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• Bad Intel DQ965GF motherboard? Fails memtest, but memory is good.

  - by Boden

  I've got a machine with a DQ965GF motherboard. Two days ago it started locking up hard. Ran memtest 3.3, 1.7, and TestMem 4. TestMem just freezes, memtest failed on moving 8 bit inversions. Letting memtest run eventually causes the system to restart. I pulled memory sticks one by one, and then replaced the memory with a couple of known good sticks. No luck. I switched power supplies, didn't help. Swapped video cards just to be safe. No help. When I start the machine I get a single beep before it POSTs. According to the manual, a single beep means: 1 beep - Refresh Error (with nothing on the screen and it is not a video problem) I'm assuming that the motherboard has failed since it's obviously not a RAM or power issue. Do you agree? NOTE: I also tried resetting BIOS defaults, and even flashed the BIOS to the latest version. I also ran the Mersenne Prime Test and the CPU seems to click along just fine. (Tried logging in to superuser with openid but it's not working for me today. Hope this gets through)

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• What's the piece of hardware listening on Facebook's or Wikipedia's IP address?

  - by Igor Ostrovsky

  I am trying to understand how massive sites like Facebook or Wikipedia work, for my intellectual curiosity. I read about various techniques for building scalable sites, but I am still puzzled about one particular detail. The part that confuses me is that ultimately, the DNS will map the entire domain to a single IP address, or a handful of IP addresses in the case of round-robin DNS. For example, wikipedia.org has only one type-A DNS record. So, people from all over the world visiting Wikipedia have to send a request to the one IP address specified in DNS. What is the piece of hardware that listens on the IP address for a massive site, and how can it possibly handle all the load coming from the requests for users all over the world? Edit 1: Thanks for all the responses! Anycast seems like a feasible answer... Does anyone know of a way to check whether a particular IP address is anycast-routed, so that I could verify that this really is the trick used in practice by large sites? Edit 2: After more reading on the topic, it appears that anycast is not typically used for dynamic web content. Anycast is usually used for UDP (e.g., DNS lookups), or sometimes for static content. One interesting thing to note is that Facebook uses profile.ak.fbcdn.net to host static content like style sheets and javascript libraries. Each time I ping this name, I get a response from a different IP address. However, I can't tell whether this is anycast in action, or a completely different technique. Back to my original question: as far as I can tell, even a large site will have a single expensive piece of load-balancing hardware listening on its handful of public IP addresses.

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• How do you get AWS VPC EC2 instances to be able to see the AWS APIs?

  - by Peter Mounce

  We're spinning up infrastructure inside of an AWS VPC via CloudFormation. We're using auto-scaling groups to bring up VPC-EC2 instances (so, we don't bring up instances directly; ASGs manage that). Inside of a PVC, EC2 instances only have a private IP; they cannot see the outside world without further work. When these instances spin up, we have some bootstrap tasks that require talking to the various AWS APIs. We also have some ongoing tasks that require AWS API traffic. How are you tackling this apparent chicken-egg problem? We've read about: NAT instances - but don't like this so much because it's another layer to our stack. assigning elastic-IPs to each VPC instance that needs to talk - but a) they all do, and b) since we're using ASGs, we don't know which instances to assign EIPs to at provision-time, and c) we'd need to set up something to monitor those ASGs and assign EIPs when instances are terminated and replaced spinning up an instance (actually, a load-balanced pair, probably spanning AZs) to act as an AWS-API proxy for all API traffic I guess I'm wondering whether there's some kind of back-door we can open that allows our VPC EC2 instances access to the AWS API endpoints, but nothing else, for cheap-complexity setup, that doesn't add another network-hop layer to our infrastructure for serving requests.

