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• Anyone Know a Great Sparse One Dimensional Array Library in Python?

  - by TheJacobTaylor

  I am working on an algorithm in Python that uses arrays heavily. The arrays are typically sparse and are read from and written to constantly. I am currently using relatively large native arrays and the performance is good but the memory usage is high (as expected). I would like to be able to have the array implementation not waste space for values that are not used and allow an index offset other than zero. As an example, if my numbers start at 1,000,000 I would like to be able to index my array starting at 1,000,000 and not be required to waste memory with a million unused values. Array reads and writes needs to be fast. Expanding into new territory can be a small delay but reads and writes should be O(1) if possible. Does anybody know of a library that can do it? Thanks!

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• If I backup an image of my computer to a remote external hd... how would I boot from it?

  - by user29336

  I'm using Carbon Copy Cleaner on my Macbook Pro to copy my system over the air to my Windows 7 Internal 1.5TB HD. CCC is copying it as an incremental image back up. I know I can't boot from that image over the air. What I was wondering is how would I copy it onto an external HD in a bootable state? Is that possible?

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• Can I use Blender to create 3D wall image viewer application under Linux?

  - by sgon00

  Hi, Is that possible to use Blender to create Cooliris-like 3D wall image viewer application under Linux? I don't see many people use Blender (BGE) to create desktop application, so I am wondering if this is possible. People normally use Blender for modeling/movie and game engine. I can not find a good way to create 3D application in Linux so far. I was thinking about pyQT+opengl. But I feel that is hard to do. No robust and easy-to-use qt+opengl toolkit available from my research. I know a little bit of Blender, that's why I am asking if Blender is an alternative solution. (python is preferred) The image viewer doesn't have to be windowed. It can be full screen, like a game?. I would like to add many cool effects into this application. Hopefully cooler than Cooliris which is written in flash. Thanks a lot.

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• [FLEX] Images won't dynamically refresh

  - by Bridget

  I am writing a Flex application to receive xml from an httpservice. That works because I can populate a datagrid with the information. The xml sends image pathnames. A combobox sends a new HttpService call onChange. This repopulates the datagrid and puts new images in the folder that flex is accessing. I want to dynamically change the image without changing the pathname of the image. <mx:Canvas id="borderCanvas"><mx:Canvas id="dropCanvas"> <mx:Tile id="adTile"><mx:Image></mx:Image> </mx:Tile></mx:Canvas></mx:Canvas> This is my component. I assign my Image sources using this code: var i:Number = 0; while ( i <= dg_conads.rowCount){ var img:Image = new Image(); img.source = null; img.source = imageSource+i+".jpg"; adTile.addChild(img); i++; } My biggest problem is that the images are not refreshing. I get the same image even though I've prevented caching from the HTML wrapper and the ASP.Net website. The image automatically loads in the folder and refreshes in the folder but I can't get the image to refresh in the application. I've tried removeAllChildren(); delete(adTile.getChildAt(0)); and neither worked.

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• How can I put an image in my form?

  - by Santeron

  Hey guys, I'm having a problem. I want to put an image inside a form in Java and I don't know if I'm using a proper technique (found it somewhere in a web page). private void iconSelect() { String iconString = ""; if (typeCombobox.getSelectedIndex() == 0) { iconString = "LP_"; } else if (typeCombobox.getSelectedIndex() == 1) { iconString = "HP_"; } else if (typeCombobox.getSelectedIndex() == 2) { iconString = "BP_"; } else if (typeCombobox.getSelectedIndex() == 3) { iconString = "BS_"; } if (RB_Gain_Clean.isSelected()) { iconString = iconString + "Clean"; } else if (RB_Gain_dB.isSelected()) { iconString = iconString + "dB"; } ImageIcon icon = new ImageIcon("images/" + iconString + ".jpg"); Image img = icon.getImage(); if (iconGraphLabel.getWidth() > 0 && iconGraphLabel.getHeight() > 0) { img = img.getScaledInstance(iconGraphLabel.getWidth(), iconGraphLabel.getHeight(), java.awt.Image.SCALE_SMOOTH); } icon = new ImageIcon(img); iconGraphLabel.setIcon(icon); } So it actually shows the image and it is resizing but when I resize my form and then make it smaller again, the label doesn't seem to follow the resizing so it stays bigger than the window. Also, since I'm not very familiar with java's graphics, can anyone tell me how can I control a window resizing event so I redraw the picture? Right now the method is triggered by the combobox and the radiobuttons shown in the code. Thanks in advance!

