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• is it possible in this case to get two IPv6 networks to communicate over the IPv4 Internet?

  - by user239167

  I have a setup of a laptop connected to a cellular IPv4 network (3G usb dongle) and PC connected to another IPv4/IPv6 network. Both have been configured to run as IPv6 routers and each has its IPv6 network. The laptop connects to the Internet via the 3G network with IPv4 address (private one and it is mostly changing) on one interface and has the other interface on AP mode providing its own private IPv6 network (2001:db8:444::/64). The PC connects to the Internet via the organization network with both public IPv4 and IPv6 addresses on one interface and has the other interface on AP mode providing its own private IPv6 network (2001:db8:222::/64). Both running Linux Ubuntu. Is it possible to get the two IPv6 network (2001:db8:222::/64 and 2001:db8:444::/64) to communicate over the IPv4 Internet? Is openvpn of any good in this case to get IPv6 traffic over IPv4-IPv4 tunnel? Thanks for helping in advance

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• FTP Error 550 when trying to access a folder via symbolic link

  - by OrangeTux

  I'm configuring svftp on a linux machine. At the moment local users can login via ftp and they will see listened their home dir. They have write acces to it. No I want the users to write in de /var/www/ dir. Therefore I created an new group apache. Added users to the group and gave the group write access to /var/www. Via the terminal all users can write .var/www/. I created a link in the home directory to /var/www via ln -s /var/www/ /home/user/www ls gives: drwxr-xr-x 2 orangetux orangetux 4096 Jun 23 15:06 ftp lrwxrwxrwx 1 orangetux orangetux 21 Jun 23 15:00 www -> /var/www/ But when I use FTP I see the link but I cannot follow it. Error 550 which means file not found or bad access. How can I solve this, so that the users have access to /var/www via their home dir?

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• Blank screen after grub menu

  - by Tim

  I just rebooted an Ubuntu Server 10.04. After choosing boot options in the grub menu, though, it just displays a black screen with the blinking white underscore in the upper-left corner. The machine has had (hardware) trouble with networking before, but the problem remains after 10 minutes, so I don't think it's the problem now. Booting into recovery mode or using earlier kernels yields the same problem. This also happens if I boot from another hard-drive. I haven't yet tried to boot from CD as the machine lacks a CD reader. How should I diagnose the problem? Update: My boot options are: recordfail insmod ext2 set root='(hd0,1)' search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set 567[redacted] linux /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.32-29-generic root=UUID=567[redacted] ro quiet splash initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.32-29-generic Update: Also, I cannot access the virtual terminals (ctrl+alt+Fn).

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• Modify PATH variable for X11 during log-in

  - by user1028435

  I am working on some lab computers (read: no administrative rights) that, if I log in, I need to change the PATH variable as X11 starts. The reason is that I need to change the PATH variable at this time, as opposed to later, is that the Print Screen command seems to "bind" during login (forgive my bad explanation of this). Currently, I have a .bashrc script as a workaround: #!/bin/bash export PATH=/home/username/bin:$PATH I can make it work by starting a new X, but I was wondering if it is possible to change upon login. cat /etc/redhat-release tells me my distribution is: Red Hat Enterprise Linux Client release 5.8 (Tikanga)

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• How restore qmail backup files

  - by Maysam

  We are using qmail as our mail application on a linux server. A few weeks ago our server crashed and we had everything installed from scratch and our users started to send & receive email again. The problem is they have lost their old emails. We have a back up of the whole qmail directory. But I don't know how to restore the old emails without losing the new ones. It's worth mentioning that I don't have any problem with restoring old sent mails. When I copy email files into .sent-mail/cur directory, I have them restored in sent box of users, but restoring files in /cur directory doesn't work for inbox emails and I can't get them restored.

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• can I display a JPG or PNG to the framebuffer (/dev/fb*)?

  - by ndmweb

  I know I can capture the framebuffer in linux using something like cp /dev/fb0 ~/myimage and re-display that by coping back to the device like so cp ~/myimage /dev/fb0. What format is the framebuffer image data in? and how would I go about displaying a pre-made image (jpg, png) to the framebuffer? Can I convert to this format using imagemagick? p.s. Im using a raspberry pi running raspbian. Update 11-12-2012 I ended up using pygame to display images in my application. Not sure if this uses the frame-buffer to display the images. But it meets my needs quite well.

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• Can gedit on mac be used to edit files over ssh?

  - by Dave

  I use a linux machine at work and a mac at home. I can ssh from my machine at home to my work machine. But the only editor that I have access to on the command line then is vi, which I don't like. Is there a way to use gedit on my mac to edit files remotely over an ssh connection? This page says that it can be done, but I think that it assumes that you are using gedit on ubuntu. On my mac (os 10.5.8) I don't have the "bookmark" option when I click "connect to server". http://thecodecentral.com/2010/04/02/use-gedit-as-remote-file-editor-via-ftp-and-ssh-ubuntu/comment-page-1#comment-50558

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• Issues with hard disk secure erase

  - by John Watson

  I want to completely wipe all the data and both OSes (Ubuntu and Windows 7) from my hard drive. I tried DBAN but it gives me an error and does not run. I am looking for an alternative. After reading some articles online, I came to know that, using a Linux live CD, it can be done using either of following commands. a) sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda b) sudo shred -vfz -n 1 /dev/sda My questions are 1) Which option (a or b) is more secure (wipes everything) and faster? 2) Does either of the options damage the hard drive or anything? I want to use hard drive again i.e. installing Windows and Ubuntu again.

