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• external drive enclosure -> software RAID 5?

  - by memilanuk

  Hello all, I have two older PCs on my LAN posing as 'servers'... one running FreeNAS off a USB stick using three 500GB hdds in a ZFS RAID-Z pool serving as storage for the LAN and one running Debian Lenny with an 80GB drive used as a general purpose 'tinker' box that I can ssh into, etc. Problem is that the SMART report for one of those 500GB drives in the FreeNAS box is showing some pre-failure attributes, and the whole array is a little small anyways. Rather than simply replace one 500GB drive with another 500GB drive, and have no backup of the file server, I'd like to upgrade all the drives to 2TB ones - but I have no where to store that much data in the mean while. As such, I started looking at getting a 4-bay external drive enclosure with an eSATA card for the Debian box, with the hopes of creating a RAID5 + LVM setup using those drives and backing the data up to that external drive enclosure. After the backup is done, replace the drives in the FreeNAS box and rebuild the array there and mirror the data back. Then, I'd have both the primary storage (on the FreeNAS box) and a backup (which I don't have currently) using the external drive enclosure on the Debian box. My big question is... most of these external drive boxes seem to claim support for JBOD, RAID 0, 1, 10, 5, etc. - should I presume that is simply fake RAID like many commodity mobos have, and not really usable in Linux? In that case, with all the drives hanging off the one eSATA connection, will Linux (specifically Debian Squeeze, as I plan on upgrading that box here shortly) see all four drives, or just the first one? Will I be able to configure them in a RAID5 array as desired? Thanks, Monte

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• executable in path, findable by which, yet cannot execute without fully qualifying path?

  - by Peeter Joot

  I've got a bizarre seeming shell issue, with a command in the $PATH that the shell (ksh, running on Linux) appears to cowardly refuse to invoke. Without fully qualifying the command, I get: # mycommand /bin/ksh: mycommand: not found [No such file or directory] but the file can be found by which: # which mycommand /home/me/admbin/mycommand I also explicitly see that directory in $PATH: # echo $PATH | tr : '\n' | grep adm /home/me/admbin The exe at that location seems normal: # file /home/me/admbin/mycommand /home/me/admbin/mycommand: setuid setgid ELF 64-bit LSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.4, dynamically linked (uses shared libs), not stripped # ls -l mycommand -r-sr-s--- 1 me mygroup 97892 2012-04-11 18:01 mycommand and if I run it explicitly using a fully qualified path: # /home/me/admbin/mycommand I see the expected output. Something is definitely confusing the shell here, but I'm at a loss what it could be? EDIT: finding what looked like a similar question: Binary won't execute when run with a path. Eg >./program won't work but >program works fine I also tested for more than one such command in my $PATH, but find only one: # for i in `echo $PATH | tr : '\n'` ; do test -e $i/mycommand && echo $i/mycommand ; done /home/me/admbin/mycommand

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• Apache 2.2, worker mpm, mod_fcgid and PHP: Can't apply process slot

  - by mopoke

  We're having an issue on an apache server where every 15 to 20 minutes it stops serving PHP requests entirely. On occasions it will return a 503 error, other times it will recover enough to serve the page but only after a delay of a minute or more. Static content is still served during that time. In the log file, there's errors reported along the lines of: [Wed Sep 28 10:45:39 2011] [warn] mod_fcgid: can't apply process slot for /xxx/ajaxfolder/ajax_features.php [Wed Sep 28 10:45:41 2011] [warn] mod_fcgid: can't apply process slot for /xxx/statics/poll/index.php [Wed Sep 28 10:45:45 2011] [warn] mod_fcgid: can't apply process slot for /xxx/index.php [Wed Sep 28 10:45:45 2011] [warn] mod_fcgid: can't apply process slot for /xxx/index.php There is RAM free and, indeed, it seems that more php processes get spawned. /server-status shows lots of threads in the "W" state as well as some FastCGI processes in "Exiting(communication error)" state. I rebuilt mod_fcgid from source as the packaged version was quite old. It's using current stable version (2.3.6) of mod_fcgid. FCGI config: FcgidBusyScanInterval 30 FcgidBusyTimeout 60 FcgidIdleScanInterval 30 FcgidIdleTimeout 45 FcgidIOTimeout 60 FcgidConnectTimeout 20 FcgidMaxProcesses 100 FcgidMaxRequestsPerProcess 500 FcgidOutputBufferSize 1048576 System info: Linux xxx.com 2.6.28-11-server #42-Ubuntu SMP Fri Apr 17 02:45:36 UTC 2009 x86_64 GNU/Linux DISTRIB_ID=Ubuntu DISTRIB_RELEASE=9.04 DISTRIB_CODENAME=jaunty DISTRIB_DESCRIPTION="Ubuntu 9.04" Apache info: Server version: Apache/2.2.11 (Ubuntu) Server built: Aug 16 2010 17:45:55 Server's Module Magic Number: 20051115:21 Server loaded: APR 1.2.12, APR-Util 1.2.12 Compiled using: APR 1.2.12, APR-Util 1.2.12 Architecture: 64-bit Server MPM: Worker threaded: yes (fixed thread count) forked: yes (variable process count) Server compiled with.... -D APACHE_MPM_DIR="server/mpm/worker" -D APR_HAS_SENDFILE -D APR_HAS_MMAP -D APR_HAVE_IPV6 (IPv4-mapped addresses enabled) -D APR_USE_SYSVSEM_SERIALIZE -D APR_USE_PTHREAD_SERIALIZE -D SINGLE_LISTEN_UNSERIALIZED_ACCEPT -D APR_HAS_OTHER_CHILD -D AP_HAVE_RELIABLE_PIPED_LOGS -D DYNAMIC_MODULE_LIMIT=128 -D HTTPD_ROOT="" -D SUEXEC_BIN="/usr/lib/apache2/suexec" -D DEFAULT_PIDLOG="/var/run/apache2.pid" -D DEFAULT_SCOREBOARD="logs/apache_runtime_status" -D DEFAULT_ERRORLOG="logs/error_log" -D AP_TYPES_CONFIG_FILE="/etc/apache2/mime.types" -D SERVER_CONFIG_FILE="/etc/apache2/apache2.conf" Apache modules loaded: alias.load auth_basic.load authn_file.load authz_default.load authz_groupfile.load authz_host.load authz_user.load autoindex.load cgi.load deflate.load dir.load env.load expires.load fcgid.load headers.load include.load mime.load negotiation.load rewrite.load setenvif.load ssl.load status.load suexec.load PHP info: PHP 5.2.6-3ubuntu4.6 with Suhosin-Patch 0.9.6.2 (cli) (built: Sep 16 2010 19:51:25) Copyright (c) 1997-2008 The PHP Group Zend Engine v2.2.0, Copyright (c) 1998-2008 Zend Technologies