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• Oracle Blob as img src in PHP page

  - by menkes

  I have a site that currently uses images on a file server. The images appear on a page where the user can drag and drop each as is needed. This is done with jQuery and the images are enclosed in a list. Each image is pretty standard: <img src='//network_path/image.png' height='80px'> Now however I need to reference images stored as a BLOB in an Oracle database (no choice on this, so not a merit discussion). I have no problem retrieving the BLOB and displaying on it's own using: $sql = "SELECT image FROM images WHERE image_id = 123"; $stid = oci_parse($conn, $sql); oci_execute($stid); $row = oci_fetch_array($stid, OCI_ASSOC+OCI_RETURN_NULLS); $img = $row['IMAGE']->load(); header("Content-type: image/jpeg"); print $img; But I need to [efficiently] get that image as the src attribute of the img tag. I tried imagecreatefromstring() but that just returns the image in the browser, ignoring the other html. I looked at data uri, but the IE8 size limit rules that out. So now I am kind of stuck. My searches keep coming up with using a src attribute that loads another page that contains the image. But I need the image itself to actually show on the page. (Note: I say image, meaning at least one image but as many as eight on a page). Any help would be greatly appreciated.

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• How would you solve this graph theory handshake problem in python?

  - by Zachary Burt

  I graduated college last year with a degree in Psychology, but I also took a lot of math for fun. I recently got the book "Introductory Graph Theory" by Gary Chartrand to brush up on my math and have some fun. Here is an exercise from the book that I'm finding particularly befuddling: Suppose you and your husband attended a party with three other married couples. Several handshakes took place. No one shook hands with himself (or herself) or with his (or her) spouse, and no one shook hands with the same person more than once. After all the handshaking was completed, suppose you asked each person, including your husband, how many hands he or she had shaken. Each person gave a different answer. a) How many hands did you shake? b) How many hands did your husband shake? Now, I've been reasoning about this for a while, and trying to draw sample graphs that could illustrate a solution, but I'm coming up empty-handed. My logic is this: there are 8 different vertices in the graph, and 7 of them have different degrees. The values for the degrees must therefore be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and x. The # of degrees for one married couple is (0, 6). Since all graphs have an even number of odd vertices, x must be either 5, 3, or 1. What's your solution to this problem? And, if you could solve it in python, how would you do it? (python is fun.) Cheers.

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• How would you solve this graph theory handshake problem in python?

  - by Zachary Burt

  I graduated college last year with a degree in Psychology, but I also took a lot of math for fun. I recently got the book "Introductory Graph Theory" by Gary Chartrand to brush up on my math and have some fun. Here is an exercise from the book that I'm finding particularly befuddling: Suppose you and your husband attended a party with three other married couples. Several handshakes took place. No one shook hands with himself (or herself) or with his (or her) spouse, and no one shook hands with the same person more than once. After all the handshaking was completed, suppose you asked each person, including your husband, how many hands he or she had shaken. Each person gave a different answer. a) How many hands did you shake? b) How many hands did your husband shake? Now, I've been reasoning about this for a while, and trying to draw sample graphs that could illustrate a solution, but I'm coming up empty-handed. My logic is this: there are 8 different vertices in the graph, and 7 of them have different degrees. The values for the degrees must therefore be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and x. The # of degrees for one married couple is (0, 6). Since all graphs have an even number of odd vertices, x must be either 5, 3, or 1. What's your solution to this problem? And, if you could solve it in python, how would you do it? (python is fun.) Cheers.