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• diskmgmt.msc: Cannot delete volume from USB

  - by Notinlist

  I have an USB drive with about 8GB of size. It has a single partition of size 169MB. Don't know why, I got it that way. I wanted to delete this small (FAT32) partition and create a single NTFS volume on it. First, I noticed that the "Delete volumme" option is disabled (grayed out). I then tried "Change drive letter and paths..." and removed "F:", that way I made sure that there are no open files on it. The "Delete volume" was still disabled. Then I got suspicious, and right clicked on the "Unallocated" area and I noticed that I did not have any useful option. All "New * volume" items are disabled. I exited from diskmgmt.msc, ran a cmd.exe with administrator privileges, ran the diskmgmt.msc from it, same experiences. Why can't i do anything with this disk? I've read some advices about downloading some alternative free software, but I rather not do it if possible. I still hope that Windows 7 Enterprise 64bit alone can reinitialize an USB drive without external help. I also cannot do anything with my other 8GB pendrive. It's all an NTFS volume, I tried to delete it, but the option is disabled here too. Maybe I have some settings somewhere that prevents my from partitioning USB disks. (I have the freedom to remove my D: partition which is the second - not counding the "System reserved" - on my SSD disk.)

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• Can a folder on a NAS be made available as a physical drive in VMWare?

  - by asbjornu

  We are currently in the process of moving from a single web server to two load balanced web servers and are facing some challenges we don't quite know how to fix. One of these is that the current single server hosts applications that write stuff to disk. The applications running on the server expects that when something is written to disk it later will in fact exist, so it's important that this premise is fulfilled with the dual server architecture as well. The dual server setup is a couple of VMWare instances with Windows Server 2008 R2 as the guest operating system. Out of the box, these instances does not share any kind of file system, so just moving the applications over would make them break since one instance would write something to the file system that doesn't exist on the other. Thus we need to share a file system between the two virtual servers. Our host has proposed to create a network share on a SAN and map this share individually on each virtual machine. This doesn't work too well due to NTFS permissions, etc., because the share needs to be accessed by several independent web applications that won't even be in the same application pool. The only solution that kind of works is to hard code an "identity" for each web application into its web.config file, but this means password in clear text which doesn't sit well with me. Since the servers are virtual, I'm thinknig: Wouldn't it be possible to make a NAS area available as a physical disk in the gues operating system somehow? Since VMWare has full control of the virtual hardware, you'd think it would be able to "fake" a local hard drive in the virtual machine that in reality is a folder on a NAS, but so far I haven't found anything that states how and if this is possible. So I have to ask the wonderful Server Fault community: Can a folder on a NAS be made available as a physical drive (typical D:) in both of the virtual machines?

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• In Icinga (Nagios), how do I configure hosts with multiple IPs?

  - by gertvdijk

  I'm setting up Icinga (Nagios fork) and I have some machines with multiple interfaces. Some services are only listening on one of them and to check them correctly, I like to know if it's possible to have multiple IP addresses configured for a single host in Icinga. Here's a minimal example: Remote Server: eth0: 1.2.3.4 (public IP) eth1: 10.1.2.3 (private IP, secure tunnel) Apache listening on 1.2.3.4:80. (public only) OpenSSH listening on 10.1.2.3:22. (internal network only) Postfix SMTP listening on 0.0.0.0:25 (all interfaces) Icinga Server: eth0: 10.2.3.4 (private IP, internet access) Now if I define a host: define host { use generic-host host_name server1 alias server1.gertvandijk.net address 10.1.2.3 } This will not check the HTTP status correctly. And defining an additional host: define host { use generic-host host_name server1-public alias server1.gertvandijk.net address 1.2.3.4 } will check everything, but shows up as two independent hosts. Now I want to 'aggregate' these two hosts to show up as a single host, yet providing an easy configuration to check the services on their proper address. What is the most elegant number-of-configuration-lines-saving solution to this? I read about several plugins available to workaround this, but I can't figure out what is the current way to address it. Solutions go back to 2003, but I'm running Icinga 1.7.1, already capable of the address6 option, yet that triggers IPv6-only resolving on the hostname... Ideally, I wish to configure Icinga to be intelligent enough to know that the Postfix instance running on 10.1.2.3:25 is the same as 1.2.3.4:25 and thus not triggering two alarms. I guess this must have been tackled before and sysadmins have it set up now. Please share your solution to this. Thanks! :)

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• SSH tunnel for socks5 proxy is slow with concurrent load

  - by RawwrBag

  I ssh to a remote AWS server using Ubuntu. I use ssh's port forwarding capabilities to do this. I have tried forwarding a dynamic port (ssh -D) or a single port (ssh -L with dante running as a remote socks server). Both are equally slow. I also tried different ciphers (ssh -c). Concurrent TCP connections pretty much do not work. For example, I can go to speedtest.net and start a test (which is fairly fast, probably maxes out my line speed) and if I try and do anything (i.e. load google.com) while the test is still running, all the additional connections seem to hang until the speed test is over. I realize OpenSSH is single-threaded. Is this the problem? It doesn't even show up on my top. Same goes for sshd on the remote server -- no processor hit. Is there anyway to bump ssh performance or should I step up to OpenVPN or something better suited for this?

