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• Importing package as a submodule

  - by wecac

  Hi, I have a package 3rd party open source package "foo"; that is in beta phase and I want to tweak it to my requirements. So I don't want to get it installed in /usr/local/lib/python or anywhere in current sys.path as I can't make frequent changes in top level packages. foo/ __init__.py fmod1.py import foo.mod2 fmod2.py pass I want to install the the package "foo" as a sub package of my namespace say "team.my_pkg". So that the "fullname" of the package becomes "team.my_pkg.foo" without changing the code in inner modules that refer "team.my_pkg.foo" as "foo". team/ __init__.py my_pkg/ __init__.py foo/ fmod1.py import foo.mod2 fmod2.py pass One way to do this is to do this in team.my_pkg.init.py: import os.path import sys sys.path.append(os.path.dirname(__file__)) But I think it is very unsafe. I hope there is some way that only fmod1.py and fmod2.py can call "foo" by its short name everything else should use its complete name "team.my_pkg.foo" I mean this should fail outside team/my_pkg/foo: import team.my_pkg import foo But this should succeed outside team/my_pkg/foo: import team.my_pkg.foo

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• Android Thumbnail Loading Problem

  - by y ramesh rao

  I'm using a thumbnail loader in my project the one mentioned below. The problem is that the it loads all the thumbnails properly except the ones who's size is of about 40K. When our back end is giving that sort of thumbnails are not generated and sometimes this eventually leads to a Crash too. What m I supposed to do with this ? public class ThumbnailManager { private final Map<String, Bitmap> drawableMap; public static Context context; private Resources res; private int thumbnail_size; public ThumbnailManager() { drawableMap = new HashMap<String, Bitmap >(); res = new Resources(context.getAssets(), null, null); thumbnail_size = res.getInteger(R.ThumbnailManager.THUMBNAIL_SIZE); } public Bitmap fetchBitmap(String urlString) { if(drawableMap.containsKey(urlString)) { return (drawableMap.get(urlString)); } //Log.d(getClass().getSimpleName(), " Image URL :: "+ urlString); try { InputStream is = fetch(urlString); android.util.Log.v("ThumbnailManager", "ThumbnailManager " + urlString); drawableMap.put(urlString, BitmapFactory.decodeStream(is));//Bitmap.createScaledBitmap(BitmapFactory.decodeStream(is), thumbnail_size, thumbnail_size, false)); return drawableMap.get(urlString); } catch(Exception e) { android.util.Log.v("EXCEPTION", "EXCEPTION" + urlString); return null; } } public void fetchBitmapOnThread(final String urlString, final ImageView imageView) { if(drawableMap.containsKey(urlString)) { imageView.setImageBitmap(drawableMap.get(urlString)); return; } if(urlString.compareTo("AUDIO") == 0) { Bitmap audioThumb = BitmapFactory.decodeResource(context.getResources(), R.drawable.timeline_audio_thumb); drawableMap.put(urlString, Bitmap.createScaledBitmap(audioThumb, thumbnail_size, thumbnail_size, false)); imageView.setImageBitmap(drawableMap.get(urlString)); return; } final Handler handler = new Handler() { public void handleMessage(Message message) { imageView.setImageBitmap((Bitmap) message.obj); } }; Thread thread = new Thread() { public void run() { Bitmap urlBitmap = fetchBitmap(urlString); Message message = handler.obtainMessage(1, urlBitmap); handler.sendMessage(message); } }; thread.start(); } public InputStream fetch(String urlString) throws IOException, MalformedURLException { final URL url = new URL(urlString); final URLConnection conn = url.openConnection(); HttpURLConnection httpConn = (HttpURLConnection) conn; httpConn.setAllowUserInteraction(true); httpConn.setInstanceFollowRedirects(true); httpConn.setRequestMethod("GET"); httpConn.connect(); return(conn.getInputStream()); } }

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• Recursive function for copy of multilevel folder is not working.