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• Is it possible to make a persistent connection between a Python web service and a .Net WCF Client?

  - by Ad Hock

  I have a .Net 3.5 SOAP client written in C# using the WCF. It's expecting basicHTTPBinding and a persistent connection with HTTP/1.1. I'm trying to create a Python 2.6 application that will act as a web-service for the client. My problem is that the client keeps closing the connection and opening a new one for every command to the web service. How does the .Net WCF client know to stay open when connecting with a .Net Service? When I create a dummy .Net web service the client connects fine and the connection remains persistent. From what I can tell, when connected to a .Net server, there are no special HTTP headers being sent, that makes sense since HTTP/1.1 assumes a persistent connection unless otherwise specified (right?). However, with the python web service I accept/open a connection and eventually the client will send a TCP FIN and the connection will close (the client never sends a FIN or RST when connecting to a .Net service). The communication goes something like this: Incoming -- HTTP Header for SOAP Command #1 Outgoing -- HTTP Header with a Continue Incoming -- Body of Command #1 Outgoing -- ACK Command #1 (HTTP headers and body) Incoming -- HTTP Header for SOAP Command #2 Outgoing -- HTTP Header with a Continue Incoming -- TCP FIN <Connection closes> <New connection opens and SOAP command #2 (with full HTTP headers) is sent> I'm using a SocketServer.ThreadingTCPServer as the server and a BaseHTTPServer.BaseHTTPRequestHandler for any requests. The handler is actually a derived class of that with a do_POST method to handle the HTTP headers. I've looked at WireShark captures and I'm stumped. I've tried setting socket options to SO_KEEPALIVE and SO_REUSEADDR in the server but that didn't seem to change anything. What am I missing?

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• Python win32com - Automating Word - How to replace text in a text box?

  - by Greg

  I'm trying to automate word to replace text in a word document using Python. (I'm on word 2003 if that matters and Python 2.4) The first part of my replace method below works on everything except text in text boxes. The text just doesn't get selected. I notice when I go into Word manually and hit ctrl-A all of the text gets selected except for the text box. Here's my code so far: class Word: def __init__(self,visible=0,screenupdating=0): pythoncom.CoInitialize() self.app=gencache.EnsureDispatch(WORD) self.app.Visible = visible self.app.DisplayAlerts = 0 self.app.ScreenUpdating = screenupdating print 'Starting word' def open(self,doc): self.opendoc=os.path.basename(doc) self.app.Documents.Open(FileName=doc) def replace(self,source,target): if target=='':target=' ' alltext=self.app.Documents(self.opendoc).Range(Start=0,End=self.app.Documents(self.opendoc).Characters.Count) #select all alltext.Find.Text = source alltext.Find.Replacement.Text = target alltext.Find.Execute(Replace=1,Forward=True) #Special handling to do replace in text boxes #http://word.tips.net/Pages/T003879_Updating_a_Field_in_a_Text_Box.html for shp in self.app.Documents(self.opendoc).Shapes: if shp.TextFrame.HasText: shp.TextFrame.TextRange.Find.Text = source shp.TextFrame.TextRange.Find.Replacement.Text = target shp.TextFrame.TextRange.Find.Execute(Replace=1,Forward=True) #My Usage word=Word(visible=1,screenupdating=1) word.open(r'C:\Invoice Automation\testTB.doc') word.replace('[PGN]','1') The for shp in self.app .. section is my attempt to hit the text boxes. It seems to find the text box, but it doesn't replace anything.

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• Bundle a Python app as a single file to support add-ons or extensions?

