your active directives: # sudo grep -v '#' /etc/apache2/apache2.conf | grep -v '^$' | less There you keep an eye on those two Apache directives: ServerSignature Off ServerTokens Prod If that's not the case, change them as highlighted above. In order to activate your modifications you have to restart Apache httpd server. On Debian and Ubuntu you might use apache2ctl for that, on other distributions you might have to use service or run the init-scripts again: # sudo apache2ctl configtestSyntax OK# sudo apache2ctl restart Refresh your website and check the HTTP response header. Tweaking PHP5 (a little bit) Next, check your php.ini file with the following statement: # sudo grep -v ';' /etc/php5/apache2/php.ini | grep -v '^$' | less And check the value of expose_php = Off Again, if it's not as highlighted, change it... Some more Apache love Okay, back to Apache it might also be interesting to improve the situation about browser caching and removing more obsolete information. When you run your website against the usual performance checks like Google Page Speed and Yahoo YSlow you might see those check points with bad grades on a standard, default configuration. Well, this can be done easily. Configure entity tags (ETags) ETags are only interesting when you run your websites on a farm of multiple web servers. Removing this data for your static resources is very simple in Apache. As we are going to deal with the HTTP response header information you have to ensure that Apache is capable to manipulate them. First, check your enabled modules: # sudo ls -al /etc/apache2/mods-enabled/ | grep headers And in case that the 'headers' module is not listed, you have to enable it from the available ones: # sudo a2enmod headers Second, check your httpd.conf file (in case it exists): # sudo grep -v '#' /etc/apache2/httpd.conf | grep -v '^$' | less In newer (better said fresh) installations you might have to create a new configuration file below your conf.d folder with your favourite text editor like so: # sudo nano /etc/apache2/conf.d/headers.conf Then, in order to tweak your HTTP responses either check for those lines or add them: Header unset ETagFileETag None In case that your file doesn't exist or those lines are missing, feel free to create/add them. Afterwards, check your Apache configuration syntax and restart your running instances as already shown above: # sudo apache2ctl configtestSyntax OK# sudo apache2ctl restart Add Expires headers To improve the loading performance of your website, you should take some care into the proper configuration of how to leverage the browser's ability to cache certain resources and files. This is done by adding an Expires: value to the HTTP response header. Generally speaking it is advised that you specify a near-future, read: 1 week or a little bit more, for your static content like JavaScript files or Cascading Style Sheets. One solution to adjust this is to put some instructions into the .htaccess file in the root folder of your web site. Of course, this could also be placed into a more generic location of your Apache installation but honestly, I'd like to keep this at the web site level. Following some adjustments I'm currently using on this blog site: # Turn on Expires and set default to 0ExpiresActive OnExpiresDefault A0 # Set up caching on media files for 1 year (forever?)<FilesMatch "\.(flv|ico|pdf|avi|mov|ppt|doc|mp3|wmv|wav)$">ExpiresDefault A29030400Header append Cache-Control "public"</FilesMatch> # Set up caching on media files for 1 week<FilesMatch "\.(js|css)$">ExpiresDefault A604800Header append Cache-Control "public"</FilesMatch> # Set up caching on media files for 31 days<FilesMatch "\.(gif|jpg|jpeg|png|swf)$">ExpiresDefault A2678400Header append Cache-Control "public"</FilesMatch> As we are editing the .htaccess files, it is not necessary to restart Apache. In case that your web site doesn't load anymore or you're experiencing an error while trying to restart your httpd, check that the 'expires' module is actually an enabled module: # ls -al /etc/apache2/mods-enabled/ | grep expires# sudo a2enmod expires Of course, the instructions above a re not feature complete but I hope that they might provide a better default configuration for your LAMP stack. Resume of the day Within a couple of hours, and while being occupied with an eLearning course on SQL Server 2012, I had some good fun in helping and assisting other LUGM members while they were some kilometers away at Bagatelle. According to other blog articles it seems that Nitin had quite some moments of desperation. Just for the records: At no time it was my intention to either kick his butt or pull a leg on him. Simply, providing some input based on the lessons I've learned over the last couple of years configuring Apache HTTPd and PHP. Check out the other blogs, too: LUGM mini-meetup... Epic! Superb Saturday Linux Meetup And last but not least, the man himself: The end of a new beginning Cheers, and happy community'ing! Updates Due to our weekly Code & Coffee sessions in the MSCC community, I had a chance to talk to Nitin directly and he showed me the problems directly on his machine. This led to update this article hence the paragraphs on enabling the modules 'headers' and 'expires'.