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• High Apache CPU usage, but low nginx - Configured correctly?

  - by Buckers

  We've just moved a website of ours over to a brand new high-spec Linux server (1x Intel Xeon E3-1230 v2 @ 3.30GHz, 8GB DDR3 ECC, 2x 128GB SATA SSD RAID1). The server has been configured to use nginx but we're not sure if its working correctly. The site always loads very fast to us (http://www.onedirection.net), but Plesk often sends us reports that the Apache CPU usage percentage reaches high leves, yet when we look at the nginx percentage it's always very low. We've come from a Windows background so are very new to Linux, but shouldn't nginx run INSTEAD of apache? Here's a screenshot from Plesk showing the CPU usage: http://www.pixelkicks.co.uk/_download/plesk.JPG The website gets around 20,000 visitors per day, and we use W3 Total Cache to get it running as fast as possible. MySQL has been optimised well. Memory usage is only running at 2GB of the 8GB. Does this look right? How can we tell that nginx is doing most of the work? Thanks, Chris.

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• NIS: which mechanism hides shadow.byname for unpriviledged users?

  - by Mark Salzer

  On some Linux box (SLES 11.1) which is a NIS client I can do as root: ypcat shadow.byname and get output, i.e. some lines with the encrypted passwords, amongst other information. On the same Linux box, if I run the same command as unpriviledged user, I get No such map shadow.byname. Reason: No such map in server's domain Now I am surprised. My good old knowlege says that shadow passwords in NIS are absurd because there is no access control or authentication in the protocol and thus every (unpriviledged) user can access the shadow map and thereby obtain the encrypted passwords. Obviously we have a different picture here. Unfortunately I don't have access to the NIS server to figure out what is happening. My only guess is that the NIS master gives the map only to clients conection from a priviledged port (1024), but this is only an uneducated guess. What mechanisms are there in current NIS implementations to lead to a behavior like the above? How "secure" are they? Can the be circumvented easily? Or are shadow passwords in NIS as secure as the good old shadow files?

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• How does enterprise failover, such as with google.com, actually work?

  - by Alex Regan

  We have a few fedora systems that are configured for web, FTP, and email services. We'd like to mirror these services, so that we can provide near 100% reliability for our users. I'm a fairly experienced Linux administrator, but don't have much experience with redundant systems. What is the best way to do this? How does google and amazon do it? Google.com resolves to multiple IP addresses, but if my local desktop caches one of the IPs that are unreachable, I'm going to get a failed connection message. How do they prevent that from happening? If one of their servers goes down, how is it automatically redirected to another system, without the end-user ever knowing it? I understand there are failover devices, but they're only for failing over the system itself, not a complete network. Let's say we have the worst-case scenario, such as my primary system becomes inaccessible. What are the fundamental components that are used on Linux systems to provide this capability? I'm looking for concepts, or approaches, not answers like "check out openstack". What are the actual pieces that make up the solution? What has to be done to implement this capability? Hopefully my question is clear. I'd like to know what the pieces are that make up a failover system and what approach is taken by successful organizations that implement it. Thanks again, Alex

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• Disk operations freeze Debian