  - by Brandon Craig Rhodes

  There are several utilities — all with different procedures, limitations, and target operating systems — for getting a Python package and all of its dependencies and turning them into a single binary program that is easy to ship to customers: http://wiki.python.org/moin/Freeze http://www.pyinstaller.org/ http://www.py2exe.org/ http://svn.pythonmac.org/py2app/py2app/trunk/doc/index.html My situation goes one step further: third-party developers will be wanting to write plug-ins, extensions, or add-ons for my application. It is, of course, a daunting question how users on platforms like Windows would most easily install plugins or addons in such a way that my app can easily discover that they have been installed. But beyond that basic question is another: how can a third-party developer bundle their extension with whatever libraries the extension itself needs (which might be binary modules, like lxml) in such a way that the plugin's dependencies become available for import at the same time that the plugin becomes available. How can this be approached? Will my application need its own plug-in area on disk and its own plug-in registry to make this tractable? Or are there general mechanisms, that I could avoid writing myself, that would allow an app that is distributed as a single executable to look around and find plugins that are also installed as single files?

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• python NameError: name '<anything>' is not defined (but it is!)

  - by BenjaminGolder

  Note: Solved. It turned out that I was importing a previous version of the same module. It is easy to find similar topics on StackOverflow, where someone ran into a NameError. But most of the questions deal with specific modules and the solution is often to update the module. In my case, I am trying to import a function from a module that I wrote myself. The module is named InfraPy, and it is definitely on sys.path. One particular function (called listToText) in InfraPy returns a NameError, but only when I try to import it into another script. Inside InfraPy, under if __name__=='__main__':, the listToText function works just fine. From InfraPy I can import other functions with no problems. Including from InfraPy import * in my script does not return any errors until I try to use the listToText function. How can this occur? How can importing one particular function return a NameError, while importing all the other functions in the same module works fine? Using python 2.6 on MacOSX 10.6, also encountered the same error running the script on Windows 7, using IronPython 2.6 for .NET 4.0 Thanks. If there are other details you think would be helpful in solving this, I'd be happy to provide them. As requested, here is the function definition inside of InfraPy: def listToText(inputList, folder=None, outputName='list.txt'): ''' Creates a text file from a list (with each list item on a separate line). May be placed in any given folder, but will otherwise be created in the working directory of the python interpreter. ''' fname = outputName if folder != None: fname = folder+'/'+fname f = open(fname, 'w') for file in inputList: f.write(file+'\n') f.close() This function is defined above and outside of if __name__=='__main__': I've tried moving InfraPy around in relation to the script. The most baffling situation is that when InfraPy is in the same folder as the script, and I import using from InfraPy import listToText, I receive this error: NameError: name listToText is not defined. Again, the other functions import fine, they are all defined outside of if __name__=='__main__': in InfraPy.

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• Is there a standard lexer/parser tool for Python?

  - by Salim Fadhley

  A volunteer job requires us to convert a large number of LaTeX documents into ePub format. It's a series of open-source fiction book which has so far only been produced only on paper via a print on demand service. We'd like to be able to offer the book to users of book-reader devices (such as Kindle) which require the ePub format for best results. Fortunately, ePub is a very simple format, however there's no trivial way for LaTeX to produce the XHTML outut required. We experimented with alternative LaTeX compilers (e.g. plastex) but in the end we figured that it would probably be a lot easier to simply write our own compiler which understands a tiny subset of the LaTeX language and compiles directly to XHTML / ePub. Previously I used a tool on Windows called GOLD. This allowed me to go directly from BNF grammars to a stub parser. It also alllowed me to implement the parser in any language I liked. (I'd choose Python). This product has to work on Linux, so I'm wondering if there's an equivalent toolchain that works as well under Ubutnu / Eclipse / Python. The idea is that we will take the grammar of TeX and just implement a teeny subset of that, but we do not want to spend a huge amount of time worrying about grammar and parsing. A parser generator would obviously save us a great deal of time. Sal UPDATE 1: Bonus marks for a solution with excellent documentation or tutorials.

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• Python: Networked IDLE/Redo IDLE front-end while using the same back-end?