  - by OM The Eternity

  Recursive function for copy of multilevel folder is not working. I have a code to copy all the mulitilevel folder to new folder. But in between I feel there is problem of proper path recognition, see the code below.. <?php $source = '/var/www/html/pranav_test'; $destination = '/var/www/html/parth'; copy_recursive_dirs($source, $destination); function copy_recursive_dirs($dirsource, $dirdest) { // recursive function to copy // all subdirectories and contents: if(is_dir($dirsource)) { $dir_handle=opendir($dirsource); } if(!is_dir($dirdest)) { mkdir($dirdest, 0777); } while($file=readdir($dir_handle)) {/*echo "<pre>"; print_r($file);*/ if($file!="." && $file!="..") { if(!is_dir($dirsource.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.$file)) { copy ($dirsource.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.$file, $dirdest.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.$dirsource.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.$file); } else{ copy_recursive_dirs($dirsource.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.$file, $dirdest); } } } closedir($dir_handle); return true; } ?> from the above code the if loop has a copy function as per requirement, but the path applied for destination here is not proper, I have tried with basename function as well.. but it didnt got the expected result.. below is the if loop i am talking about with comment describing the output... if(!is_dir($dirsource.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.$file)) { $basefile = basename($dirsource.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.$file);//it gives the file name echo "Pranav<br>".$dirdest.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.$dirsource.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.$file;//it outputs for example "/var/www/html/parth//var/www/html/pranav_test/media/system/js/caption.js" which is not correct.. copy ($dirsource.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.$file, $dirdest.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.$dirsource.DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.$file); } as shown above the i cannot get the files and folders copied to expected path.. please guide me to place proper path in the function....

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• C++ Pointers to functions.

  - by Andy Leman

  using namespace std; int addition (int a, int b) { return (a+b); } int subtraction (int a, int b) { return (a-b); } int operation (int x, int y, int (*functocall)(int,int)) { int g; g = (*functocall)(x,y); return(g); } int main() { int m,n; int (*minus)(int,int) = subtraction; m = operation (7,5,addition); n = operation (20,m,minus); cout << n; return 0; } Can anybody explain this line for me int (*minus)(int,int) = subtraction; Thanks a lot!

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• unrecognized selector sent to instance while trying to add an object to a mutable array

  - by madpoet

  I'm following the "Your Second iOS App" and I decided to play with the code to understand Objective C well... What I'm trying to do is simply adding an object to a mutable array in a class. Here are the classes: BirdSighting.h #import <Foundation/Foundation.h> @interface BirdSighting : NSObject @property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *name; @property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *location; @property (nonatomic, copy) NSDate *date; -(id) initWithName: (NSString *) name location:(NSString *) location date:(NSDate *) date; @end BirdSighting.m #import "BirdSighting.h" @implementation BirdSighting -(id) initWithName:(NSString *)name location:(NSString *)location date:(NSDate *)date { self = [super init]; if(self) { _name = name; _location = location; _date = date; return self; } return nil; } @end BirdSightingDataController.h #import <Foundation/Foundation.h> @class BirdSighting; @interface BirdSightingDataController : NSObject @property (nonatomic, copy) NSMutableArray *masterBirdSightingList; - (NSUInteger) countOfList; - (BirdSighting *) objectInListAtIndex: (NSUInteger) theIndex; - (void) addBirdSightingWithSighting: (BirdSighting *) sighting; @end BirdSightingDataController.m #import "BirdSightingDataController.h" @implementation BirdSightingDataController - (id) init { if(self = [super init]) { NSMutableArray *sightingList = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init]; self.masterBirdSightingList = sightingList; return self; } return nil; } -(NSUInteger) countOfList { return [self.masterBirdSightingList count]; } - (BirdSighting *) objectInListAtIndex: (NSUInteger) theIndex { return [self.masterBirdSightingList objectAtIndex:theIndex]; } - (void) addBirdSightingWithSighting: (BirdSighting *) sighting { [self.masterBirdSightingList addObject:sighting]; } @end And this is where I'm trying to add a BirdSighting instance to the mutable array: #import "BirdsMasterViewController.h" #import "BirdsDetailViewController.h" #import "BirdSightingDataController.h" #import "BirdSighting.h" @implementation BirdsMasterViewController - (void)awakeFromNib { [super awakeFromNib]; BirdSightingDataController *dataController = [[BirdSightingDataController alloc] init]; NSDate *date = [NSDate date]; BirdSighting *sighting = [[[BirdSighting alloc] init] initWithName:@"Ebabil" location:@"Ankara" date: date]; [dataController addBirdSightingWithSighting: sighting]; NSLog(@"dataController: %@", dataController.masterBirdSightingList); self.dataController = dataController; } .......... @end It throws NSInvalidArgumentException in BirdSightingDataController addBirdSightingWithSighting method... What am I doing wrong?