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• Standards for documenting/designing infrastructure

  - by Paul

  We have a moderately complex solution for which we need to construct a production environment. There are around a dozen components (and here I'm using a definition of "component" which means "can fail independently of other components" - e.g. an Apache server, a Weblogic web app, an ftp server, an ejabberd server, etc). There are a number of weblogic web apps - and one thing we need to decide is how many weblogic containers to run these web apps in. The system needs to be highly available, and communications in and out of the system are typically secured by SSL Our datacentre team will handle things like VLAN design, racking, server specification and build. So the kinds of decisions we still need to make are: How to map components to physical servers (and weblogic containers) Identify all communication paths, ensure all are either resilient or there's an "upstream" comms path that is resilient, and failover of that depends on all single-points of failure "downstream". Decide where to terminate SSL (on load balancers, or on Apache servers, for instance). My question isn't really about how to make the decisions, but whether there are any standards for documenting (especially in diagrams) the design questions and the design decisions. It seems odd, for instance, that Visio doesn't have a template for something like this - it has templates for more physical layout, and for more logical /software architecture diagrams. So right now I'm using a basic Visio diagram to represent each component, the commms between them with plans to augment this with hostnames, ports, whether each comms link is resilient etc, etc. This all feels like something that must been done many times before. Are there standards for documenting this?

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• What are problems and pitfalls with a public facing Active Directory

  - by Ralph Shillington

  The situation that i'm faced with is this: We plan on using a number of server applications hosted on Amazon EC2 machines, mainly Microsoft Team Foundation Server. These services rely heavily on Active Directory. Since our servers are in the Amazon cloud it should go without saying (but I will) that all our users are remote. It seems that we can't setup VPN on our EC2 instance -- so the users will have to join the domain, directly over the internet then they'll be able to authenticate and once authenticated, use that token for accessing resources such as TFS. on the DC instance, I can shut down all ports, except those needed for joining/authenicating to the domain. I can also filter the IP on that machine to just those address that we are expecting our users to be at (it's a small group) On the web based application servers, I imagine all we need to open is port 80 (or 8080 in the case of TFS) One of the problems that I'm faced with is what domain name to use for this Active directory. Should I go with "ourDomainName.com" or "OurDomainName.local" If I choose the latter, does that not mean that I'll have to get all our users to change their DNS address to point to our server, so it can resolve the domain name (I guess I could also distribute a host file) Perhaps there is another alternative that I'm completely missing.

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• Wireless router setup for 1-1 NAT

  - by Carlos

  What I have: A linksys router WAG160N with firmware version 2 A "pool" of 5 external static IP's provided by my ISP 213.xx.xxx.n All the required configuration values for the static IPs such as (Subnet Mask, Gateway and static DNS 1, 2, 3) Current WAN Configuration: Encapsulation: RFC 2364 PPPoA Multiplexing: VC QoS type: UBR DSL modulation: MultiMode What's connected to the network: 1 x Server (That I want to make available to the outside) 5 x Desktops with static internal IP's, such as 192.168.0.xx 2 x Network printers, also with internal static IP's 2 x Laptops 1 x NAS (Network Attached Storage) also on static IP What I want to do: I would like to make the server available from outside the network, for example from your house. The problem is that Im not really sure how to do this. I have tried following the steps on the instruction manual in Linksys but they do not seem to work, once I set it up as shown bellow, I loose internet and all hell breaks loose. Going into further detail, I would prefer if the network is changed as little as possible, by this I mean that all the computers stay networked within eachother and only the server is accessible from the outside the network. What I need HELP with: I have read around that it is possible to set a 1-1 NAT (I know where it is in the menu but have no clue what it does...) so that I can NAT a single public IP directly to a single private IP (in our case the server). But please, How do I do that? Or maybe an alternative?