  - by Grzenio

  Hi, I have just installed Debian testing on my new desktop and I am not very happy with performance - when I perform a disk intensive operation, e.g. upgrade packages in the system, everything seems to freeze, e.g. changing tabs in Iceweasel takes 3 seconds. I run the Debian on my 3 year old Thinkpad X60 ultra-portable, and I don't have these issues. (every single parameter of the laptop is much worse than the desktop). I am using the default packaged kernel and scripts. I run hdparm -t /dev/sda1 And I got around 96GB/s, which is expected. What else can I try to make it work better? EDIT: grzes:/home/ga# hdparm -i /dev/sda /dev/sda: Model=WDC WD15EARS-00Z5B1, FwRev=80.00A80, SerialNo=WD-WMAVU1362357 Config={ HardSect NotMFM HdSw>15uSec SpinMotCtl Fixed DTR>5Mbs FmtGapReq } RawCHS=16383/16/63, TrkSize=0, SectSize=0, ECCbytes=50 BuffType=unknown, BuffSize=unknown, MaxMultSect=16, MultSect=16 CurCHS=16383/16/63, CurSects=16514064, LBA=yes, LBAsects=2930277168 IORDY=on/off, tPIO={min:120,w/IORDY:120}, tDMA={min:120,rec:120} PIO modes: pio0 pio3 pio4 DMA modes: mdma0 mdma1 mdma2 UDMA modes: udma0 udma1 udma2 udma3 udma4 udma5 *udma6 AdvancedPM=no WriteCache=enabled Drive conforms to: Unspecified: ATA/ATAPI-1,2,3,4,5,6,7 * signifies the current active mode EDIT2: Even my wife said "on this new computer I can't do anything when I copy the photos from the camera and its much worse than on the old one". So it must be serious. EDIT3: Updated to 2.6.32, but still no improvement EDIT4: I forgot to mention that the new disk is ext4, the old was ext3. EDIT5: Still not solved. I have a P43 ASUS P5QL-E board. Lines from dmesg that seem relevant: [ 0.370850] Block layer SCSI generic (bsg) driver version 0.4 loaded (major 253) [ 0.370852] io scheduler noop registered [ 0.370853] io scheduler anticipatory registered [ 0.370854] io scheduler deadline registered [ 0.370876] io scheduler cfq registered (default) ... [ 0.908233] ata_piix 0000:00:1f.2: version 2.13 [ 0.908243] ata_piix 0000:00:1f.2: PCI INT B -> GSI 19 (level, low) -> IRQ 19 [ 0.908246] ata_piix 0000:00:1f.2: MAP [ P0 P2 P1 P3 ] [ 0.908275] ata_piix 0000:00:1f.2: setting latency timer to 64 [ 0.908316] scsi0 : ata_piix [ 0.908374] scsi1 : ata_piix [ 0.909180] ata1: SATA max UDMA/133 cmd 0xa000 ctl 0x9c00 bmdma 0x9480 irq 19 [ 0.909183] ata2: SATA max UDMA/133 cmd 0x9880 ctl 0x9800 bmdma 0x9488 irq 19 [ 0.909199] ata_piix 0000:00:1f.5: PCI INT B -> GSI 19 (level, low) -> IRQ 19 [ 0.909202] ata_piix 0000:00:1f.5: MAP [ P0 -- P1 -- ] [ 0.909228] ata_piix 0000:00:1f.5: setting latency timer to 64 [ 0.909279] scsi2 : ata_piix [ 0.909326] scsi3 : ata_piix [ 0.910021] ata3: SATA max UDMA/133 cmd 0xb000 ctl 0xac00 bmdma 0xa480 irq 19 [ 0.910024] ata4: SATA max UDMA/133 cmd 0xa880 ctl 0xa800 bmdma 0xa488 irq 19 [ 0.915575] FDC 0 is a post-1991 82077 ... [ 1.716062] ata1.00: SATA link up 3.0 Gbps (SStatus 123 SControl 300) [ 1.716074] ata1.01: SATA link down (SStatus 0 SControl 300) [ 1.724318] ata1.00: ATA-8: WDC WD15EARS-00Z5B1, 80.00A80, max UDMA/133 [ 1.724322] ata1.00: 2930277168 sectors, multi 16: LBA48 NCQ (depth 0/32) [ 1.740339] ata1.00: configured for UDMA/133 [ 1.740428] scsi 0:0:0:0: Direct-Access ATA WDC WD15EARS-00Z 80.0 PQ: 0 ANSI: 5 [ 1.746788] scsi 6:0:0:0: CD-ROM ASUS DRW-1608P 1.17 PQ: 0 ANSI: 5 ... [ 1.925981] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] 2930277168 512-byte logical blocks: (1.50 TB/1.36 TiB) [ 1.926005] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Write Protect is off [ 1.926007] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Mode Sense: 00 3a 00 00 [ 1.926020] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Write cache: enabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA [ 1.926092] sda:sr0: scsi3-mmc drive: 40x/40x writer cd/rw xa/form2 cdda tray [ 1.931106] Uniform CD-ROM driver Revision: 3.20 [ 1.931191] sr 6:0:0:0: Attached scsi CD-ROM sr0 ... [ 1.941936] sda1 sda2 sda3 sda4 < sda5 sda6 > [ 1.967691] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Attached SCSI disk [ 1.970938] sd 0:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg0 type 0 [ 1.970959] sr 6:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg1 type 5 ... [ 2.500086] EXT4-fs (sda3): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode ... [ 7.150468] EXT4-fs (sda6): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode

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• How to correctly partition usb flash drive and which filesystem to choose considering wear leveling?