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• How to draw shadows that don't suck?

  - by mystify

  A CAShapeLayer uses a CGPathRef to draw it's stuff. So I have a star path, and I want a smooth drop shadow with a radius of about 15 units. Probably there is some nice functionality in some new iPhone OS versions, but I need to do it myself for a old aged version of 3.0 (which most people still use). I tried to do some REALLY nasty stuff: I created a for-loop and sequentially created like 15 of those paths, transform-scaling them step by step to become bigger. Then assigning them to a new created CAShapeLayer and decreasing it's alpha a little bit on every iteration. Not only that this scaling is mathematically incorrect and sucks (it should happen relative to the outline!), the shadow is not rounded and looks really ugly. That's why nice soft shadows have a radius. The tips of a star shouldn't appear totally sharp after a shadow size of 15 units. They should be soft like cream. But in my ugly solution they're just as s harp as the star itself, since all I do is scale the star 15 times and decrease it's alpha 15 times. Ugly. I wonder how the big guys do it? If you had an arbitrary path, and that path must throw a shadow, how does the algorithm to do that work? Probably the path would have to be expanded like 30 times, point-by-point relative to the tangent of the outline away from the filled part, and just by 0.5 units to have a nice blending. Before I re-invent the wheel, maybe someone has a handy example or link?

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• VB.Net Linq Datatable Exists

  - by LarsH

  I would like to use Linq instead of below function : Friend Function IsCollectionInTable2(ByVal apps As DataTable, ByVal collectionId As String) As Boolean For Each row As DataRow In apps.Rows If row("CollectionId").ToString = collectionId Then Return True Next Return False End Function The best I can do is below: Friend Function IsCollectionInTable(ByVal apps As DataTable, ByVal collectionId As String) As Boolean Return (From row In apps.AsEnumerable() Where (row.Field(Of String)("CollectionId") = collectionId) Select row.Field(Of String)("CollectionId")).Count > 0 End Function I would like to use Exists or Any in above function. Performance could be an issue,

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• iOS - How to iterate through list of files on website directory

  - by svjim

  On iOS, I am looking for the proper way to return the URLs for a list of files that are in a directory. /images 1.jpg 2.jpg 3.jpg ... I know the URL for the directory and know all the files in the directory will be of type jpeg. It is not clear to me how to properly format the NSURLRequest to return the list of files in the images directory. Once the list is returned, I will iterate through it to return the individual images.

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• Get Multiple Values From Database ASP.NET/C#

  - by user1043177

  I am trying to get/return multiple values from an SQL-Server database using and display them on an ASP.NET page. I am using a stored procedure to perform the SELECT command on the Database side. I am able to return the first value that matches the variable @PERSON but only one row is returned each time. Any help would be much appreciated. Database handler class public MainSQL() { _productConn = new SqlConnection(); _productConnectionString += "data source=mssql.database.co.uk;InitialCatalog=test_data;User ID=username;Password=password"; _productConn.ConnectionString = _productConnectionString; } public string GetItemName(int PersonID) { string returnvalue = string.Empty; SqlCommand myCommand = new SqlCommand("GetItem", _productConn); myCommand.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure; myCommand.Parameters.Add(new SqlParameter("@PERSON", SqlDbType.Int)); myCommand.Parameters[0].Value = PersonID; _productConn.Open(); returnvalue = (string)myCommand.ExecuteScalar(); _productConn.Close(); return (string)returnvalue; } Stored Procedure USE [test_data] GO SET ANSI_NULLS ON GO SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON GO ALTER PROCEDURE [ppir].[GetItem] ( @PERSON int ) AS /*SET NOCOUNT ON;*/ SELECT Description FROM [Items] WHERE PersonID = @PERSON RETURN return.aspx namespace test { public partial class Final_Page : System.Web.UI.Page { MainSQL GetInfo; protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) { int PersonId = (int)Session["PersonID"]; GetInfo = new MainSQL(); string itemname = GetInfo.GetItemName(PersonId); ReturnItemName.Text = itemname; } // End Page_Load } // End Class } // End Namespace

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• jquery validatie if statement