  - by Rosarch

  Is there any existing web app that lets multiple users work with an interactive IDLE type session at once? Something like: IDLE 2.6.4 Morgan: >>> letters = list("abcdefg") Morgan: >>> # now, how would you iterate over letters? Jack: >>> for char in letters: print "char %s" % char char a char b char c char d char e char f char g Morgan: >>> # nice nice If not, I would like to create one. Is there some module I can use that simulates an interactive session? I'd want an interface like this: def class InteractiveSession(): ''' An interactive Python session ''' def putLine(line): ''' Evaluates line ''' pass def outputLines(): ''' A list of all lines that have been output by the session ''' pass def currentVars(): ''' A dictionary of currently defined variables and their values ''' pass (Although that last function would be more of an extra feature.) To formulate my problem another way: I'd like to create a new front end for IDLE. How can I do this? UPDATE: Or maybe I can simulate IDLE through eval()? UPDATE 2: What if I did something like this: I already have a simple GAE Python chat app set up, that allows users to sign in, make chat rooms, and chat with each other. Instead of just saving incoming messages to the datastore, I could do something like this: def putLine(line, user, chat_room): ''' Evaluates line for the session used by chat_room ''' # get the interactive session for this chat room curr_vars = InteractiveSession.objects.where("chatRoom = %s" % chat_room).get() result = eval(prepared_line, curr_vars.state, {}) curr_vars.state = curr_globals curr_vars.lines.append((user, line)) if result: curr_vars.lines.append(('SELF', result.__str__())) curr_vars.put() The InteractiveSession model: def class InteractiveSession(db.Model): # a dictionary mapping variables to values # it looks like GAE doesn't actually have a dictionary field, so what would be best to use here? state = db.DictionaryProperty() # a transcript of the session # # a list of tuples of the form (user, line_entered) # # looks something like: # # [('Morgan', '# hello'), # ('Jack', 'x = []'), # ('Morgan', 'x.append(1)'), # ('Jack', 'x'), # ('SELF', '[1]')] lines = db.ListProperty() Could this work, or am I way off/this approach is infeasible/I'm duplicating work when I should use something already built?

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• Python subprocess Popen.communicate() equivalent to Popen.stdout.read()?

  - by Christophe

  Very specific question (I hope): What are the differences between the following three codes? (I expect it to be only that the first does not wait for the child process to be finished, while the second and third ones do. But I need to be sure this is the only difference...) I also welcome other remarks/suggestions (though I'm already well aware of the shell=True dangers and cross-platform limitations) Note that I already read Python subprocess interaction, why does my process work with Popen.communicate, but not Popen.stdout.read()? and that I do not want/need to interact with the program after. Also note that I already read Alternatives to Python Popen.communicate() memory limitations? but that I didn't really get it... First code: from subprocess import Popen, PIPE def exe_f(command='ls -l', shell=True): "Function to execute a command and return stuff" process = Popen(command, shell=shell, stdout=PIPE, stderr=PIPE) stdout = process.stdout.read() stderr = process.stderr.read() return process, stderr, stdout Second code: from subprocess import Popen, PIPE from subprocess import communicate def exe_f(command='ls -l', shell=True): "Function to execute a command and return stuff" process = Popen(command, shell=shell, stdout=PIPE, stderr=PIPE) (stdout, stderr) = process.communicate() return process, stderr, stdout Third code: from subprocess import Popen, PIPE from subprocess import wait def exe_f(command='ls -l', shell=True): "Function to execute a command and return stuff" process = Popen(command, shell=shell, stdout=PIPE, stderr=PIPE) code = process.wait() stdout = process.stdout.read() stderr = process.stderr.read() return process, stderr, stdout Thanks.

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• How Can I: Generate 40/64 Bit WEP Key In Python?

