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• Can any postfix guru assist me determine how emails are still being sent via my server from unauthorized sources?

  - by Dave

  Hi all, I'm getting a little concerned as I run a small server hosting a number of websites and manage the email for a few dozen people. Just recently though I've had a couple of notifications from spamcop alerting me that spam has been sent from my server, and when I have a look over the logs from time to time I can indeed see that there are many repeated attempts of mail being sent from my server. Most of the time it gets knocked back from the destination servers but sometimes its getting through. Unfortunately I'm not linux or postfix expert, I can get by but had though I had my machine locked down quite securely, I don't allow relaying, when I check the online DNS/MX tools they tend to report my server as being OK so I'm not sure where to take it now and hoping someone might be able to throw me a few pointers. I get lots of entries like this in my MAIL.INFO log Jan 2 08:39:34 Debian-50-lenny-64-LAMP postfix/qmgr[15993]: 66B88257C12F: from=<>, size=3116, nrcpt=1 (queue active) Jan 2 08:39:34 Debian-50-lenny-64-LAMP postfix/qmgr[15993]: 614C2257C1BC: from=<[email protected]>, size=2490, nrcpt=3 (queue active) and Jan 7 16:09:37 Debian-50-lenny-64-LAMP postfix/error[6471]: 0A316257C204: to=<[email protected]>, relay=none, delay=384387, delays=384384/3/0/0.01, dsn=4.0.0, status=deferred (delivery temporarily suspended: host mx.fakemx.net[46.4.35.23] refused to talk to me: 421 mx.fakemx.net Service Unavailable) Jan 7 16:09:37 Debian-50-lenny-64-LAMP postfix/error[6470]: 5848C257C20D: to=<[email protected]>, relay=none, delay=384373, delays=384370/3/0/0.01, dsn=4.0.0, status=deferred (delivery temporarily suspended: host mx.fakemx.net[46.4.35.23] refused to talk to me: 421 mx.fakemx.net Service Unavailable) then there tends to be connection timeouts, so from what I see even though I had relaying disabled.. something is getting by and trying to send.. So if you can help that will be greatly appreciated, and any further logging/config info I can supply. Thanks

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• How do I ensure a process is running, even if it kills itself? (it needs to be restarted then)

  - by le_me

  I'm using linux. I want a process (an irc bot) to run every time I start the computer. But I've got a problem: The network is bad and it disconnects often, so I need to manually restart the bot a few times a day. How do I automate that? Additional information: The bot creates a pid file, called bot.pid The bot reconnects itself, but only a few times. The network is too bad, so the bot kills itself sometimes because it gets no response. What I do currently (aka my approach ;) ) I have a cron job executing startbot.rb every 5 minutes. (The script itself is in the same directory as the bot) The script: #!/usr/bin/ruby require 'fileutils' if File.exists?(File.expand_path('tmp/bot.pid')) @pid = File.read(File.expand_path('tmp/bot.pid')).chomp!.to_i begin raise "ouch" if Process.kill(0, @pid) != 1 rescue puts "Removing abandoned pid file" FileUtils.rm(File.expand_path('tmp/bot.pid')) puts "Starting the bot!" Kernel.exec(File.expand_path('./bot.rb')) else puts "Bot up and running!" end else puts "Starting the bot!" Kernel.exec(File.expand_path('./bot.rb')) end What this does: It checks if the pid file exists, if that's true it checks if kill -s 0 BOT_PID == 1 (if the bot's running) and starts the bot if one of the two checks fail/are not true. My approach seems to be quite dirty so how do I do it better?

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• Clarification on signals (sighup), jobs, and the controlling terminal

  - by asolberg

  So I've read two different perspectives and I'm trying to figure out which one is right. 1) Some sources online say that signals sent from the controlling terminal are ONLY sent to the foreground process group. That means if want a process to continue running in the background when you logout it is sufficient to simply suspend the job (ctrl-Z) and resume it in the background (bg). Then you can log out and it will continue to run because SIGHUP is only sent to the foreground job. See: http://blog.nelhage.com/2010/01/a-brief-introduction-to-termios-signaling-and-job-control/ ...In addition, if any signal-generating character is read by a terminal, it generates the appropriate signal to the foreground process group.... 2) Other sources claim you need to use the "nohup" command at the time the program is executed, or failing that, issue a "disown" command during execution to remove it from the jobs table that listens for SIGHUP. They say if you don't do this when you logout your process will also exit even if its running in a background process group. For example: http://docstore.mik.ua/orelly/unix3/upt/ch23_11.htm ...If I log out anyway, the shell sends my background job a HUP signal... In my own experiments with Ubuntu linux it seems like 1) is correct. I executed a command: "sleep 20 &" then logged out, logged back in and pressed did a "ps aux". Sure enough the sleep command was still running. So then why is it that so many people seem to believe number 2? And if all you have to do is place a job in the background to keep it running why do so many people use "nohup" and "disown?"