  - by random1

  Two problems. First one: how to partition the flash drive? I shouldn't need to do this, but I'm no longer sure if my partition is properly aligned since I was forced to delete and create a new partition table after gparted complained when I tried to format the drive from FAT to ext4. The naive answer would be to say "just use default and everything is going to be alright". However if you read the following links you'll know things are not that simple: https://lwn.net/Articles/428584/ and http://linux-howto-guide.blogspot.com/2009/10/increase-usb-flash-drive-write-speed.html Then there is also the issue of cylinders, heads and sectors. Currently I get this: $sfdisk -l -uM /dev/sdd Disk /dev/sdd: 30147 cylinders, 64 heads, 32 sectors/track Warning: The partition table looks like it was made for C/H/S=*/255/63 (instead of 30147/64/32). For this listing I'll assume that geometry. Units = mebibytes of 1048576 bytes, blocks of 1024 bytes, counting from 0 Device Boot Start End MiB #blocks Id System /dev/sdd1 1 30146 30146 30869504 83 Linux $fdisk -l /dev/sdd Disk /dev/sdd: 31.6 GB, 31611420672 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 3843 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00010c28 So from my current understanding I should align partitions at 4 MiB (currently it's at 1 MiB). But I still don't know how to set the heads and sectors properly for my device. Second problem: file system. From the benchmarks I saw ext4 provides the best performance, however there is the issue of wear leveling. How can I know that my Transcend JetFlash 700's microcontroller provides for wear leveling? Or will I just be killing my drive faster? I've seen a lot of posts on the web saying don't worry the newer drives already take care of that. But I've never seen a single piece of backed evidence of that and at some point people start mixing SSD with USB flash drives technology. The safe option would be to go for ext2, however a serious of tests that I performed showed horrible performance!!! These values are from a real scenario and not some synthetic test: 42 files: 3,429,415,284 bytes copied to flash drive original fat32: 15.1 MiB/s ext4 after new partition table: 10.2 MiB/s ext2 after new partition table: 1.9 MiB/s Please read the links that I posted above before answering. I would also be interested in answers backed up with some references because a lot is said and re-said but then it lacks facts. Thank you for the help.

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• Stream video file in debian?

  - by Rob

  I've tried ffserver with ffmpeg, I've tried VLC, and I'm not sure what else to try or what I've done wrong. I've gone through, with VLC +-[ robert@s10 ]--[ ~ ] +[#!]¬ vlc --version VLC media player 2.0.0 Twoflower (revision 2.0.0-0-g421a4fc) VLC version 2.0.0 Twoflower (2.0.0-0-g421a4fc) Compiled by buildd on biber.debian.org (Mar 1 2012 22:21:37) Compiler: gcc version 4.6.2 (Debian 4.6.2-14) This program comes with NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. You may redistribute it under the terms of the GNU General Public License; see the file named COPYING for details. Written by the VideoLAN team; see the AUTHORS file. and tried everything I could in the streaming section, but I can't get the stream to actually work. Looking around, apparently debian strips the encoders from the package? I want to do share some videos I've made with friends on IRC, and it would be easiest if I could just stream it so we can all watch at the same time and critique parts of it in real time. Has anyone done something similar? Linux s10 3.2.0-2-686-pae #1 SMP Tue Mar 20 19:48:26 UTC 2012 i686 GNU/Linux Basic home network, I am behind a NAT (192.168.1.*) and have dynamic DNS set up. That doesn't really matter too much, I can figure that out, but it's not even working locally. I have a file server set up and could just share the files that way, but I'd rather have everyone watching at the same time (or just about). Not worried about installing new packages or building something from source, that's not a big issue, just want to get it working. Big plus if I can do it from command line.

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• INFORMIX - listener thread err 25582

  - by Samuel Lao

  I´ve been digging different forums in the last 7 days looking for a possible solution.... Our database is based on informix running in a Linux server (LINUX SUSE 11). Suddenly, last saturday informix began to show an error message: listener-thread err=-25582 oserr=0, network connection is broken End users started to call reporting about slow network performance to this server, moments where the database application lost connection with server...so we proceeded doing a ping to the db server, getting good responses (1ms) without losing packets. I tried typing telnet (ipserver) 1526 which is informix's port for the application, it works. We had to disconnect the server and enable a backup db server which is located on another branch. It has been working in a regular way because the backup server hasn´t good specs (it is an old dell server model). So, I scanned the main server looking for viruses using Trend Micro Server Protect, it didn´t find anything (0 viruses and spywares). I revised the switches and routers, but I haven´t find anything strange... What else could be ? Thanks in advanced for your time and help with this issue.....I would really appreciate any advice...

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• LUKS with LVM, mount is not persistent after reboot