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• How to display SSH banner at login, but only for password authentication

  - by banjer

  I have a warning message that is displayed to a user after they enter their username to log in to our Linux servers. I only want to display this message for password authentications, and not when keys are used. It should only show to a user who is logging into a host, and not when they are sshing from one host to another (our hosts all have keys set up so we can ssh from one to another without entering passwords). Currently, I have a line for Banner in the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file which points to a text file containing the warning message. Banner doesn't appear to have any further config options, so I'm wondering if there is a way to do this with pam or some other mechanism? Thanks.

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• Ubuntu from console/command-line/shell

  - by Xolve

  Earlies linux distros though required lot of manual work they were quite good to use from commandline. If the X-server didn't start or you just want a shell to work they all supported. Network was configured by init; sound was up and ready; new devices inserted would be configured and their configureation was placed in fstab. Also there were small scripts I found on many distros which on X used windows while on console they switched to ncurses. But now this all needs GUI with a desktop manager (KDE, GNOME) for the new paradigms :'-( require GUI (NetworkManger, hal etc.). So if on just command line you have to be root, looks like they believe only geeky admins need that, and need to edit config files or type big commands. Any way so that this is easy in Ubnubtu through shell again.

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• Why is "chmod -R 777 /" destructive?

  - by samwise

  This is a Canonical Question about File Permission and Why 777 is "destructive". I'm not asking how to fix this problem, as there are a ton of references of that already on Server Fault (reinstall OS). Why does it do anything destructive at all? If you've ever ran this command you pretty much immediately destroy your operating system. I'm not clear why removing restrictions has any impact on existing processes. For example, if I don't have read access to something and after a quick mistype in the terminal suddenly I now have access well... why does that cause Linux to break?

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• remove apache tar binary package in centos

  - by user119720

  I need help in removing binary package that had been installed in my linux machine. The scenario that I am having are such as like this: I've already install latest apache that I get from its website(httpd.apache.org) through Unix binary package(tar.gz) After successfully install program,the apache server web perfectly without any issues. But then I having a thought,if there are another latest release version of apache in the future,then I need to make sure that i can upgrading current apache or reinstalling the new version apache. So my question is, how do I ensure that I have remove the old remove apache and all its dependencies so that it will not having conflict(probably) when installing the new apache. Right now the only thing that i can think of is to remove all the apache folder manually : rm -rf /apache2 Hope someone can shed some light about this.Thanks.

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• How can I fix my C++ compiler as it isn't loaded by default?

  - by GNR

  Recently I had installed the Ubuntu flavour of the Linux operating system. I had opened a terminal and just wrote a sample C program to check if it is compiling. When I saved the sample file and compiled with cc a.c, errors comes that the standard library is not loaded (i.e stdio.h). When I went to help pages, it says that the C or C++ compiler doesnt gets loaded by default and we should do it ourselves. So can anyone help me out to fix this problem, i.e to load the C/C++ compiler.

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• need for tcp fine-tuning on heavily used proxy server

  - by Vijay Gharge

  Hi all, I am using squid like Internet proxy server on RHEL 4 update 6 & 8 with quite heavy load i.e. 8k established connections during peak hour. Without depending much on application provider's expertise I want to achieve maximum o/p from linux. W.r.t. that I have certain questions as following: How to find out if there is scope for further tcp fine-tuning (without exhausting available resources) as the benchmark values given by vendor looks poor! Is there any parameter value that is available from OS / network stack that will show me the results. If at all there is scope, how shall I identify & configure OS tcp stack parameters i.e. using sysctl or any specific parameter Post tuning how shall I clearly measure performance enhancement / degradation ?

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• Is rsync --delete safe in case of disk failure

  - by enedene

  I have two data hard drives on my Linux server and I use second as a backup for a first drive. I use rsync for that purpose. An example would be: rsync -r -v --delete /media/disk1/ /media/disk2/ What this does is that it copies every file/directory from /media/disk1/ to /media/disk2/ but also deletes any difference. For example, lets say that files A and B but not file C are on disk1, and on disk2 there is no A and B files, but there is C. The result would be that after the command on disk2 I'd have files A and B, but file C would be deleted, just like on disk1. Now, a rather disastrous scenario had crossed my mind; what if disk1 dies, system continues to work since system files are on my system disk, but when rsync tries to backup my data on disk2 from broken disk1, it deletes all the files from disk2 because it can't read anything on disk1. Is this a possible scenario, or is there a protection from it build in rsync?