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• "Network Error - 53" while trying to mount NFS share in Windows Server 2008 client

  - by Mike B

  CentOS | Windows 2008 I've got a CentOS 5.5 server running nfsd. On the Windows side, I'm running Windows Server 2008 R2 Enterprise. I have the "Files Services" server role enabled and both Client for NFS and Server for NFS are on. I'm able to successfully connect/mount to the CentOS NFS share from other linux systems but am experiencing errors connecting to it from Windows. When I try to connect, I get the following: C:\Users\fooadmin>mount -o anon 10.10.10.10:/share/ z: Network Error - 53 Type 'NET HELPMSG 53' for more information. (IP and share name have been changed to protect the innocent :-) ) Additional information: I've verified low-level network connectivity between the Windows client and the NFS server with telnet (to the NFS on TCP/2049) so I know the port is open. I've further confirmed that inbound and outbound firewall ports are present and enabled. I came across a Microsoft tech note that suggested changing the "Provider Order" so "NFS Network" is above other items like Microsoft Windows Network. I changed this and restarted the NFS client - no luck. I've confirmed that the share folder on the NFS server is readable/writable by all (777) I've tried other variations of the mount command like: mount 10.10.10.10:/share/ z: and mount 10.10.10.10:/share z: and mount -o anon mtype=hard \\10.10.10.10:/share * No luck. As per the command output, I tried typing NET HELPMSG 53 but that doesn't tell me much. Just "The network path was not found". I'm lost on how to proceed with troubleshooting. Any ideas?

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• Bridging my laptop's wireless and wired adaptors

  - by stacey.richards

  I would like to be able to connect a desktop computer that does not have a wireless adapter to my wireless network. I could just run a network cable from my ADSL/wireless router to the desktop computer but sometimes this is not practical. What I would really like to do is bridge my laptop's wireless and wired adapters in such a way that I can run a network cable from my laptop to a switch and another network cable from the switch to a desktop computer so that the desktop computer can access the Internet through my ADSL/wireless router via my latop: +--------------------+ |ADSL/wireless router| +--------------------+ | +-------------------------+ |laptop's wireless adaptor| | | |laptop's wired adaptor | +-------------------------+ | +------+ |switch| +------+ | +-----------------------+ |desktop's wired adapter| +-----------------------+ A bit of Googling suggests that I can do this by bridging my laptop's wireless and wired adapters. In Windows XP's Network Connections I select both the Local Area Connection and the Wireless Network Connection, right click and select Bridge Connections. From what I gather, this (layer 2?) bridge will examine the MAC address of traffic coming from the wireless network and pass it through to the wired network if it suspects that a network adapter with that MAC address may be on the wired side, and vice-versa. If this is the case, I would assume that when the desktop computer attempts to get an IP address from a DHCP server (which is running on the ADSL/wireless router), it would send a DHCP broadcast packet which would pass through the laptop's bridge to the router and the reply would return through the laptop's bridge back to the desktop. This doesn't happen. With some more Googling I find some instruction how this can be done with Linux. I reboot to Ubuntu 9.10 and type the following: sudo apt-get install bridge-utils sudo brctl addbr br0 sudo brctl addif br0 wlan0 sudo brctl addif br0 eth0 sudo ipconfig wlan0 0.0.0.0 sudo ipconfig eth0 0.0.0.0 Once again, the desktop cannot reach the ADSL/wireless router. I suspect that I'm missing some simple important step. Can anyone shed some light on this for me?

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• Linux on HP Envy

  - by Oscar Godson

  OK, the Ubuntu forums aren't helping and I thought maybe you guys here could help. First off, does anyone know the best flavor of Linux to use on an HP Envy? what has the best support out of the box? If not, does anyone know how the hell to get the following to work on Ubuntu 10.04: The touchpad to work at all? Right now, right clicking doesnt work at at all, and left clicks dont work while you have another finger on the pad at all. It jumps all over. ALSO, the multi-touch isn't clickable, but it's for sure a multi-touch touchpad. Works in W7 and can do things like a MBP in W7 The computer feels like it's on fire... i think im missing some driver. Seems odd that the random meta keys like calc, email, brightness, right click, etc work, but not the touchpad? The video card seems fine, but i haven't tested compiz fully yet... Thanks so much to anyone who helps. i want to get back to linux after a couple years on Mac. :)