  - by linxsaga

  I have created a Logical vol and used luks to encrypt it. But while rebooting the server. I get a error message (below), therefore I would have to enter the root pass and disable the /etc/fstab entry. So mount of the LUKS partition is not persistent during reboot using LUKS. I have this setup on RHEL6 and wondering what i could be missing. I want to the LV to get be mount on reboot. Later I would want to replace it with UUID instead of the device name. Error message on reboot: "Give root password for maintenance (or type Control-D to continue):" Here are the steps from the beginning: [root@rhel6 ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdb Physical volume "/dev/sdb" successfully created [root@rhel6 ~]# vgcreate vg01 /dev/sdb Volume group "vg01" successfully created [root@rhel6 ~]# lvcreate --size 500M -n lvol1 vg01 Logical volume "lvol1" created [root@rhel6 ~]# lvdisplay --- Logical volume --- LV Name /dev/vg01/lvol1 VG Name vg01 LV UUID nX9DDe-ctqG-XCgO-2wcx-ddy4-i91Y-rZ5u91 LV Write Access read/write LV Status available # open 0 LV Size 500.00 MiB Current LE 125 Segments 1 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors auto - currently set to 256 Block device 253:0 [root@rhel6 ~]# cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/vg01/lvol1 WARNING! ======== This will overwrite data on /dev/vg01/lvol1 irrevocably. Are you sure? (Type uppercase yes): YES Enter LUKS passphrase: Verify passphrase: [root@rhel6 ~]# mkdir /house [root@rhel6 ~]# cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/vg01/lvol1 house Enter passphrase for /dev/vg01/lvol1: [root@rhel6 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/mapper/house mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) Filesystem label= OS type: Linux Block size=1024 (log=0) Fragment size=1024 (log=0) Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks 127512 inodes, 509952 blocks 25497 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user First data block=1 Maximum filesystem blocks=67633152 63 block groups 8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group 2024 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729, 204801, 221185, 401409 Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (8192 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done This filesystem will be automatically checked every 21 mounts or 180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override. [root@rhel6 ~]# mount -t ext4 /dev/mapper/house /house PS: HERE I have successfully mounted: [root@rhel6 ~]# ls /house/ lost+found [root@rhel6 ~]# vim /etc/fstab -> as follow /dev/mapper/house /house ext4 defaults 1 2 [root@rhel6 ~]# vim /etc/crypttab -> entry as follows house /dev/vg01/lvol1 password [root@rhel6 ~]# mount -o remount /house [root@rhel6 ~]# ls /house/ lost+found [root@rhel6 ~]# umount /house/ [root@rhel6 ~]# mount -a -> SUCCESSFUL AGAIN [root@rhel6 ~]# ls /house/ lost+found Please let me know if I am missing anything here. Thanks in advance.

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• GRE Tunnel over IPsec with Loopback

  - by Alek

  I'm having a really hard time trying to estabilish a VPN connection using a GRE over IPsec tunnel. The problem is that it involves some sort of "loopback" connection which I don't understand -- let alone be able to configure --, and the only help I could find is related to configuring Cisco routers. My network is composed of a router and a single host running Debian Linux. My task is to create a GRE tunnel over an IPsec infrastructure, which is particularly intended to route multicast traffic between my network, which I am allowed to configure, and a remote network, for which I only bear a form containing some setup information (IP addresses and phase information for IPsec). For now it suffices to estabilish a communication between this single host and the remote network, but in the future it will be desirable for the traffic to be routed to other machines on my network. As I said this GRE tunnel involves a "loopback" connection which I have no idea of how to configure. From my previous understanding, a loopback connection is simply a local pseudo-device used mostly for testing purposes, but in this context it might be something more specific that I do not have the knowledge of. I have managed to properly estabilish the IPsec communication using racoon and ipsec-tools, and I believe I'm familiar with the creation of tunnels and addition of addresses to interfaces using ip, so the focus is on the GRE step. The worst part is that the remote peers do not respond to ping requests and the debugging of the general setup is very difficult due to the encrypted nature of the traffic. There are two pairs of IP addresses involved: one pair for the GRE tunnel peer-to-peer connection and one pair for the "loopback" part. There is also an IP range involved, which is supposed to be the final IP addresses for the hosts inside the VPN. My question is: how (or if) can this setup be done? Do I need some special software or another daemon, or does the Linux kernel handle every aspect of the GRE/IPsec tunneling? Please inform me if any extra information could be useful. Any help is greatly appreciated.

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• Google Chrome doesn't respond user actions correctly

  - by Carlos A. Junior

  Recently I've changed my OS to Ubuntu 12.04 (Cinnamon, 64 bits) from Mint 13 (KDE, 64 bits) and one same bug still appears on new installation. The Google Chrome it seems that don't refresh (repaint) page based on my interactions. Example: When i'm try comment an Youtube vídeo, when i click on textarea, o cursor don't appear inside of textarea, BUT, when/if i change to another tab and return the cursor appears...OK... If i start write some text...according i'm typing the chars don't appers...again if i change to another tab and return the typed text appears on textarea. Other cases that this bug appears: Modal boxes link...don't show the modal; Forms inside modal boxes don't show typed chars; The common Discus comment plugin don't work when focused; I don't have any idea of reason of this bug. (video driver, window manager, Chrome bug ?, i don't know) Any idea to solve this ? Additional informations: Google Chrome 22.0.1229.79 (Official Build 158531) OS Linux WebKit 537.4 (@129177) JavaScript V8 3.12.19.11 Flash 11.3.31.331 User Agent Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux i686) AppleWebKit/537.4 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/22.0.1229.79 Safari/537.4 Command Line /opt/google/chrome/google-chrome --flag-switches-begin --flag-switches-end Executable Path /opt/google/chrome/google-chrome Profile Path /home/carlos/.config/google-chrome/Default Kernel version: 3.2.0-31-generic-pae Ubuntu 12.04 Best regards.