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• Is a Hyperthreaded CPU more powerful and more efficient than a Dual-core CPU? [closed]

  - by user1811864

  which computer to choose with Pentium processor hello they are getting rid of the old computer equipment in the office and i have to choose the computer to take home i get first choice to pick. -15 inch lcd screen 4 gb of ram core 2 duo dual Core E8400 3.00 GHz dvd writer windows vista/ linux -15 inch crt monitor with 2 gb ram and pentium 4 2 ghz single core HT technology windows xp hardisks both 250 GB my friend is telling me to choose the second one Pentium single core HT because he told me it runs faster becuase of HT technology and cooler and consumes less current electricity so it wont get overheated because it has HT technology so it's high definition for encoding and watching HD movies and HD sound and is like a gaming pc to play internet games. And also he said the dual core 8400 runs at 3 ghz compared to the 2 ghz so it heats very much because of the two extra cores so it takes more current raising electricty bills and is not good for gaming and watching HD movies and internet flash animations and games because of getting heated everytime. And he wants to choose and take the E8400 because he has air conditioning at home so it will be safe from heating. So which one computer should i take is it really faster because of the HT High definition technology and will i be able to play internet flash card games better and watch good HD movies Youtube etc and play all the music and songs.

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• poor performance when deleteing many files

  - by choppy

  I've got two machines: The first is IBM Blade with 24 cores 96GB RAM and single local hard drive with 278GB divided to 4 partitions: 1. c: - 40GB; 3GB free 2. d: - 40GB; 37GB free 3. e: - 198322GB; 198.1 free 4. 100MB (EFI system Partition) Formatted with GPT The other is pizza server with 4 cores 8GB RAM and single local hard drive with 273GB divided to 3 partitions: 1. c: - 136.81; 20GB free 2. d: - 88.74GB; 87.91 free 3. e: - 47.85GB; 46.91 free Formatted with MBR I have two scripts, the first creates 20,000 files in one directory, each file size is 192KB, the second delete the folder (recursive) and prints how much time it toke to delete all files. The problem is on the first server (blade) it takes about 2 minutes to delete all 20,000 files while on the second (pizza) it takes about 4 seconds!? Both servers have clean windows server 2008R2 with no special application running on background. Any ideas what is going on?

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• Creating a bootable USB drive from a distro split over two DVD ISOs

  - by Kev

  I am searching and not finding the right way to do this. Please note, I don't think I'm trying for anything strange here. I just want to make a bootable USB stick of a single OS that happens to be larger than one DVD and happens to be larger than FAT32 will allow for in a single file. On our slow connection I spent a long time downloading CentOS 5.9's two DVD ISOs: CentOS-5.9-x86_64-bin-DVD-1of2.iso (4.4 GB) CentOS-5.9-x86_64-bin-DVD-2of2.iso (718 MB) I have a USB stick that I want to somehow get these two ISOs on. Since the first one is 4.4 GB, I can't use ISO2USB because it insists on FAT32. I cannot find an alternative that lets you specify more than one ISO image--of the same distro, I'm not trying for some fancy multi-boot thing--to put on the same stick. I guess I should have downloaded the CD ISOs, but I thought I was "saving time" because then I wouldn't have as many files to run through the md5 checker. There's no IMG file of the whole thing (only a net install version, which I don't want--I want to pre-download everything) otherwise I would've gone for that. So, given that I have these two DVD ISOs, how can I get them on a stick that will boot and make use of both of them properly to install CentOS somewhere? Again, I don't think this is anything out of the ordinary, yet I can't find software/docs that seem to support this. Am I stuck re-downloading everything in CD-sized ISOs just to do this? I found this, but it doesn't run on Windows. I am using Windows to prepare the stick.

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• Queries passed to SQL Server are getting corrupted