  - by Aktariel

  So, I've been beating my head against the wall of this issue for several months now, partly because it's a side interest and partly because I suck at programming. I've searched and researched all across the web, but have not had any luck (except one small bit of success; see below), so I thought I might try asking the experts. What I am trying to do is, as the title suggests, generate a 40/64 bit WEP key from a passphrase, according to the "de facto" standard. (A site such as [http://www.powerdog.com/wepkey.cgi] produces the expected outputs.) I have already written portions of the script that take inputs and write them to a file; one of the inputs would be the passphrase, sanitized to lower case. For the longest time I had no idea what the defacto standard was, much less how to even go about implementing it. I finally stumbled across a paper (http://www.lava.net/~newsham/wlan/WEP_password_cracker.pdf) that sheds as much light as I've had yet on the issue (page 18 has the relevant bits). Apparently, the passphrase is "mapped to a 32-bit value with XOR," the result of which is then used as the seed for a "linear congruential PRNG (which one of the several PRNGs Python has would fit this description, I don't know), and then from that result several bits of the result are taken. I have no idea how to go about implementing this, since the description is rather vague. What I need is help in writing the generator in Python, and also in understanding how exactly the key is generated. I'm not much of a programmer, so explanations are appreciated as well. (Yes, I know that WEP isn't secure.)

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• Getting a UDP socket program in Python to accept messages from a Syslog client?

  - by Elvar

  I'm trying to write a Syslog listener and so far so good on getting it to accept incoming messages through TCP but I also want UDP to function. This is the UDP server code I'm using, which works using a python client app. I also have another app which also works just using the python client app. # Server program # UDP VERSION from socket import * # Set the socket parameters host = "localhost" port = 514 buf = 1024 addr = (host,port) # Create socket and bind to address UDPSock = socket(AF_INET,SOCK_DGRAM) UDPSock.bind(addr) # Receive messages while 1: data,addr = UDPSock.recvfrom(buf) if not data: print "Client has exited!" break else: print "\nReceived message '", data,"'" # Close socket UDPSock.close() Using this code I can send to the server and have it display the code. # Client program from socket import * # Set the socket parameters host = "localhost" port = 514 buf = 1024 addr = (host,port) # Create socket UDPSock = socket(AF_INET,SOCK_DGRAM) def_msg = "===Enter message to send to server==="; print "\n",def_msg # Send messages while (1): data = raw_input('>> ') if not data: break else: if(UDPSock.sendto(data,addr)): print "Sending message '",data,"'....." # Close socket UDPSock.close() I have tried the Kiwi Syslog Message Generator and Snare to send syslog messages to the UDP server and nothing comes up. Could someone help me understand?

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• Python unittest (using SQLAlchemy) does not write/update database?

  - by Jerry

  Hi, I am puzzled at why my Python unittest runs perfectly fine without actually updating the database. I can even see the SQL statements from SQLAlchemy and step through the newly created user object's email -- ...INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine.0x...954c INSERT INTO users (user_id, user_name, email, ...) VALUES (%(user_id)s, %(user_name)s, %(email)s, ...) ...INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine.0x...954c {'user_id': u'4cfdafe3f46544e1b4ad0c7fccdbe24a', 'email': u'[email protected]', ...} > .../tests/unit_tests/test_signup.py(127)test_signup_success() -> user = user_q.filter_by(user_name='test').first() (Pdb) n ...INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine.0x...954c SELECT users.user_id AS users_user_id, ... FROM users WHERE users.user_name = %(user_name_1)s LIMIT 1 OFFSET 0 ...INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine.0x...954c {'user_name_1': 'test'} > .../tests/unit_tests/test_signup.py(128)test_signup_success() -> self.assertTrue(isinstance(user, model.User)) (Pdb) user <pweb.models.User object at 0x9c95b0c> (Pdb) user.email u'[email protected]' Yet at the same time when I login to the test database, I do not see the new record there. Is it some feature from Python/unittest/SQLAlchemy/Pyramid/PostgreSQL that I'm totally unaware of? Thanks. Jerry