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• Fedora 9 not reconizing hard drive

  - by Andrew Jones

  I am installing Fedora 9 to a PC (specifications at the bottom) and have had a lot of trouble with it recognising the hard drive. To get the Fedora installer to recognize it in the first place I had to pass "ata_generic.all_generic_ide=1 pci=nomsi" to the kernel, after which it installed OK. However, now when I boot the installed OS, I get a "could not find filesystem '/dev/root'" error. I tried passing the same arguments to the kernel at boot as I did when installing but to no avail. I have tried using the default LVM layout and defining manual ones but it made no difference. There is no option in the BIOS to enable AHCI or anything like that, in fact the BIOS is very limited in most respects. I can get into the system by using the installation CD in rescue mode (with those extra kernal parameters) but I'm not sure what to do once in there... Unfortunately using a more recent version of Fedora or even another Linux distribution altogether isn't an option becuase of outside constraints - which is annoying since I know for a fact Ubuntu works fine on this setup. I have not been using Linux that long, so treat me like an idiot - I am one. Any help would be greatly appreciated, thanks! System spec: Intel Atom Z530 CPU @ 1.6 GHz Intel US15W chipset 1 GB DDR2 160 GB SATA harddisk (Samsung HM16HI) 1000 Mbit/s Ethernet port Phoenix BIOS

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• Remote server security: handling compiler tools

  - by Gonzolas

  Hello! I was wondering wether to remove compiler tools (gcc, make, ...) from a remote production server, mainly for security purposes. Background: The server runs a web application on Linux. Consider Apache jailed. Otherwise, only OpenSSHd faces the public network. Of course there is no compiler stuff within the jail, so this is about the actual OS outside of any jails. Here's my personal PRO/CON list (regarding removal) so far: PRO: I had been reading some suggestions to remove compiler tools in order inhibit custom building of trojans etc. from within the host if an attacker attains unpriviliged user permissions. CON: I can't live without Perl/Python and a trojan/whatever could be written in a scripting language like that, anyway, so why bother about removing gcc et al. at all. There is a need to build new Linux kernels as well as some security tools from source directly on the server, because the server runs in 64-bits mode and (to my understanding) I can't (cross-)compile locally/elsewhere due to lack of another 64-bits hardware system. OK, so here are my questions for you: (a) Is my PRO/CON assessment correct? (b) Do you know of other PROs / CONs to removing all compiler tools? Do they weigh in more? (c) Which binaries should I consider dangerous if the given PRO statement holds? Only gcc, or also make, or what else? Should I remove the enitre software packages them come with? (d) Is it OK to just move those binaries to a root-only accessible directory when they are not needed? Or is there a gain in security if I "scp them in" every time? Thank you!

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• How to wake from screensaver directly to the login screen in Ubuntu

  - by torbengb

  (a.k.a. How to switch users without entering password, part II) (see part I) I've got Ubuntu 9.10 with a user account for my wife, and one for myself. "Wake-from-screensaver" should result in "choose user" without having to enter any password. I know how to do that in Windows, but I'm not good with Linux (yet). Part of this was answered in my earlier question which helped me get past the login screen without passwords (after booting, and after choosing "switch user"), but once the screensaver kicks in and I wake it up again, the system does not present the "choose user" screen. Instead, it either turns off the screensaver and presents the desktop of the most recent user, or (if the screensaver is set to lock the screen) prompt for the user's password (which can be handily surpassed by clicking the "switch user" button and choosing the same user again). So, the login ("choose user") screen has been dealt with. How do I make the (any) screensaver return to the login screen at wake, rather than to the current user's desktop? Windows can do this, I'm sure Linux can too - but how?

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• Apache, suexec, PHP, suPHP

  - by Chris_K

  While I'm quite comfortable as a Linux user, my Linux Admin-fu is a bit weak. Thus, I'm here looking for guidance with a CentOS server I'm about to build. I need to setup an Apache2 web server for a few of our clients. I want each client's web content to be under their home directory (USERDIR in apache.conf, right?) for the static HTML sites. I want Apache to run as the client (suexec?). Some of their stuff will be PHP apps and I'm under the impression I'll want to look at suphp as well then. So basically I want to look like a small version of a shared web hosting company. Considering how common those are I thought I'd easily find a nice current How-To guide on setting this all up but so far I've had very little luck. I suspect my search words are off. So the questions (feel free to answer any or all): Anyone have some solid links to current/modern guides that would help me set this all up? No, the apache documentation site is not a guide ;-) Since I have a mix of static sites and PHP apps do I want/need both suexec and suphp installed? If so, does that introduce any challenges I should be aware of? Should I be looking at other options instead of suexec and suphp? I plan to give the end users SSH, SFTP or SCP access to their stuff (if that affects anything). Thanks in advance for your help.

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• Simple end-to-end load and bottleneck monitoring for DB-based web sites

  - by T.J. Crowder

  What tools do you use / would you recommend for monitoring a Linux-based, DB-based website's servers for bottlenecks and load? The obvious goal being to know when growth has gotten to the point where it's necessary to scale up (or out) one or more of the bits and pieces because the current system won't be managing the load if an observed trend continues. I'm looking for general recommendations based on standard Linux load metrics, disk I/O metrics, network I/O metrics, etc., but if specifics are helpful: It'll be Tomcat6 using APR (possibly with a Varnish or similar caching and balancing front-end), MySQL, and either Ubuntu 8.04 LTS or 10.04 LTS depending on timing. I know about top, vmstat, iostat, bwmon and the like that collect and parse info from the /proc file system (et. al.); and obviously MySQL provides a lot of queriable performance information. I could use those directly, probably automating periodic monitoring logs with scripts and such. But I have a suspicion that I'd be reinventing a wheel... For example, Hyperic HQ seems to be along the lines of what I'm looking for. Others? Meta: I tend to think of "recommendation" questions as needing to be CW because there's no one right answer, but I see a lot of these here that aren't CWs, so I haven't marked it as one. I'll happily do so if enough people think I should.