  - by adrianbanks

  We are experiencing a bizarre error with our application at a customer site. We have managed to narrow it down to the point where we can replicate the behaviour using just Management Studio and SQL Server. We have two machines, A and B: +------------+ +--------------------+ | [A] | | [B] | | Management | -------------- | SQL Server 2008 R2 | | Studio | | Enterprise x64 | +------------+ +--------------------+ We are running a SQL script in Management Studio on machine A against the SQL Server instance on machine B. We are not actually executing the script, just parsing it. Most of the time, the parse operation works fine. Occasionally (seemingly randomly), the parse operation fails with a syntax error. The error message shows the part of the script with the error, which appears as some SQL from the original script that has been truncated and has random characters appended to it. An example: The original SQL: SELECT DISTINCT ST.TABLE_NAME as TableName FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES AS ST INNER JOIN INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS AS SC ON SC.TABLE_NAME = ST.TABLE_NAME WHERE ST.TABLE_TYPE = 'BASE TABLE' AND SC.COLUMN_NAME = 'Identity' AND ST.TABLE_NAME != 'dtproperties' ORDER BY ST.TABLE_NAME The SQL that is in error (as reported by SQL Server): SELECT DISTINCT ST.TABLE_NAME as TableName FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES AS ST INNER JOIN INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS AS SC ON SC.TABLE_NAME = Sa? The above example shows how the query is being corrupted. It doesn't always happen, and is not always the same bit of SQL that causes the error. Parsing this script against another SQL Server instance produces no errors, showing that the script is fine. It appears that something is corrupting the SQL that is being received the the server. This leads me to think that the problem lies either with the client end or in the transmission of the SQL from the client to the server. I have a SQL trace from the period where an error occurs, which shows the SQL has been corrupted when SQL Server receives it. We have been unable to track down any possible cause of this behaviour, and so cannot find a fix. Because the errors occur seemingly randomly, it is also very hard to generate reproduction steps to submit a bug report. Any ideas?

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• Port knocking via SSH tunnels

  - by j0ker

  I have a server running in my university's internal network. There is only one SSH daemon running which is secured by port knocking with knockd. Works fine if I try to connect from within the internal network. But since the server has no external IP, I have to tunnel into the internal network every time I want to access the server from outside. And since tunneling only works for a single port I cannot do the port knocking as easily as from an internal client. In fact, I don't get it to work at all. What I'm trying is opening tunnels for all the different ports that have to be knocked. Then I send TCP-SYN packets into the tunnels. But that doesn't work even for a single port. If I establish the tunnel on the first port in the knock sequence and send a packet through it, it doesn't reach the server. There is no entry in the log file of knockd, while there should be something like 123.45.67.89: openSSH: Stage 1 (as shown with internal knocks). So I guess, the problem doesn't exist within my knocking script but is a more general one. Are there any known problems with what I'm trying to do? Is it even possible or am I missing something? Thanks in advance!

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• Exchange 2010 issuing NDRs to Hotmail/Live & few other domains on receipt of message

  - by John Patrick Dandison

  I'm working through a beast of an issue at the moment. Exchange 2010 single server on prem Hybrid deployment to Office 365 ESMTP filtering turned off on ASA Certain domains (most consistently, Hotmail/Live) cannot send us mail. At one point, we couldn't send out either, but I created a new Send Connector that forces HELO instead of EHLO. I turned on SMTP logging, an example of the failed inbound message connection is below. I've read that it could be that reverse DNS is the problem, i.e., the exchange banner smtp address needs to reverse-DNS back to the same IP. Since it's the default exchange connector, its banner is the server's name, but the DNS name of the MX record is different. I'm waiting for the PTR records to update to reflect the internal name as well. Is that the right direction? Is this all DNS or something different? SMTP Session Log (single failed session for illustration): SMTPSubmit SMTPAcceptAnySender SMTPAcceptAuthoritativeDomainSender AcceptRoutingHeaders 220 ExchangeServerName.internalSubDomain.example.com Microsoft ESMTP MAIL Service ready at Mon, 15 Oct 2012 09:57:24 -0400 EHLO col0-omc3-s4.col0.hotmail.com 250-ExchangeServerName.internalSubDomain.example.com Hello [65.55.34.142] 250-SIZE 250-PIPELINING 250-DSN 250-ENHANCEDSTATUSCODES 250-STARTTLS 250-X-ANONYMOUSTLS 250-AUTH NTLM LOGIN 250-X-EXPS GSSAPI NTLM 250-8BITMIME 250-BINARYMIME 250-CHUNKING 250-XEXCH50 250-XRDST 250 XSHADOW MAIL FROM:<[email protected]> 08CF5268DABBD9AA;2012-10-15T13:57:24.564Z;1 250 2.1.0 Sender OK RCPT TO:<[email protected]> 250 2.1.5 Recipient OK XXXX 1282 LAST Tarpit for '0.00:00:05' 500 5.3.3 Unrecognized command XXXXXXXXX from COL002-W38 ([65.55.34.135]) by col0-omc3-s4.col0.hotmail.com with Microsoft SMTPSVC(6.0.3790.4675); Tarpit for '0.00:00:05' 500 5.3.3 Unrecognized command " XXXX 15 Oct 2012 06:57:24 -0700" Tarpit for '0.00:00:05' 500 5.3.3 Unrecognized command XXXXXXXXXXX <[email protected]> Tarpit for '0.00:00:05'

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• Ubuntu 10.10 forgets desktop theme.