  - by Mariana Hernandez

  i have this validate function: var validator =$('#form1').validate( { ignore: "", rules: { usu_login: { required: true }, usu_email: { required: true }, usu_nombre1: { required: true }, usu_apellido1: { required: true }, usu_fecha_nac: { required: true }, usu_cedula: { required: true }, usu_telefono1: { required: true }, usu_password: { required: function() { return focusout == true; } }, usu_password2: { required: function() { return focusout == true; } }, usu_password3: { required: function() { return focusout == true; }, equalTo: "#usu_password2" } i need to apply the same if statement in the "equalTo" fuction so this can work as i want to, but i dont know how to do that. Dows anyone knows? Thanks

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• Delete an object from a tree

  - by mqpasta

  I have a Find function in order to find an element from a BST private Node Find(ref Node n, int e) { if (n == null) return null; if (n.Element == e) return n; if (e > n.Element) return Find(ref n.Right, e); else return Find(ref n.Left, e); } and I use following code in order to get a node and then set this node to null. Node x = bsTree.Find(1); x = null; bsTree.Print(); supposedly, this node should be deleted from Tree as it is set to null but it still exists in tree. I had done this before but this time missing something and no idea what.

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• Union results of two functions in php class

  - by Max

  I have php class(simple example): <?php class test{ public function __construct() { //some code } public function __destruct() { //some code } public function echo1 { //some code return 1; } public function echo2 { //some code return 2; } } How could I return results of this two functions echo1 and echo2 in class in one row don't creating two new objects for each function?

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• Question about CALL statement

  - by Bruce

  I have the following code in VC++ Func5(){ StackWalk(); } Func4{ Func5();} I am a Beginner in x86 Assembly Language. I am trying to find out the starting address of Func5(). I get the Func5()'s return address from its stack frame. Now before this return address there should be a CALL statement. So I extract out the bytes before the return address. Sometimes it's a near call like E8 ff ff ff d8. So for this statement I subtract the offset 0x28 from the function's return address to get Func5()'s base address (where it resides in memory). The problem is I don't know how to calculate this for a indirect NEAR call. I have been trying to find out how to do it for some time now. So I have extracted out the first 5 bytes before the return address and they are ff 75 08 ff d2 I think this stands for CALL ECX (ff d2) but I am not sure. I will be very grateful if someone can tell me what kind of CALL statement this is and how I can calculate the function's base address from this kind of call.

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• Is there a better way to do SELECT queries in MySQL and sort them in PHP than this way?

  - by Kent

  I am just learning PHP/MySQL, one this I am having to do a lot is displaying data that was previously inserted into the database out to the user's browser. So I am doing this: $select = mysql_query('SELECT * FROM pages'); while ($return = mysql_fetch_assoc($select)) { $title = $return['title']; $author = $return['author']; $content = $return['content']; } then I can use these variables through out the page. Now, doing it the above way isn't an issue when I only have 3 columns in a database but what if I am dealing with a huge database with many more columns. I have a nagging feeling that the pros do it in some more efficient way where they maybe loop through the table they are selecting from to find all columns it has and associate them with variables automatically. Is that the case? or is the above how you guys do it too?

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• When to use Yield?

  - by user281180

  When should I use return yield and when should I use return only?

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• When is C++ covariance the best solution?

  - by Neil Butterworth

  This question was asked here a few hours ago and made me realise that I have never actually used covariant return types in my own code. For those not sure what covariance is, it's allowing the return type of (typically) virtual functions to differ provided the types are part of the same inheritance hierarchy. For example: struct A { virtual ~A(); virtual A * f(); ... }; struct B : public A { virtual B * f(); ... }; The different return types of the two f() functions are said to be covariant. Older versions of C++ required the return types to be the same, so B would have to look like: struct B : public A { virtual A * f(); ... }; So, my question: Does anyone have a real-world example where covariant return types of virtual functions are required, or produce a superior solution to simply returning a base pointer or reference?

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• C# style properties in python

  - by 3D-Grabber

  I am looking for a way to define properties in Python similar to C#, with nested get/set definitions. This is how far I got: #### definition #### def Prop(fcn): f = fcn() return property(f['get'], f['set']) #### test #### class Example(object): @Prop def myattr(): def get(self): return self._value def set(self, value): self._value = value return locals() # <- how to get rid of this? e = Example() e.myattr = 'somevalue' print e.myattr The problem with this is, that it still needs the definition to 'return locals()'. Is there a way to get rid of it? Maybe with a nested decorator?