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  • Thread scheduling C

    - by MRP
    include <pthread.h> include <stdio.h> include <stdlib.h> #define NUM_THREADS 4 #define TCOUNT 5 #define COUNT_LIMIT 13 int done = 0; int count = 0; int thread_ids[4] = {0,1,2,3}; int thread_runtime[4] = {0,5,4,1}; pthread_mutex_t count_mutex; pthread_cond_t count_threshold_cv; void *inc_count(void *t) { int i; long my_id = (long)t; long run_time = thread_runtime[my_id]; if (my_id==2 && done ==0) { for(i=0; i< 5 ; i++) { if( i==4 ){done =1;} pthread_mutex_lock(&count_mutex); count++; if (count == COUNT_LIMIT) { pthread_cond_signal(&count_threshold_cv); printf("inc_count(): thread %ld, count = %d Threshold reached.\n", my_id, count); } printf("inc_count(): thread %ld, count = %d, unlocking mutex\n", my_id, count); pthread_mutex_unlock(&count_mutex); } } if (my_id==3 && done==1) { for(i=0; i< 4 ; i++) { if(i == 3 ){ done = 2;} pthread_mutex_lock(&count_mutex); count++; if (count == COUNT_LIMIT) { pthread_cond_signal(&count_threshold_cv); printf("inc_count(): thread %ld, count = %d Threshold reached.\n", my_id, count); } printf("inc_count(): thread %ld, count = %d, unlocking mutex\n", my_id, count); pthread_mutex_unlock(&count_mutex); } } if (my_id==4&& done == 2) { for(i=0; i< 8 ; i++) { pthread_mutex_lock(&count_mutex); count++; if (count == COUNT_LIMIT) { pthread_cond_signal(&count_threshold_cv); printf("inc_count(): thread %ld, count = %d Threshold reached.\n",my_id, count); } printf("inc_count(): thread %ld, count = %d, unlocking mutex\n", my_id, count); pthread_mutex_unlock(&count_mutex); } } pthread_exit(NULL); } void *watch_count(void *t) { long my_id = (long)t; printf("Starting watch_count(): thread %ld\n", my_id); pthread_mutex_lock(&count_mutex); if (count<COUNT_LIMIT) { pthread_cond_wait(&count_threshold_cv, &count_mutex); printf("watch_count(): thread %ld Condition signal received.\n", my_id); count += 125; printf("watch_count(): thread %ld count now = %d.\n", my_id, count); } pthread_mutex_unlock(&count_mutex); pthread_exit(NULL); } int main (int argc, char *argv[]) { int i, rc; long t1=1, t2=2, t3=3, t4=4; pthread_t threads[4]; pthread_attr_t attr; pthread_mutex_init(&count_mutex, NULL); pthread_cond_init (&count_threshold_cv, NULL); pthread_attr_init(&attr); pthread_attr_setdetachstate(&attr,PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE); pthread_create(&threads[0], &attr, watch_count, (void *)t1); pthread_create(&threads[1], &attr, inc_count, (void *)t2); pthread_create(&threads[2], &attr, inc_count, (void *)t3); pthread_create(&threads[3], &attr, inc_count, (void *)t4); for (i=0; i<NUM_THREADS; i++) { pthread_join(threads[i], NULL); } printf ("Main(): Waited on %d threads. Done.\n", NUM_THREADS); pthread_attr_destroy(&attr); pthread_mutex_destroy(&count_mutex); pthread_cond_destroy(&count_threshold_cv); pthread_exit(NULL); } so this code creates 4 threads. thread 1 keeps track of the count value while the other 3 increment the count value. the run time is the number of times the thread will increment the count value. I have a done value that allows the first thread to increment the count value first until its run time is up.. so its like a First Come First Serve. my question is, is there a better way of implementing this? I have read about SCHED_FIFO or SCHED_RR.. I guess I dont know how to implement them into this code or if it can be.

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  • What is best way to remove ProgressDialog

    - by Sunil Kumar Sahoo
    I have created a progress dialog by ProgressDialog progressDialog = null; // create instance variable of ProgressDialog int dialogID = 1; //to create progress dialog protected Dialog onCreateDialog(int id) { progressDialog = new ProgressDialog(context); progressDialog.setMessage(message); progressDialog.setIcon(android.R.id.icon); return progressDialog; } // to show progressdialog showDialog(dialogID); To remove the dialog I am able to use any of the following three approaches approach-1 if(progressDialog != null){ progressDialog.dismiss(); } approach-2 if(progressDialog != null){ progressDialog.cancel(); } approach-3 removeDialog(dialogID); I found second approach is more effective than first approach. and if I have to use with more than one progressdialog it is easier to use approach-3. But what is the best way to destroy a progressdialog and How?

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  • Engine Rendering pipeline : Making shaders generic

    - by fakhir
    I am trying to make a 2D game engine using OpenGL ES 2.0 (iOS for now). I've written Application layer in Objective C and a separate self contained RendererGLES20 in C++. No GL specific call is made outside the renderer. It is working perfectly. But I have some design issues when using shaders. Each shader has its own unique attributes and uniforms that need to be set just before the main draw call (glDrawArrays in this case). For instance, in order to draw some geometry I would do: void RendererGLES20::render(Model * model) { // Set a bunch of uniforms glUniformMatrix4fv(.......); // Enable specific attributes, can be many glEnableVertexAttribArray(......); // Set a bunch of vertex attribute pointers: glVertexAttribPointer(positionSlot, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, stride, m->pCoords); // Now actually Draw the geometry glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, m->vertexCount); // After drawing, disable any vertex attributes: glDisableVertexAttribArray(.......); } As you can see this code is extremely rigid. If I were to use another shader, say ripple effect, i would be needing to pass extra uniforms, vertex attribs etc. In other words I would have to change the RendererGLES20 render source code just to incorporate the new shader. Is there any way to make the shader object totally generic? Like What if I just want to change the shader object and not worry about game source re-compiling? Any way to make the renderer agnostic of uniforms and attributes etc?. Even though we need to pass data to uniforms, what is the best place to do that? Model class? Is the model class aware of shader specific uniforms and attributes? Following shows Actor class: class Actor : public ISceneNode { ModelController * model; AIController * AI; }; Model controller class: class ModelController { class IShader * shader; int textureId; vec4 tint; float alpha; struct Vertex * vertexArray; }; Shader class just contains the shader object, compiling and linking sub-routines etc. In Game Logic class I am actually rendering the object: void GameLogic::update(float dt) { IRenderer * renderer = g_application->GetRenderer(); Actor * a = GetActor(id); renderer->render(a->model); } Please note that even though Actor extends ISceneNode, I haven't started implementing SceneGraph yet. I will do that as soon as I resolve this issue. Any ideas how to improve this? Related design patterns etc? Thank you for reading the question.

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