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• Create a partition table on a hardware RAID1 drive with [c]fdisk

  - by Lev Levitsky

  My question is, is there a reason for this not to work? Details: I have two 500 Gb drives, and my motherboard RAID support, so I created a RAID1 array and booted from a Linux live medium. I then listed the disks and, apart from the obvious /dev/sda, /dev/sdb, etc. there was /dev/md126 which, I figured, was the mirrored "virtual" drive. Its size was 475 Gb; I had seen that the size of the array would be smaller than 500 Gb when I was creating it, so no surprise there. I did cfdisk /dev/md126, created the necessary partitions and chose write. It's been about half an hour now, I think. It doesn't seem like it's ever going to finish. The only thing about cfdisk in dmesg is that it's "blocked for more than 120 seconds". Doing fdisk -l /dev/md126 in another terminal I see all three partitions I created and a note that "Partition 1 does not start on a physical sector boundary". The table is lost after reboot, though. I tried to partition /dev/sda individually, and it worked, the table was written in about a second. The "not on a physical sector boundary" message is there, too. EDIT: I tried fdisk on /dev/sda, then there were no messages about sector boundaries. After a reboot, I am able to use mkfs on /dev/dm126p1, etc. fdisk shows that /dev/md126 has the same partitions as /dev/sda (but /dev/sdb doesn't have any). But at some point ("writing superblock and filesystem accounting information") mkfs is also blocked. Using it on sda1 results in a "partition is used by the system" error. What can be the problem? EDIT 2: I booted a freshly updated system from a pendrive and was able to create partition table and filesystems on /dev/md126 without any apparent problems. Was it an issue with the support of the hardware? My MB is Asus P9X79.

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• Cannot properly read files on the local server

  - by Andrew Bestic

  I'm running a RedHat 6.2 Amazon EC2 instance using stock Apache and IUS PHP53u+MySQL (+mbstring, +mysqli, +mcrypt), and phpMyAdmin from git. All configuration is near-vanilla, assuming the described installation procedure. I've been trying to import SQL files into the database using phpMyAdmin to read them from a directory on my server. phpMyAdmin lists the files fine in the drop down, but returns a "File could not be read" error when actually trying to import. Furthermore, when trying to execute file_get_contents(); on the file, it also returns a "failed to open stream: Permission denied" error. In fact, when my brother was attempting to import the SQL files using MySQL "SOURCE" as an authenticated MySQL user with ALL PRIVILEGES, he was getting an error reading the file. It seems that we are unable to read/import these files with ANY method other than root under SSH (although I can't say I've tried every possible method). I have never had this issue under regular CentOS (5, 6, 6.2) installations with the same LAMP stack configuration. Some things I've tried after searching Google and StackExchange: CHMOD 0777 both directory and files, CHOWN root, apache (only two users I can think of that PHP would use), Importing SQL files with total size under both upload_max_filesize and post_max_size, PHP open_basedir commented out, or = "/var/www" (my sites are using Apache VirtualHosts within that directory, and all the SQL files are deep within that directory), PHP safe mode is OFF (it was never ON) At the moment I have solved this issue with the smaller files by using the FILE UPLOAD method directly to phpMyAdmin, but this will not be suitable for uploading my 200+ MiB SQL files as I don't have a stable Internet connection. Any light you could shed on this situation would be greatly appreciated. I'm fair with Linux, and for the things that do stump me, Google usually has an answer. Not this time, though!

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• Provisioning DELL servers using only linux tools

  - by Krist van Besien

  We have taken delivery of a bunch off Dell Poweredge Rack servers. Unfortunately when ordering it was neglegted to ask for dhcp to be enabled in the built in iDRAC controlers... So they are all stuck on the same IP address. Which means that I'll have to go to each of them individually and configure a new IP in the console... In the future I want to avoid that. Now Dell proposes to deliver the next batch with auto discovery enabled. As I understand this means that when the machine wakes up for the first time the iDRAC will request a DHCP address. The DHCP server then supposedly also provides a "provisioning" server, that provides it with a username and password, and a configuration to be applied. This would allow us to for example configure things like RAID automatically. However, I can't seem to find a way to set up such a provisioning server that does not involve setting up a windows machine. I want to use Linux tools exclusively. Is there a way to do this? I want to just rack servers, switch them on, and then do everything remotely. And that using only linux tools?