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• Dynamically generate client-side HTML form control using JavaScript and server-side Python code in Google App Engine

  - by gisc

  I have the following client-side front-end HTML using Jinja2 template engine: {% for record in result %} <textarea name="remark">{{ record.remark }}</textarea> <input type="submit" name="approve" value="Approve" /> {% endfor %} Thus the HTML may show more than 1 set of textarea and submit button. The back-end Python code retrieves a variable number of records from a gql query using the model, and pass this to the Jinja2 template in result. When a submit button is clicked, it triggers the post method to update the record: def post(self): if self.request.get('approve'): updated_remark = self.request.get('remark') record.remark = db.Text(updated_remark) record.put() However, in some instances, the record updated is NOT the one that correspond to the submit button clicked (eg if a user clicks on record 1 submit, record 2 remark gets updated, but not record 1). I gather that this is due to the duplicate attribute name remark. I can possibly use JavaScript/jQuery to generate different attribute names. The question is, how do I code the back-end Python to get the (variable number of) names generated by the JavaScript? Thanks.

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• How can I strip Python logging calls without commenting them out?

  - by cdleary

  Today I was thinking about a Python project I wrote about a year back where I used logging pretty extensively. I remember having to comment out a lot of logging calls in inner-loop-like scenarios (the 90% code) because of the overhead (hotshot indicated it was one of my biggest bottlenecks). I wonder now if there's some canonical way to programmatically strip out logging calls in Python applications without commenting and uncommenting all the time. I'd think you could use inspection/recompilation or bytecode manipulation to do something like this and target only the code objects that are causing bottlenecks. This way, you could add a manipulator as a post-compilation step and use a centralized configuration file, like so: [Leave ERROR and above] my_module.SomeClass.method_with_lots_of_warn_calls [Leave WARN and above] my_module.SomeOtherClass.method_with_lots_of_info_calls [Leave INFO and above] my_module.SomeWeirdClass.method_with_lots_of_debug_calls Of course, you'd want to use it sparingly and probably with per-function granularity -- only for code objects that have shown logging to be a bottleneck. Anybody know of anything like this? Note: There are a few things that make this more difficult to do in a performant manner because of dynamic typing and late binding. For example, any calls to a method named debug may have to be wrapped with an if not isinstance(log, Logger). In any case, I'm assuming all of the minor details can be overcome, either by a gentleman's agreement or some run-time checking. :-)

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• In Python, how can I find the index of the first item in a list that is NOT some value?

  - by Ryan B. Lynch

  Python's list type has an index(x) method. It takes a single parameter x, and returns the (integer) index of the first item in the list that has the value x. Basically, I need to invert the index(x) method. I need to get the index of the first value in a list that does NOT have the value x. I would probably be able to even just use a function that returns the index of the first item with a value != None. I can think of a 'for' loop implementation with an incrementing counter variable, but I feel like I'm missing something. Is there an existing method, or a one-line Python construction that can handle this? In my program, the situation comes up when I'm handling lists returned from complex regex matches. All but one item in each list have a value of None. If I just needed the matched string, I could use a list comprehension like '[x for x in [my_list] if x is not None]', but I need the index in order to figure out which capture group in my regex actually caused the match.

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• Python on Mac: Fink? MacPorts? Builtin? Homebrew? Binary installer?

  - by BastiBechtold

  For the last few days, I have been trying to use Python for some audio development. The thing is, Mac OSX does not handle uninstalling stuff well. Actually, there is no way to uninstall anything. Once it is on your system, you better pray that it didn't do any funny stuff. Hence, I don't really want to rely on installer packages for Python. So I turn to Homebrew and install Python using Homebrew. Works fabulously. Using pip, Numpy, SciPy, Matplotlib were no (big) problem, either. Now I want to play audio. There is a host of different packages out there, but pip does not seem willing to install any. But, there is a binary distribution for PyGame, which I guess should work with the built-in Python. Hence my question: What would you do? Would you just install the binary distributions and hope that they interoperate well and never need uninstalling? Would you hack your way through whichever package control management system you prefer and deal with its problems? Something else?