  - by Marcelo Cantos

  I am running Ubuntu in VirtualBox (on a Windows 7 host). Several times now, the top-level menu bar, the task bar — and seemingly every system dialog — have forgotten the out-of-the-box "Ambiance" theme they conform to when I first installed the system. Window captions still preserve the theme, but pretty much nothing else does. I have searched high and low on Google for assistance with this problem. Everything I've found suggests either running some gconf reset or deleting .gconf* .gnome* and other similar directories. I have followed all this advice and nothing works. I still get a boring Windows-95-style gray 3D look and feel. On previous occasions, after much messing around I've given up and rebooted the VM instance, and been pleasantly suprised to see the original "Ambience" theme restored throughout the UI, but invariably it disappears again some time later, usually after a reboot, so I can never figure out what I did that broke it. Here's a sample from Ubuntu's site of what I want it to look like. And here's a screenshot of my system as it currently looks. Also note that my GNOME Terminals normally have a nice purple semi-translucent look, and as can be seen from the screenshot, they are now just a solid matt white. This last time (just this morning), trying numerous combinations all the usual tricks and rebooting several times hasn't fixed it, so here I am on SU wondering: How do I recover the out-of-the-box theme for my Gnome/Ubuntu desktop, noting that blowing away all config files — as suggested in many places online — fails to achieve this? EDIT: It might help to know that it seems to fail either after I resize the VM instance, forcing the Ubuntu desktop to resize itself, or after I play around with Compiz settings. I haven't been able to figure out which of these it is, and it could be neither. Given the amount of pain I have had to go through to get things back to normal (and given that I am at a loss as to how to do so), it has proven difficult to definitively isolate the cause.

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• Tables in the SQL Server "master" database, will they cause problems?

  - by pepoluan

  Folks, please be kind on me... I'm just an 'accidental' DBA due to our DBA resigned, so I'm totally a newbie in DBA... You see, I have this application, "ESET Remote Administration Server" (ERAS) that stores its logs and analysis on (originally) a local Access database. The decision was to migrate its database to a SQL Server 2008 R2 machine. ESET (the maker of the software) helpfully provided tools to perform such migration; unfortunately, being the DBA neophyte that I am, I didn't realize that I have to first create my own database (on the SQL Server side) and assign that database as the 'default' database for ERAS' ODBC connection. Now, the migration tool had successfully created a whole bunch of tables inside the "master" database. My questions: Should I leave things be as it is, or should I re-migrate the ERAS database to a different database? If you suggest me perform a re-migration, my plan is to (1) create a new instance, (2) create a new database within the new instance, (3) create a new ODBC System DSN on the ERAS server pointing to the new DB in step 2, (4) use ESET's migration tool to migrate from the current DSN to the new DSN. Do you think I missed a step there? Thanks beforehand for any guidance.

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• Any dangers in using DDR memory with a higher frequency than the FSB?