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• Gnome-panel disappearance in Ubuntu 10.10

  - by jurchiks

  Just today, after about a week of somewhat normal running (I'm a total beginner in Linux and the level of amazingly stupid problems I encountered made me go nuts), today my panel disappeared (the one with Applications/System menus, you'd call it taskbar in Windows). Also, Alt+F2 doesn't work and Ctrl+Alt+Backspace has no effect (I'd think it's supposed to do something). I tried the solution posted here: Panel doesn't show at startup at Ubuntu 10.04 No luck, didn't change absolutely anything. I also couldn't find the .gconf and .gconfd folders using search, so couldn't try that option. There were ones that had same names but without the dot though, but there were several so I didn't risk. What could possibly be the reason for this? All I did yesterday was try to install some updates (another extremely dumb problem - doesn't allow to install even the official updates - "insecure sources" or smth like that, tried fixing it with some tutorials on the net but in the end it worked only for half a day and went back to refusal mode :@) and very few tools from the Ubuntu Software Center, but nothing that would change system settings just by installing it.

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• Scripting an 'empty' password in /etc/shadow

  - by paddy

  I've written a script to add CVS and SVN users on a Linux server (Slackware 14.0). This script creates the user if necessary, and either copies the user's SSH key from an existing shell account or generates a new SSH key. Just to be clear, the accounts are specifically for SVN or CVS. So the entry in /home/${username}/.ssh/authorized_keys begins with (using CVS as an example): command="/usr/bin/cvs server",no-port-forwarding,no-agent-forwarding,no-X11-forwarding,no-pty ssh-rsa ....etc...etc...etc... Actual shell access will never be allowed for these users - they are purely there to provide access to our source repositories via SSH. My problem is that when I add a new user, they get an empty password in /etc/shadow by default. It looks like: paddycvs:!:15679:0:99999:7::: If I leave the shadow file as is (with the !), SSH authentication fails. To enable SSH, I must first run passwd for the new user and enter something. I have two issues with doing that. First, it requires user input which I can't allow in this script. Second, it potentially allows the user to login at the physical terminal (if they have physical access, which they might, and know the secret password -- okay, so that's unlikely). The way I normally prevent users from logging in is to set their shell to /bin/false, but if I do that then SSH doesn't work either! Does anyone have a suggestion for scripting this? Should I simply use sed or something and replace the relevant line in the shadow file with a preset encrypted secret password string? Or is there a better way? Cheers =)

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• SSH into remote server using Public-private keys

  - by maria

  Hi, I have recently setup ssh on two linux machines (lets call them server-a, client-b). I have generated two ssh auth files on client-b machine using ssh key gen and can see both public and private files in .ssh dir. I have named them 'example' and 'example.pub'. Then I have added example.pub to sever-a's auth file. When I try to ssh into server-a it still requests a password authentication where as I want a password less login (private key on client-b is setup without password). When I try to ssh with '-v' .. get the following output: debug1: Next authentication method: publickey debug1: Trying private key: /Users/abc/.ssh/identity debug1: Offering public key: /Users/abc/.ssh/id_rsa debug2: we sent a publickey packet, wait for reply debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug1: Offering public key: /Users/abc/.ssh/id_dsa debug2: we sent a publickey packet, wait for reply debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey,keyboard-interactive debug2: we did not send a packet, disable method debug1: Next authentication method: keyboard-interactive debug2: userauth_kbdint debug2: we sent a keyboard-interactive packet, wait for reply debug2: input_userauth_info_req debug2: input_userauth_info_req: num_prompts 1 Password: Please help.

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• Keeping Xv Overlay configuration throughout an X session.

  - by kriss

  After upgrading my Linux system from Ubuntu 9.04 to Ubuntu 10.10, I suceeded correcting most problems (all related to Intel 82865G Integrated Graphics Adapter support and compiz is still not working but that's another matter) but for one I only have a partial solution. Whenever I play a video the colors are much too saturated. This is really a problem for tones of skins that appears reddish (everyone seems to be coming back from a ski vacation with deep sun burns). As this effect only occurs with videos, not with pictures, I finally figured out it was related to Video Overlays configuration and I can correct it typing: xvattr -a XV_SATURATION -v 120 This change the default saturation value, which is 500 and much too high in my case, at eye sight the correct value seems to be between 100 and 150. Now my problem is that I have to type the above command each time I run a video. If I type it before running the video it has no effect, if I close the video and open a new one, I have to type it again, etc. I tried to put it in Xsession and (logically) it has no effect either. How could I do to get the correct setting whenever I run a video without typing the above command every time ?