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• HTTP Negotiate windows vs. Unix server implementation using python-kerberos

  - by ondra

  I tried to implement a simple single-sign-on in my python web server. I have used the python-kerberos package which works nicely. I have tested it from my Linux box (authenticating against active directory) and it was without problem. However, when I tried to authenticate using Firefox from Windows machine (no special setup, just having the user logged into the domain + added my server into negotiate-auth.trusted-uris), it doesn't work. I have looked at what is sent and it doesn't even resemble the things the Linux machine sends. This Microsoft description of the process pretty much resembles the way my interaction from Linux works, but the Windows machine generally sends a very short string, which doesn't even resemble the things microsoft documentation states, and when base64 decoded, it is something like 12 zero bytes followed by 3 or 4 non-zero bytes (GSS functions then return that it doesn't support such scheme) Either there is something wrong with the client Firefox settings, or there is some protocol which I am supposed to follow for the Negotiate protocol, but which I cannot find any reference anywhere. Any ideas what's wrong? Do you have any idea what protocol I should by trying to find, as it doesn' look like SPNEGO, at least from MS documentation.

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• How to change the date/time in Python for all modules?

  - by Felix Schwarz

  When I write with business logic, my code often depends on the current time. For example the algorithm which looks at each unfinished order and checks if an invoice should be sent (which depends on the no of days since the job was ended). In these cases creating an invoice is not triggered by an explicit user action but by a background job. Now this creates a problem for me when it comes to testing: I can test invoice creation itself easily However it is hard to create an order in a test and check that the background job identifies the correct orders at the correct time. So far I found two solutions: In the test setup, calculate the job dates relative to the current date. Downside: The code becomes quite complicated as there are no explicit dates written anymore. Sometimes the business logic is pretty complex for edge cases so it becomes hard to debug due to all these relative dates. I have my own date/time accessor functions which I use throughout my code. In the test I just set a current date and all modules get this date. So I can simulate an order creation in February and check that the invoice is created in April easily. Downside: 3rd party modules do not use this mechanism so it's really hard to integrate+test these. The second approach was way more successful to me after all. Therefore I'm looking for a way to set the time Python's datetime+time modules return. Setting the date is usually enough, I don't need to set the current hour or second (even though this would be nice). Is there such a utility? Is there an (internal) Python API that I can use?

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• c++-to-python swig caused memory leak! Related to Py_BuildValue and SWIG_NewPointerObj

  - by usfree74

  Hey gurus, I have the following Swig code that caused memory leak. PyObject* FindBestMatch(const Bar& fp) { Foo* ptr(new Foo()); float match; // call a function to fill the foo pointer return Py_BuildValue( "(fO)", match, SWIG_NewPointerObj(ptr, SWIGTYPE_p_Foo, 0 /* own */)); } I figured that ptr is not freed properly. So I did the following: PyObject* FindBestMatch(const Bar& fp) { Foo* ptr(new Foo()); float match; // call a function to fill the foo pointer *PyObject *o = SWIG_NewPointerObj(ptr, SWIGTYPE_p_Foo, 1 /* own */);* <------- 1 means pass the ownership to python PyObject *result = Py_BuildValue("(fO)", match, o); Py_XDECREF(o); return result; } But I am not very sure whether this will cause memory corruption. Here, Py_XDECREF(o) will decrease the ref count, which can free memory used by object "o". But o is part of the return value "result". Freeing "o" can cause data corrupt, I guess? I tried my change. It works fine and the caller (python code) does see the expected data. But this could be because nobody else overwrites to that memory area. So what's the right way to deal with memory management of the above code? I search the swig docs, but don't see very concrete description. Please help! Thanks, xin

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