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• Having trouble setting up my router

  - by indyK1ng

  I just moved into my apartment and the Internet connection is working. It's Comcast in case that matters. Anyway, I'm having trouble setting up my wireless router (Netgear WNR2000) to work with it. Are there any settings that I could be missing? I currently have it set up to use a static IP address and I found the DNS servers I'm supposed to use and the Internet light is green, but I can't get out to the Internet. When I am trying, I'm connecting to an Ethernet port on the back of my router. Is there a setting I'm missing or a setting that I have set wrong? I used the automatic set up wizard to learn that it's a static IP address. Any help would be appreciated. I am currently only able to use my Linux machine, so please make any help in Linux commands. Yes, I can connect to the Internet if I connect to the modem directly and I've been using the web interface when I'm connected to the router, so I suppose I can ping the router. My router detected the connection as using a static IP address, so I connected to the modem directly and figured out what my IP address, gateway, and mask were as well as DNS servers.

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• What does the filesystem give me?

  - by Alec

  I'm writing a specialised database. It currently sits atop of ext4, with one big file that it reads and writes to. I'm wondering whether it would be worth forgoing the filesystem and reading and writing directly to the device. I already use O_DIRECT, so as far as I can tell it wouldn't require much of a code change. What might the risks, advantages and disadvantages of forgoing the filesystem be? Is it likely to improve performance, or harm it?

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• Redis 2.0.3 would not let go of deleted appendonly.aof file after BGREWRITEAOF

  - by Alexander Gladysh

  Ubuntu 10.04.2, Redis 2.0.3 (more details at the end of the question). My AOF file for Redis is getting too large, to the point where it soon would threaten to take whole free disk space on my small-HDD VPS box: $ df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/xvda 32G 24G 6.7G 78% / $ ls -la total 3866688 drwxr-xr-x 2 redis redis 4096 2011-03-02 00:11 . drwxr-xr-x 29 root root 4096 2011-01-24 15:58 .. -rw-r----- 1 redis redis 3923246988 2011-03-02 00:14 appendonly.aof -rw-rw---- 1 redis redis 32356467 2011-03-02 00:11 dump.rdb When I run BGREWRITEAOF, the AOF file shrinks, but disk space is not freed: $ ls -la total 95440 drwxr-xr-x 2 redis redis 4096 2011-03-02 00:17 . drwxr-xr-x 29 root root 4096 2011-01-24 15:58 .. -rw-rw---- 1 redis redis 65137639 2011-03-02 00:17 appendonly.aof -rw-rw---- 1 redis redis 32476167 2011-03-02 00:17 dump.rdb $ df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/xvda 32G 24G 6.7G 78% / Sure enough, Redis is still holding the deleted file: $ sudo lsof -p6916 COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME ... redis-ser 6916 redis 7r REG 202,0 3923957317 918129 /var/lib/redis/appendonly.aof (deleted) ... redis-ser 6916 redis 10w REG 202,0 66952615 917507 /var/lib/redis/appendonly.aof ... How can I workaround this issue? I can restart Redis this time, but I would really like to avoid doing this on a regular basis. Note that I can not upgrade to 2.2 (upgrade to 2.0.4 is feasible though). More information on my system: $ lsb_release -a No LSB modules are available. Distributor ID: Ubuntu Description: Ubuntu 10.04.2 LTS Release: 10.04 Codename: lucid $ uname -a Linux my.box 2.6.32.16-linode28 #1 SMP Sun Jul 25 21:32:42 UTC 2010 i686 GNU/Linux $ redis-cli info redis_version:2.0.3 redis_git_sha1:00000000 redis_git_dirty:0 arch_bits:32 multiplexing_api:epoll process_id:6916 uptime_in_seconds:632728 uptime_in_days:7 connected_clients:2 connected_slaves:0 blocked_clients:0 used_memory:65714632 used_memory_human:62.67M changes_since_last_save:8398 bgsave_in_progress:0 last_save_time:1299014574 bgrewriteaof_in_progress:0 total_connections_received:17 total_commands_processed:55748609 expired_keys:0 hash_max_zipmap_entries:64 hash_max_zipmap_value:512 pubsub_channels:0 pubsub_patterns:0 vm_enabled:0 role:master db0:keys=1,expires=0 db1:keys=18,expires=0

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• New XPC: No video, no ethernet link, but drive spins

  - by Mike Pennington

  I bought a Shuttle XPC SH67H3 with integrated video. I installed: An Intel i5 2450P 16GB DDR3 RAM A SATA hard drive from my old linux server that still is bootable I have both power connectors plugged into the motherboard. I realize that the Intel i5-2450P doesn't have video capabilities; however, the drive spins like it's doing something useful. It seems like I should get an ethernet link light when I fire this up. I plan to run this headless anyway, so it would be really nice if I could figure out how to run this without a video card at all. I know the IP address and login info for the linux install on the disk. I plugged in speakers, but get no bios beeps when I power it up. Shuttle's bios manual has nothing in there that indicates I should have problems in this configuration. My questions: Is there a reason that the missing video card would block usage of the ethernet port? Are there settings on the motherboard / bios I can change to get this working?