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• Android webbrowser returns code 500 for webpage on Nginx webserver

  - by Paxxil

  Hey! I've come to a very weird behavior of a web browser on android mobile phone (I've tried HTC Wildfire and HTC Desire phones). I have a web server with Nginx v0.8.54. When i try to open a web page on the phone it shows me error: The requested item could not be loaded! (Status code: 500) BUT it only happens when I am requesting page through Mobile network. On Wifi it works just fine .... but there is more .... if I stop Nginx and start Apache web server it works just fine on both Mobile network and wifi. I've also tried other mobile network and it is the same behavior. Some server stats: Firewall is OFF Selinux is OFF the web page (using Nginx web server) opens normally on any other browser (IE, FF, Opera, Chrome, Safari) on the laptop or PC Nothing in nginx error.log This is the only entry in access.log when the page is requested: xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx - - [17/Mar/2011:11:19:49 -0500] 200 "GET / HTTP/1.1" 27405 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; U; Android 2.2; en-gb; Desire_A8181 Build/FRF91) AppleWebKit/533.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Mobile Safari/533.1" "-" index.html has only "Hello World" string in it. There is no fishy javascript or anything else. .... but there is even more.... if i open the same page on another server, with the same Nginx build, with the same server and web server configuration.... it opens just fine. if anyone has any idea on what may be going on, i would really appreciate it if you let me know. Thanks! EDIT: i forgot to mention that page opens OK on Iphone and Nokia

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• How to interpret iozone values

  - by Henno

  I ran a test to measure my I/O IOPS on Linux: iozone -s 4g -r 2k -r 4k -r 8k -r 16k -r 32k -O -b /tmp/results.xls iozone claims that output is in operations per second yet the numbers are too big for that to be plausible. I'm observing some 320 CMDs/s maximum on vmware esx console (esxtop, then v). File size set to 4194304 KB Record Size 2 KB Record Size 4 KB Record Size 8 KB Record Size 16 KB Record Size 32 KB OPS Mode. Output is in operations per second. Command line used: iozone -s 4g -r 2k -r 4k -r 8k -r 16k -r 32k -O -b tmpresults.xls Time Resolution = 0.000001 seconds. Processor cache size set to 1024 Kbytes. Processor cache line size set to 32 bytes. File stride size set to 17 * record size. random random bkwd record stride KB reclen write rewrite read reread read write read rewrite read fwrite frewrite fread freread 4194304 2 19025 5580 27581 29848 284 198 415 1103217 1498 18541 4340 24245 25618 4194304 4 15650 21942 18962 21068 252 1198 193 976164 1677 22802 23093 21089 21232 4194304 8 11121 11638 10273 10165 247 1196 202 625020^C The test ran for 15 hours before I pressed ^C. Is that ordinary expectation for such command line (dedicated 4 drive RAID10 LUN, 10k RPM SAS drives in EMC CX300)?

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• iptables captive portal remove user

  - by Burgos

  I followed this guide: http://aryo.info/labs/captive-portal-using-php-and-iptables.html I am implementing captive portal using iptables. I've setup web server and iptables on linux router, and everything is working as it should. I can allow user to access internet with sudo iptables -I internet -t mangle -m mac --mac-source USER_MAC_ADDRESS -j RETURN and I can remove access with sudo iptables -D internet -t mangle -m mac --mac-source USER_MAC_ADDRESS -j RETURN However, on removal, user can still open last viewed page as many times he wants (if he restart his Ethernet adapter, future connections will be closed). On blog page I found a script /usr/sbin/conntrack -L \ |grep $1 \ |grep ESTAB \ |grep 'dport=80' \ |awk \ "{ system(\"conntrack -D --orig-src $1 --orig-dst \" \ substr(\$6,5) \" -p tcp --orig-port-src \" substr(\$7,7) \" \ --orig-port-dst 80\"); }" Which should remove their "redirection" connection track, as it is written, but when I execute that script, nothing happens - user still have access to that page. When I execute /usr/sbin/conntrack -L | grep USER_IP after executing script I am having nothing returned, so my questions: Is there anything else that can help me clean these track? Obviously - I can't reset nor mine, nor users network adapter.

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• How to create a software raid5 array without a spare

  - by Yannick M.