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• stack of a c program

  - by ckarthickit

  how the stack would look like for the following program if I give input as 5. #include <stdio.h> int fibonacci(int number) { int retval; if (0 == number){ return 0; } if (1 == number){ return 1; } return(fibonacci(number-1) + fibonacci(number-2)); } int main() { int number = 0; int fibvalue = 1; while (1){ printf("please enter the number\n"); scanf("%d", &number); fibvalue = fibonacci(number); printf("computed fibonacci value %d\n", fibvalue); } return 1; } also give me links where i can learn about it

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• SQL 2000 - Returning from a Stored Procedure

  - by user70192

  Hello, I'm writing a stored procedure. This procedure has a case where if it is met, I want to stop executing the procedure and return -1. How do I do this? Currently, I'm trying the following: IF @result <> 1 BEGIN SELECT -1 END However, SELECT is not a typical "return". As you can imagine I spend most of my time in code which is why i'm looking for something like a "return". Thank you,

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• Overfocus in GridView

  - by chuck258

  I'm trying to implement a GridView that Focuses the next Item and "Overscrolls at the End of a List. E.g. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 I want to scroll 1 2 3 4 5 6 ... just by pressing the right Key. Right now I can only Scroll 1 2 3 and then it stops and I have to scroll with the down Key. I already tried to set the focusViews in code (In the getView() method of my ArrayList Adapter, that fills the GridView) view.setId(position); view.setNextFocusLeftId(position-1); view.setNextFocusRightId(position+1); But that doesn't work. I found the boolean *Scroll(int direction) Methods on grepcode But theese are Package Local and I can't overwrite them. Any suggestions on how to solve this. Can I use another View and get the same Layout as a Gridview? I also set a OnFocusChangeListener to see what happens with no reaction. Edit: I just added this to my MainActivity, but now it seems to onKeyDown only get called when the GridView doesn't handle the KeyEvent (If the Last Item in a row is selected). @Override public boolean onKeyDown(int keyCode, KeyEvent event) { switch (keyCode) { case KeyEvent.KEYCODE_DPAD_LEFT: if (focusedView > 0) { mContainer.setSelection(--focusedView); Log.v("TEST", focusedView+""); } return true; case KeyEvent.KEYCODE_DPAD_RIGHT: if (focusedView < mAdapter.getCount() - 1) { mContainer.setSelection(++focusedView); Log.v("TEST", focusedView+""); } return true; } return super.onKeyDown(keyCode, event); } Edit 2: This is so f***ing stupid but works so damn fine :D @Override public boolean onKeyDown(int keyCode, KeyEvent event) { switch (keyCode) { case KeyEvent.KEYCODE_DPAD_LEFT: mContainer.onKeyDown(KeyEvent.KEYCODE_DPAD_UP, new KeyEvent(KeyEvent.ACTION_DOWN, KeyEvent.KEYCODE_DPAD_UP)); mContainer.onKeyDown(KeyEvent.KEYCODE_DPAD_RIGHT, new KeyEvent(KeyEvent.ACTION_DOWN, KeyEvent.KEYCODE_DPAD_RIGHT)); mContainer.onKeyDown(KeyEvent.KEYCODE_DPAD_RIGHT, new KeyEvent(KeyEvent.ACTION_DOWN, KeyEvent.KEYCODE_DPAD_RIGHT)); return true; case KeyEvent.KEYCODE_DPAD_RIGHT: mContainer.onKeyDown(KeyEvent.KEYCODE_DPAD_DOWN, new KeyEvent(KeyEvent.ACTION_DOWN, KeyEvent.KEYCODE_DPAD_DOWN)); mContainer.onKeyDown(KeyEvent.KEYCODE_DPAD_LEFT, new KeyEvent(KeyEvent.ACTION_DOWN, KeyEvent.KEYCODE_DPAD_LEFT)); mContainer.onKeyDown(KeyEvent.KEYCODE_DPAD_LEFT, new KeyEvent(KeyEvent.ACTION_DOWN, KeyEvent.KEYCODE_DPAD_LEFT)); return true; } return super.onKeyDown(keyCode, event); } I really don't want to post this as Answer, and I really don't want to have to use this Code because it is such a stupid workaround ;TLDR: Help still needed

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• How to wait for ajax validation to complete before submitting a form?