  - by raw_noob

  I'm looking to upgrade memory in an older motherboard. The processor is an AMD Sempron 2500+ with a maximum speed of 333/166MHz. The motherboard is an MSI MS-7061 (KV3M-V), which accepts up to 2Gb of DDR memory maximum PC2700 in 2 slots and has a maximum FSB of 333MHz. The board does not have dual-channel support. Existing memory includes a stick of 512Mb PC3200, which seems to be running OK (presumably at PC2700) but is rated 200MHz, which is below the FSB speed. The other stick is 256Mb PC2100/133MHz, again below the FSB speed. (All figures from CPU-Z.) I have a chance to acquire a single used stick of PC3200/400MHz memory very cheaply. Crucial's system scanner seems to suggest that this will be OK with my system, but other sites have suggested that running memory with a higher frequency than the FSB can cause instability. Is this true? Would I be better waiting until I can buy the correct PC2700/333MHz stick? I'm assuming that the mixed memory I have at present is running as 768Mb at 133MHz. Is this a reasonable assumption? If so, would you expect the performance differences between 768Mb/133MHz and 1Gb/333MHz to be very noticeable? If I install the new 1Gb/400 or 333MHz stick in slot 1, am I right in thinking that adding back the existing 512Mb/200MHz stick in slot 2 would pull the whole 1.5Gb system memory speed down to 200MHz? If so, which would be better - 1.5Gb/200MHz, or the single 1Gb stick at the full 333MHz that the FSB permits? Is more headroom more important than extra speed? Any help - or even opinions - gratefully received. I can't find reliable information, and I can't afford to make expensive mistakes.

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• Multiple servers vs 1 big server performace

  - by pistacchio

  Hi to all! My team of developers has suggested a server structure for an upcoming project we are developing. Our structure is "logical", meaning that the various logical components of the application (it is a distributed one) relies on different servers. Some components are more critical than others and will be subjected to more load. Our proposal was to have 1 server per component but the hardware guys suggested to replace the various machines with a single, bigger one with virtual servers. They're gonna use Blade Servers. Now, I'm not an expert at all, but my question to the guys was: so if we need, for example, 3 2GHz CPU / 2GB RAM machines and you give me 1 machine with 3 2GHz CPUs and 6 GB of RAM it is the same? They told me it is. Is this accurate? What are the advantages or disadvantages of both the solutions? What are the generally accepted best practices? Could you point out some URL reference dealing with the problem? Thank you in advance! EDIT: Some more info. The (internet / intranet) application is already layered. We have some servers on the DMZ that will expose pages to the internet and the databases are on their own machines. What we want to split (and they want to join) are some webservers that mainly expose webservices. One is a DAL that communicates with the database layer, one is our Single Sign On / User Profile application that gets called once per page and one is a clone of what seen on the Internet to be used on our lan.

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• Enterprise class storage best practices

  - by churnd

  One thing that has always perplexed me is storage best practices. Filesystems brag about how they can be petabytes or exabytes in size. Yet, I do not know many sysadmins who are willing to let a single volume grow over several terrabytes. I do know the primary reason behind this is how long it would take to rebuild the array should a drive fail. The more drives in a single LUN, the longer this takes and the greater your risk of losing another drive while the rebuild is taking place. Then there's usage reasons. Admins will carve out a LUN based on how much space they think needs to be allocated to the project. It seems more practical to me for the LUN to be one large array and to use quotas. I understand this wouldn't satisfy every requirement (iSCSI), but I see a lot of NAS systems (NFS) managed this way. I also understand that the underlying volumes can be grown/shrunk as needed quite easily, but wouldn't it be less "risky" to use quotas rather than manipulating volumes and bringing possible data loss into the equation? There may be some other reasons I'm missing, so please enlighten me. Can we not expect filesystems to ever be so large? Are we waiting for the hardware to get faster to cut down on rebuild times?

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• CloudFront with Custom Origin and ELB

  - by kmfk

  We are using CloudFront for our static assets but also wanted to allow for Gzip. We set up a new distribution with a custom origin pointing back to our application servers which are behind a elastic load balancer. We manually keep the files in sync across the cluster and update them when we publish. However, with this set up, we get nothing but Miss and RefreshHits from CloudFront, which so far has defeated the purpose. Is there any additional settings in order to use an ELB as your custom origin? In the docs, it references this as a viable solution. It appears when we point the distribution to a single server in our production cluster, cloudfront properly caches our assets. Is it possible that the sticky sessions cookie and the subsequent header that gets added by it could be an issue? Cache-Control: no-cache="set-cookie" //Added by load balancer Any ideas? FYI - currently, we have our custom origin pointing to a single EC2 instance, so caching is working correctly - in case you try to curl the file below. Example headers: curl -I http://static.quick-cdn.com/css/9850999.css HTTP/1.0 200 OK Accept-Ranges: bytes Cache-Control: max-age=3700 Cache-Control: no-cache="set-cookie" Content-Length: 23038 Content-Type: text/css Date: Thu, 12 Apr 2012 23:03:52 GMT Last-Modified: Thu, 12 Apr 2012 23:00:14 GMT Server: Apache/2.2.17 (Ubuntu) Vary: Accept-Encoding X-Cache: RefreshHit from cloudfront X-Amz-Cf-Id: K_q7Zy3_jdzlEJ85ukELVtdx1GmuXqApAbZZ7G0fPt0mxRMqPKX5pQ==,RzJmPku-rEIO9WlvuSoKa8hiAaR3dLk5KC4cQMWWrf_MDhmjWe8n6A== Via: 1.0 28c34f9fbf559a21ee16594849e4fc9c.cloudfront.net (CloudFront) Connection: close