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• SSH client and Command Prompt replacements Windows look-and-feel

  - by Oddthinking

  The Problem I've worked exclusively in Windows. I can handle that. I've worked exclusively in DOS (a long time ago!). I can handle that. I've worked exclusively in Unix. I can handle that. Right now, I am developing a command-line (python) application on a Windows machine, testing it in a DOS box (i.e. Windows' Command prompt), and then deploying it to Linux, and running it with PuTTY. I cannot handle that. My productivity drops dramatically when CTRL-C cuts in one window (Windows) and kills the process in another (DOS, Linux). My productivity drops dramatically when Enter copies the selection in one window (DOS), and deletes the selection in another (Windows), and runs the current half-edited command in the third (PuTTY). My productivity drops dramatically when I cannot hit Undo, Home or End. The Solution I am Seeking An SSH/Bash command-line client that runs on Windows and, to the extent possible, uses all the standard Windows shortcuts (Cut, Copy, Paste, Undo, Home, End, Insert, Shift-Arrows, etc.) work on a bash command line. Bonus points if it puts the cursor between letters, rather than on them. Plus, an equivalent DOS command-line drop-in that runs on Windows, and provides the same interface. I appreciate there may need to be special buttons to actually transfer CTRL codes (like CTRL-C) through in the cases I need them. I suspect the SSH client will need to be specific to a shell (so it knows when it is at the command prompt, and when it is inside a running app.) I know there are many SSH clients, but I am looking for advice for a particular need. PuTTY feels like an escape route for Unix programmers stuck on Windows. I am the opposite. Can anyone recommend one (or maybe a combination of an SSH client and an Command-Line replacement)?

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• lm-sensors - always returns 32 degrees (celsius) for temperature

  - by mopoke

  On my VIA EPIA motherboard (using VIA VT8231 ISA bridge), I get strange output for the lm-sensors temperature reading. It always returns 32 degrees (celsius). I have previously had correct output for temperature (my munin graphs show temperatures typically in the range of 50 to 60 degrees. I've tried uninstalling (and purging) the lm-sensors package, have re-run sensors-detect a number of times and rebooted but nothing seems to change the output. I am running Ubuntu Karmic Koala (9.10). Anyone got any bright ideas on what I might have missed? uname -a: Linux george 2.6.31-16-386 #53-Ubuntu SMP Tue Dec 8 06:39:34 UTC 2009 i686 GNU/Linux cpuinfo: processor : 0 vendor_id : CentaurHauls cpu family : 6 model : 7 model name : VIA Samuel 2 stepping : 3 cpu MHz : 399.000 cache size : 64 KB fdiv_bug : no hlt_bug : no f00f_bug : no coma_bug : no fpu : yes fpu_exception : yes cpuid level : 1 wp : yes flags : fpu de tsc msr cx8 mtrr pge mmx 3dnow up bogomips : 800.04 clflush size : 32 power management: lspci: 00:00.0 Host bridge: VIA Technologies, Inc. VT8601 [Apollo ProMedia] (rev 05) 00:01.0 PCI bridge: VIA Technologies, Inc. VT8601 [Apollo ProMedia AGP] 00:11.0 ISA bridge: VIA Technologies, Inc. VT8231 [PCI-to-ISA Bridge] (rev 10) 00:11.1 IDE interface: VIA Technologies, Inc. VT82C586A/B/VT82C686/A/B/VT823x/A/C PIPC Bus Master IDE (rev 06) 00:11.2 USB Controller: VIA Technologies, Inc. VT82xxxxx UHCI USB 1.1 Controller (rev 1e) 00:11.3 USB Controller: VIA Technologies, Inc. VT82xxxxx UHCI USB 1.1 Controller (rev 1e) 00:11.4 Bridge: VIA Technologies, Inc. VT8235 ACPI (rev 10) 00:11.5 Multimedia audio controller: VIA Technologies, Inc. VT82C686 AC97 Audio Controller (rev 40) 00:12.0 Ethernet controller: VIA Technologies, Inc. VT6102 [Rhine-II] (rev 51) 01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: Trident Microsystems CyberBlade/i1 (rev 6a) sensors: acpitz-virtual-0 Adapter: Virtual device temp1: +32.0°C (crit = +60.0°C)

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• Files on ext4 on Drobo with corrupt, zero-ed out blocks

  - by Patrick

  I have a 2TB ext4 file system (Ubuntu running Linux kernel 2.6.31-22-server x86_64). This file system is the second drive on a Drobo box plugged in via USB. We've not had problems on the first drive (Drobo limits drive size to 2TB due to some OS limitations, so if you have more space than that it appears as two separate drives). I am sharing this files with Samba (smbd 3.4.0) with a mix of Windows and Linux workstations. Recently we've been experiencing some data corruption in multiple files. In many cases I have an un-corrupt original file stored on one of the workstations. These are binary files of various formats, (e.g. SQLite, but others as well). I used "split" to split a corrupt and uncorrupt file into 4096 byte chunks (this is the block size of the ext4 file system). I then ran md5sum on pairs of chunks and discovered that the chunks matched in many cases and in every case where they did not match, the corrupt chunk was a solid chunk of zeroes (620f0b67a91f7f74151bc5be745b7110 for what it's worth). I'm trying to track down a culprit but am a bit at a loss. I don't believe Samba is at fault since I'm using it without issue on the first drive exported by the Drobo. What can I do to narrow this down and find out what's going on?

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