  I am trying to create a software raid5 array using mdadm: $ linux # mdadm --create --verbose /dev/md0 --level=5 --raid-devices=4 --spare-devices=0 /dev/sda1 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1 mdadm: layout defaults to left-symmetric mdadm: chunk size defaults to 64K mdadm: array /dev/md0 started. However when inspecting /proc/mdstat Personalities : [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] md0 : active raid5 sdd1[4] sdc1[2] sdb1[1] sda1[0] 2930279808 blocks level 5, 64k chunk, algorithm 2 [4/3] [UUU_] [>....................] recovery = 0.3% (2970496/976759936) finish=186.1min speed=87172K/sec unused devices: <none> It seems one drive isn't active, so I check the details of the array: /dev/md0: Version : 00.90.03 Creation Time : Tue Jul 21 16:29:53 2009 Raid Level : raid5 Array Size : 2930279808 (2794.53 GiB 3000.61 GB) Used Dev Size : 976759936 (931.51 GiB 1000.20 GB) Raid Devices : 4 Total Devices : 4 Preferred Minor : 0 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Tue Jul 21 16:29:53 2009 State : clean, degraded, recovering Active Devices : 3 Working Devices : 4 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 1 Layout : left-symmetric Chunk Size : 64K Rebuild Status : 0% complete UUID : ce8b2f40:821d003c:0027688e:a70977ec Events : 0.1 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 1 0 active sync /dev/sda1 1 8 17 1 active sync /dev/sdb1 2 8 33 2 active sync /dev/sdc1 4 8 49 3 spare rebuilding /dev/sdd1 And it seems there are only 3 active devices, with one spare. Is it just me, or something wrong here?

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• memory tuning with rails/unicorn running on ubuntu

  - by user970193

  I am running unicorn on Ubuntu 11, Rails 3.0, and Ruby 1.8.7. It is an 8 core ec2 box, and I am running 15 workers. CPU never seems to get pinned, and I seem to be handling requests pretty nicely. My question concerns memory usage, and what concerns I should have with what I am seeing. (if any) Here is the scenario: Under constant load (about 15 reqs/sec coming in from nginx), over the course of an hour, each server in the 3 server cluster loses about 100MB / hour. This is a linear slope for about 6 hours, then it appears to level out, but still maybe appear to lose about 10MB/hour. If I drop my page caches using the linux command echo 1 /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches, the available free memory shoots back up to what it was when I started the unicorns, and the memory loss pattern begins again over the hours. Before: total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 7130244 5005376 2124868 0 113628 422856 -/+ buffers/cache: 4468892 2661352 Swap: 33554428 0 33554428 After: total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 7130244 4467144 2663100 0 228 11172 -/+ buffers/cache: 4455744 2674500 Swap: 33554428 0 33554428 My Ruby code does use memoizations and I'm assuming Ruby/Rails/Unicorn is keeping its own caches... what I'm wondering is should I be worried about this behaviour? FWIW, my Unicorn config: worker_processes 15 listen "#{CAPISTRANO_ROOT}/shared/pids/unicorn_socket", :backlog = 1024 listen 8080, :tcp_nopush = true timeout 180 pid "#{CAPISTRANO_ROOT}/shared/pids/unicorn.pid" GC.respond_to?(:copy_on_write_friendly=) and GC.copy_on_write_friendly = true before_fork do |server, worker| STDERR.puts "XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX BEFORE FORK" print_gemfile_location defined?(ActiveRecord::Base) and ActiveRecord::Base.connection.disconnect! defined?(Resque) and Resque.redis.client.disconnect old_pid = "#{CAPISTRANO_ROOT}/shared/pids/unicorn.pid.oldbin" if File.exists?(old_pid) && server.pid != old_pid begin Process.kill("QUIT", File.read(old_pid).to_i) rescue Errno::ENOENT, Errno::ESRCH # already killed end end File.open("#{CAPISTRANO_ROOT}/shared/pids/unicorn.pid.ok", "w"){|f| f.print($$.to_s)} end after_fork do |server, worker| defined?(ActiveRecord::Base) and ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection defined?(Resque) and Resque.redis.client.connect end Is there a need to experiment enforcing more stringent garbage collection using OobGC (http://unicorn.bogomips.org/Unicorn/OobGC.html)? Or is this just normal behaviour, and when/as the system needs more memory, it will empty the caches by itself, without me manually running that cache command? Basically, is this normal, expected behaviour? tia

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• Most scalable way of serving a small set of static HTTP content

  - by Ekevoo

  The story: Hi guys. I'm among the people responsible for serving the results of the most anticipated (by number of people participating) annual entrance exam in my state. As such, when our results are published, the interest is overwhelming. In the past we delegated the responsibility of serving the results to the media, but that spoils a little the officialness of these results. This year we went with a little (long overdue) experiment of using lighttpd instead of Apache as well as other physical network optimizations I wasn't directly involved with. The results were very satisfactory. The server didn't choke even once, nor we saw any of the usual Twitter complaints on unavailability and/or slowness that were previously common. However, because we still delegated the first publication of the results to the media I'm still not 100% sure we can handle the load of actually publishing the results first. The question: Now because these files are like 14MB in total and a true lightweight Linux distribution isn't that big either, I'm thinking: what if next year we run full RAMdrive? Is there any? Is that useful? Is that worth it for a team that uses Debian almost exclusively? Are there other optimizations that I should be focusing on instead?