  - by Jung

  Having a problem where the form submits before the validateUsername function has a chance to complete the username check on the server-side. How do I submit the form only after the validateUsername function completes? Hope this is clear... form.submit(function(){ if (validateUsername() & validateEmail() & validatePassword()) { return true; } else { return false; } }); function validateUsername(){ usernameInfo.addClass("sign_up_drill"); usernameInfo.text("checking..."); var b = username.val(); var filter = /^[a-zA-Z0-9_]+$/; $.post("../username_check.php",{su_username:username.val()},function(data) { if (data=='yes') { username.addClass("error"); usernameInfo.text("sorry, that one's taken"); usernameInfo.addClass("error"); return false; } else if (!filter.test(b)) { username.addClass("error"); usernameInfo.text("no funny characters please"); usernameInfo.addClass("error"); return false; } else { username.removeClass("error"); usernameInfo.text("ok"); usernameInfo.removeClass("error"); return true; } }); }

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• jQuery question from a person who can't javascript

  - by Evilalan

  So I'm trying to adapt this Dropdown menu on Joomla the styles work great as expected so I'll post the javascript includes on the head of my website: <script type='text/javascript' src='js/jquery.js'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='js/dropdown.js'></script> <script type='text/javascript'> $(function() { $('.menu').droppy(); }); </script> <script type='text/javascript'> $(function() { $('.menu').droppy({speed: 100}); }); </script> ok I don't know why its is not working I'll post the dropdown.js should I post the jQuery too? it's really big! $.fn.droppy = function(options) { options = $.extend({speed: 250}, options || {}); this.each(function() { var root = this, zIndex = 1000; function getSubnav(ele) { if (ele.nodeName.toLowerCase() == 'li') { var subnav = $('> ul', ele); return subnav.length ? subnav[0] : null; } else { return ele; } } function getActuator(ele) { if (ele.nodeName.toLowerCase() == 'ul') { return $(ele).parents('li')[0]; } else { return ele; } } function hide() { var subnav = getSubnav(this); if (!subnav) return; $.data(subnav, 'cancelHide', false); setTimeout(function() { if (!$.data(subnav, 'cancelHide')) { $(subnav).slideUp(options.speed); } }, 500); } function show() { var subnav = getSubnav(this); if (!subnav) return; $.data(subnav, 'cancelHide', true); $(subnav).css({zIndex: zIndex++}).slideDown(options.speed); if (this.nodeName.toLowerCase() == 'ul') { var li = getActuator(this); $(li).addClass('hover'); $('> a', li).addClass('hover'); } } $('ul, li', this).hover(show, hide); $('li', this).hover( function() { $(this).addClass('hover'); $('> a', this).addClass('hover'); }, function() { $(this).removeClass('hover'); $('> a', this).removeClass('hover'); } ); }); }; My question here is: Why is it not working! I know that this is really complex (I don't anything about JavaScript) but if you help me I'll post a tutorial and edited files that will help a lot of people! By the way I've download jQuery from the original site so I don't think that this can be the problem! Thanks in advance!

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• switch statement with returns -- code correctness

  - by houbysoft

  Hi, let's say I have code in C with approximately this structure: switch (something) { case 0: return "blah"; break; case 1: case 4: return "foo"; break; case 2: case 3: return "bar"; break; default: return "foobar"; break; } Now obviously, the "break"s are not necessary for the code to run correctly, but it sort of looks like bad practice if I don't put them there to me. What do you think? Is it fine to remove them? Or would you keep them for increased "correctness"?

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• Creating parameterized type object using annonymous class

  - by Andrei Fierbinteanu

  This might be a stupid question, but I just saw a question asking how to create a Type variable for a generic type. The consensus seemed to be that you should have a dummy method returning that type, and then use reflection to get it (in this case he wanted Map<String, String>). Something like this : public Map<String, String> dummy() { throw new Error(); } Type mapStringString = Class.forName("ThisClass").getMethod("dummy").getGenericReturnType(); My question is, not having used reflection that much, couldn't you just do something like: Type mapStringString = new ParameterizedType() { public Type getRawType() { return Map.class; } public Type getOwnerType() { return null; } public Type[] getActualTypeArguments() { return new Type[] { String.class, String.class }; } }; Would this work? If not, why not? And what are some of the dangers/problems if it does (besides being able to return some Type like Integer<String> which is obviously not possible.