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• Exchange 2003 -- Mailbox Management not deleting ALL messages aged 30 days or older...

  - by tcv

  I've recently created a Mailbox Management task within Exchange 2003 that, every night, looks at the contents of the Deleted Items within a particular mailbox and deletes mail that's 30 days or older. The scheduled task ran on its own last night and I have confirmed that messages within the right mailbox and the right folder were, in fact, processed. Many mails were deleted ... but not never email older than 30 days. In fact, the choice seems kinda random. Last night 3/10/2010 was the 30 day watermark. Mails were deleted from 3/10/2010, sure enough, but not all of them. Mails older than 3/10/2010 were deleted as well, but, again, not all of them. The only criteria I have on the management -- aside from the single mailbox and single folder scopes -- is the age criteria. The size criteria is set to Any, meaning I don't care about the size. I care about the age. It's made me wonder where there is some sort of limit on how many mails can be processed? The schedule is set for 12am and 1am every night. Any hints appreciated.

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• EC2 configuration for medium load service on Django

  - by Luberg

  I have created a very basic Django application which puts an email to the database (Coming soon page for a startup). I launched a t1.micro instance to try out which load it can carry out. Nginx+FastCGI from Django+sqllite/postgres - tried both. blitz.io test gave me a pretty unhappy result (just 100 users within 1 minute): This rush generated 542 successful hits in 1.0 min and we transferred 809.01 KB of data in and out of your app. The average hit rate of 8.81/second translates to about 761,612 hits/day. You got bigger problems though: 87.28% of the users during this rush experienced timeouts or errors! I tried both to put varnish, disabled Debub mode in django and started fastcgi in threaded mode - nothing helps. This is not gonna be a super highload page - just a coming soon page to save email of subscribers, it should carry at least 500-1000 users at the same time in peak... I believe t1.micro is super small for that, but I also have tried small instance - not better result.. Please let me know should I use something different from Amazon EC2, or to pick smth better than t1.micro, or I that is definetely a configuration issues?...

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• Copying files between linux machines with strong authentication but without encryption

  - by Zizzencs

  I'm looking for a suitable program to copy files from one linux machine to another one. The program should be able to do authentication but it should not do encryption. The reason behind the latter is the lack of CPU power to do the encryption. I copy backups from ~70 machines to a single backup server simultaneously. The single server is an HP Proliant DL360 G7, with 10 Gbps ethernet connection and an FC storage backend that can do 4 Gbps. Through FTP I can write ~400MB/sec to the storage (that's about what I want) but through ssh with arcfour I can only do ~100MB/sec while having 100% CPU usage. That's why I want file transfers not to be encrypted. The alternatives that I found not really suitable: rcp: no authentication, forget it FTP: making the authentication "secure" (at least preventing plain-text password exchange) is possible but not really easy and I haven't found a method to force any FTP daemon to encrypt the control channel (for the authentication) and not to encrypt the data channel (for data transfers) SCP/SFTP: in farely recent ssh(d) implementations you can't turn off encryption. The best you can do is to use the arcfour cypher for the encryption but it sill uses too much CPU power for my needs. rsync over ssh: same problems as with SCP/SFTP. plain rsync: from the documentation of rsyncd: "The authentication protocol used in rsync is a 128 bit MD4 based challenge response system. This is fairly weak protection, though (with at least one brute-force hash-finding algorithm publicly available), so if you want really top-quality security, then I recommend that you run rsync over ssh." It's a no-go. Is there a protocol/program that can do exactly what I want? (A big plus would be if it could work on windows as well and/or if it would support rsync-stlye copying/synchronization (e.g. copy only the differences).)

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