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• Problems with 5.1 digital out on Ubuntu 12.04

  - by user895319

  I've recently bought a new PC, installed Ubuntu and am now unable to get 5.1 digital sound working. Simple analogue stereo works fine on both the front and rear connectors. On my old box I connected the coax connection from my soundcard to my surround sound amplifier, set Settings-Sound to "Digital Stereo Duplex" and it worked. My old soundcard doesn't fit in my new machine so I'm using the built-in sound hardware. I'm connecting the combination output socket on the back of the PC via the same cable to my surround amp as before. The MB is an MSI Global H61M-P31 with an RealTek ALC887 sound chip. When I go to Settings-Sound I only see "Headphone Built-in Audio" and "Analogue Output Built-in Audio" - no digitial options. The output from aplay -l is: default Playback/recording through the PulseAudio sound server sysdefault:CARD=PCH HDA Intel PCH, ALC887-VD Analog Default Audio Device front:CARD=PCH,DEV=0 HDA Intel PCH, ALC887-VD Analog Front speakers surround40:CARD=PCH,DEV=0 HDA Intel PCH, ALC887-VD Analog 4.0 Surround output to Front and Rear speakers surround41:CARD=PCH,DEV=0 HDA Intel PCH, ALC887-VD Analog 4.1 Surround output to Front, Rear and Subwoofer speakers surround50:CARD=PCH,DEV=0 HDA Intel PCH, ALC887-VD Analog 5.0 Surround output to Front, Center and Rear speakers surround51:CARD=PCH,DEV=0 HDA Intel PCH, ALC887-VD Analog 5.1 Surround output to Front, Center, Rear and Subwoofer speakers surround71:CARD=PCH,DEV=0 HDA Intel PCH, ALC887-VD Analog 7.1 Surround output to Front, Center, Side, Rear and Woofer speakers dmix:CARD=PCH,DEV=0 HDA Intel PCH, ALC887-VD Analog Direct sample mixing device dsnoop:CARD=PCH,DEV=0 HDA Intel PCH, ALC887-VD Analog Direct sample snooping device hw:CARD=PCH,DEV=0 HDA Intel PCH, ALC887-VD Analog Direct hardware device without any conversions plughw:CARD=PCH,DEV=0 HDA Intel PCH, ALC887-VD Analog Hardware device with all software conversions While googling for ALC887 I've seen some references to "ALC887 -VD Analog" and some to "ALC887 -VD Digital". Does anyone know if I need to force it to chance mode somehow? It's worth mentioning that when I set the output to 5.1 digital surround in Windows 7 on the same machine I still don't get any sound so it's not a unique Linux problem. Thanks for any help.

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• Amazon EC2 instance missing Network Interface

  - by Sergiks

  I am running Linux on a t1.micro instance at Amazon EC2. Once I noticed bruteforce ssh login attemtps from a certain IP, after litle Googling I issued the two following commands (other ip): iptables -A INPUT -s 202.54.20.22 -j DROP iptables -A OUTPUT -d 202.54.20.22 -j DROP Either this, or maybe some other actions like yum upgrade perhaps, caused the follwing fiasco: after rebooting the server, it came up without the Network Interface! I only can connect to it through AWS Management Console JAVA ssh client - via local 10.x.x.x address. Console's Attach Network Interface as well as Detach.. are greyed out for this instance. Network Interfaces item at the left does not offer any Subnets to choose from, to create a new N.I. Please advice, how can I recreate a Network Interface for the instance? Upd. The instance is not accessible from outside: cannot be pinged, SSH'ed or connected by HTTP on port 80. Here's the ifconfig output: eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 12:31:39:0A:5E:06 inet addr:10.211.93.240 Bcast:10.211.93.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::1031:39ff:fe0a:5e06/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:1426 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:1371 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:152085 (148.5 KiB) TX bytes:208852 (203.9 KiB) Interrupt:25 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:0 (0.0 b) What is also unusual: a new micro instance I created from scratch, with no relation to the troubled one, was not pingable too.

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• SSH connection problem - allowed from LAN but not WAN

  - by Kerem Ulutas

  I tried to setup my Arch Linux installation to be an SSH host, but here is the thing: I can ssh localhost, it fails to login via public key and asks for username and password, but still able to login. When I try ssh my_wan_ip it gives ssh_exchange_identification: Connection closed by remote host error. I've read all topics about this error and none helped me. By the way, just confirmed, it gives ssh: connect to host my_dyndns_hostname port 22: Connection refused from another machine (outside of my network, it has different wan ip). I have sshd: ALL in "hosts.allow", ALL:ALL in "hosts.deny". I am able to connect to my own pc via ssh, ping my own pc, but my ssh setup seems to be the problem, it gives that annoying error when I try to ssh from wan. /etc/ssh/ssh_config /etc/ssh/sshd_config And finally, here is the debug output for both sshd and ssh: (i ran ssh command and i took output to sshd debug after that): sshd debug ssh debug I can edit my question according to your needs. Just ask for any more information needed. BTW I have no iptables running. I have one cable dsl modem connected to a asus wl-330gE wireless access point, they both have their firewall disabled. I configured NAT so port 22 is directed to the pc I'm having this trouble. Any help appreciated, thanks..