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• Why does decorating a class break the descriptor protocol, thus preventing staticmethod objects from behaving as expected?

  - by Robru

  I need a little bit of help understanding the subtleties of the descriptor protocol in Python, as it relates specifically to the behavior of staticmethod objects. I'll start with a trivial example, and then iteratively expand it, examining it's behavior at each step: class Stub: @staticmethod def do_things(): """Call this like Stub.do_things(), with no arguments or instance.""" print "Doing things!" At this point, this behaves as expected, but what's going on here is a bit subtle: When you call Stub.do_things(), you are not invoking do_things directly. Instead, Stub.do_things refers to a staticmethod instance, which has wrapped the function we want up inside it's own descriptor protocol such that you are actually invoking staticmethod.__get__, which first returns the function that we want, and then gets called afterwards. >>> Stub <class __main__.Stub at 0x...> >>> Stub.do_things <function do_things at 0x...> >>> Stub.__dict__['do_things'] <staticmethod object at 0x...> >>> Stub.do_things() Doing things! So far so good. Next, I need to wrap the class in a decorator that will be used to customize class instantiation -- the decorator will determine whether to allow new instantiations or provide cached instances: def deco(cls): def factory(*args, **kwargs): # pretend there is some logic here determining # whether to make a new instance or not return cls(*args, **kwargs) return factory @deco class Stub: @staticmethod def do_things(): """Call this like Stub.do_things(), with no arguments or instance.""" print "Doing things!" Now, naturally this part as-is would be expected to break staticmethods, because the class is now hidden behind it's decorator, ie, Stub not a class at all, but an instance of factory that is able to produce instances of Stub when you call it. Indeed: >>> Stub <function factory at 0x...> >>> Stub.do_things Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> AttributeError: 'function' object has no attribute 'do_things' >>> Stub() <__main__.Stub instance at 0x...> >>> Stub().do_things <function do_things at 0x...> >>> Stub().do_things() Doing things! So far I understand what's happening here. My goal is to restore the ability for staticmethods to function as you would expect them to, even though the class is wrapped. As luck would have it, the Python stdlib includes something called functools, which provides some tools just for this purpose, ie, making functions behave more like other functions that they wrap. So I change my decorator to look like this: def deco(cls): @functools.wraps(cls) def factory(*args, **kwargs): # pretend there is some logic here determining # whether to make a new instance or not return cls(*args, **kwargs) return factory Now, things start to get interesting: >>> Stub <function Stub at 0x...> >>> Stub.do_things <staticmethod object at 0x...> >>> Stub.do_things() Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> TypeError: 'staticmethod' object is not callable >>> Stub() <__main__.Stub instance at 0x...> >>> Stub().do_things <function do_things at 0x...> >>> Stub().do_things() Doing things! Wait.... what? functools copies the staticmethod over to the wrapping function, but it's not callable? Why not? What did I miss here? I was playing around with this for a bit and I actually came up with my own reimplementation of staticmethod that allows it to function in this situation, but I don't really understand why it was necessary or if this is even the best solution to this problem. Here's the complete example: class staticmethod(object): """Make @staticmethods play nice with decorated classes.""" def __init__(self, func): self.func = func def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs): """Provide the expected behavior inside decorated classes.""" return self.func(*args, **kwargs) def __get__(self, obj, objtype=None): """Re-implement the standard behavior for undecorated classes.""" return self.func def deco(cls): @functools.wraps(cls) def factory(*args, **kwargs): # pretend there is some logic here determining # whether to make a new instance or not return cls(*args, **kwargs) return factory @deco class Stub: @staticmethod def do_things(): """Call this like Stub.do_things(), with no arguments or instance.""" print "Doing things!" Indeed it works exactly as expected: >>> Stub <function Stub at 0x...> >>> Stub.do_things <__main__.staticmethod object at 0x...> >>> Stub.do_things() Doing things! >>> Stub() <__main__.Stub instance at 0x...> >>> Stub().do_things <function do_things at 0x...> >>> Stub().do_things() Doing things! What approach would you take to make a staticmethod behave as expected inside a decorated class? Is this the best way? Why doesn't the builtin staticmethod implement __call__ on it's own in order for this to just work without any fuss? Thanks.

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