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• Is Unix a PC Operating system?

  - by Corelgott

  I have got kind of a stupid question. I am doing my bachelor at a university. In a wirtten assigment a prof posted the task: "Name 3 PC-Operating Systems:" Well, I went on an included a variety of OS (Linux, Windows, Osx) including Unix & Solaris. Today I recieved a mail from my prof saying: "Unix is not a PC-Operating System. Many Unix-Variants are not PC-Hardware-Compatible (like AIX & HP-UX. About Solaris: there was one PC-Compatible version...)" I am kind of suprised: Even if may Unix-Variants are Power-PC and different bit-order – Those don't stop beeing PCs right now? The question was given in a written assigment! It was not a question that came up during lecture! Due to the original postest task being in German, I'll include it just to make sure, that nobody suspects an error in the translation... "Nennen Sie 3 PC-Betriebssysteme:" Response / Antwort: "Unix ist kein PC-Betriebssystem, viele Unix-Varianten sind nicht auf PC-Hardware lauffähig (AIX, HP-UX). Von Solaris gab es mal eine PC-Variante." Anybody got something on that? Thx & Cheers Corelgott

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• Mysqld increases the load on the CPU and drops after flush-tables

  - by mirage

  Help please advice on the issue. Normal load on the cpu 20-30% us + sy. After restoring the database files from the slave server (same version) began a periodic problem. mysql starts to load the cpu at 100% (us + sy grows proportionally). The queue is growing, everything slows down. But with mysqladmin flush-tables are normalized for a few hours. Dedicated linux server running mysql 2 x E5506 24Gb RAM, database size 50Gb. [OK] Currently running supported MySQL version 5.0.51a-24 + lenny4-log [OK] Operating on 64-bit architecture -------- Storage Engine Statistics --------------------------------------- ---- [-] Status: + Archive-BDB-Federated + InnoDB-ISAM-NDBCluster [-] Data in MyISAM tables: 33G (Tables: 1474) [-] Data in InnoDB tables: 1G (Tables: 4) [-] Data in MEMORY tables: 120K (Tables: 3) [-] Reads / Writes: 91% / 9% [-] Total buffers: 12.8M per thread and 7.1G global [OK] Maximum possible memory usage: 15.8G (66% of installed RAM) 4000 - 5500 rps key_buffer = 1536M max_allowed_packet = 2M table_cache = 4096 sort_buffer_size = 409584 read_buffer_size = 128K read_rnd_buffer_size = 8M myisam_sort_buffer_size = 64M thread_cache_size = 500 query_cache_size = 100M thread_concurrency = 24 max_connections = 700 tmp_table_size = 4096M join_buffer_size = 4M max_heap_table_size = 4096M query_cache_limit = 1M low_priority_updates = 1 concurrent_insert = 2 wait_timeout = 30 server-id = 1 log_bin = /var/log/mysql/mysql-bin.log expire_logs_days = 10 max_binlog_size = 100M innodb_buffer_pool_size = 1536M innodb_log_buffer_size = 4M innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 2 How to solve the problem?

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• Understanding the Mounting of a Filesystem

  - by Tom H.

  I'm new to linux and want to check my understanding of how mounting/filesystems work. I read related manpages, but just want to be sure. I have a partition say /dev/sda5 that is currently mounted to /home with various subdirs. It is my understanding that this means /dev/sda5 has its own portable filesystem that can be moved anywhere in the main filesystem. Questions: If I unmount /dev/sda5 from /home (# umount /home) and then mount it to /var/www/ (which is empty) (# mount -t ext3 /dev/sda5 /var/www) and replace the fstab entry, with /dev/sda5 /var/www ext3 defaults,noatime,nodev 1 2 and # mount -a, Q1) are all of the contents of /home now accessible under /var/www/ (i.e. /home/username -> /var/www/username)? Q2) Are all of the permissions from the /home filesystem kept intact in this new location? Anything else I should be concerned with? Just want to make sure I don't go wipe/corrupt anything. Coming from Windows the filesystem architecture takes getting used to (though I'm loving the flexibility!).

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