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• How to login without entering username and password

  - by torbengb

  I'm a newbie running Ubuntu 9.10. I have two users (wife and me), and each user's screensaver is set to lock so that on wakeup, we get to choose which user's desktop to go to. However, Ubuntu requires a password, so this is pretty tedious. I'd like to switch users without entering any password. I know about this trick that works for the boot login, but it doesn't deal with multiple users. Is it possible to set empty passwords for users in Ubuntu, or skip the password in other ways? (I'm expecting real Linux users to suggest that passwordless users must not get any rights and there be an admin user with a strong password. Yes, you're right. But that's not what this question is about. Thanks.)

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• How do I setup Apache with FastCGI and Ruby?

  - by sdellysse

  I've been reading alot of forum posts, tutorials, etc., about setting up apache under linux with fastcgi. I'm trying to run fcgi for some of my ruby development (not rails), but I figure it should apply to any language. Please note that I already have apache, fastcgi, ruby-fcgi, and the like already installed on my web box. Conceptually, I'm having a hard time with it. Does apache spawn the specified fcgi processes as needed? Do I start them along side apache? Basically, I'm trying to get to a point where I am able to ask the proper questions, so apologies if the title is misleading.

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• rsync server side limit bandwidth/connection

  - by c2h2

  In a VOIP application, I have upto 3000 clients rsync audio files from there linux server in a daily, server is placed at a data center (10Mbps in/out bound), the server works as a VOIP sip server running FreeSWITCH (low ping latency should be ensured.) Therefore I would like to have server side control of rsync which controls: Limit total outbound bandwidth. Limit total number of connections. (Reject clients while at max number of connection and let it retry after a specific time frame.) OPTIONAL: list/kill individual connections. Normally I would use ssh + rsync + pem_keys with some extra options, but above requirements are not feasible by simple command lines. Can anyone point me some direction. or show some scripts/tools? I would also probably integrate them and release on github. Thanks!

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• Port forwarding with DNAT and SNAT without touching other packets

  - by w00t

  I have a Linux gateway with iptables which does routing and port forwarding. I want the port forwarding to happen independent of the routing. To port forward, I add this to the nat table: iptables -t nat -A "$PRE" -p tcp -d $GW --dport $fromPort -j DNAT --to-destination $toHost:$toPort iptables -t nat -A "$POST" -p tcp -d $toHost --dport $toPort -j SNAT --to $SRC $PRE and POST are actually destination-specific chains that I jump to from the PREROUTING and POSTROUTING chains respectively so I can keep the iptables clean. $SRC is the IP address I'm SNATing to which is different from the gateway IP $GW. The problem with this setup is that regular routed packets that were not DNATed but happen to go to the same $toHost:$toPort combo will also be SNATed. I wish to avoid this. Any clever things I can do?

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• RAID 10, how layout works ?

  - by Bastien974

  I'm trying to figure out how exactly works the RAID 10 in linux with mdadm. I want to create a RAID 10 out of 4 partitions, let's say a, b, c and d. a and b are on the array 1, c and d array 2. So what I want is to have the couple a and b, c and d in RAID 0. Then on top of that, a RAID 1. The option in the mdadm command to configure the layout is -p, --layout with option : near, far, offset see here I want to keep my data safe if the array 1 fails for example, that would mean that every chunk of data are always copied on both arrays. How do I have to set my RAID 10, near or far ?

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• How to turn on/turn off leds by terminal?

  - by GarouDan

  I would like turn on/turn off some of my leds running a command on linux. I use Ubuntu 12.04 LTS. I tried xset led named "Scroll Lock" xset led named "Num Lock" xset led 2 (this is the number of Scroll Lock as `xset q` says) xset led 1 but nothing works. Tried setleds +num setleds +scroll but I got a error message saying Error reading the current settings of flags. Maybe you're not on the console? (I was in a terminal). So, how can I perform this?

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• Unix Shell/SSH config to allow TCP port forwarding without showing a command prompt

  - by Raphael K

  I'm running a Debian Linux. I'd like to have a user account that is able to connect via SSH for TCP-forwarding only, without a command prompt. e.g the following would work (from a remote computer): ssh -D1234 user@myhost but no command prompt would appear. Using a shell like /bin/false or /sbin/nologin is too restrictive as it doesn't even allow the user to log in. A shell that only allows the "exit" or Ctrl+D commands would do the job. I know that something similar is possible to allow only SFTP, but I can't find the equivalent for TCP forwarding. Thanks

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• How do you synchronise huge sparse files (VM disk images) between machines?

  - by chrisdew

  Is there a command, such as rsync, which can synchronise huge, sparse, files from one linux server to another? It is very important that the destination file remains sparse. It may be longer (but not bigger) than the drive which contains it. Only changed blocks should be sent across the wire. I have tried rsync, but got no joy. groups.google.com/group/mailing.unix.rsync/browse_thread/thread/94f39271980513d3 If I write a programme to do this, am I just reinventing the wheel? http://www.finalcog.com/synchronise-block-devices Thanks, Chris.

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• How can I use my laptop's monitor as my PC's ONLY monitor? (please vote to reopen) [closed]

  - by Randell

  Please vote to reopen. This is different from Can I use my laptop as a second monitor for my desk computer?, because that question is asking how to use the laptop screen as the secondary display, not as the only display. My PC's monitor just died and I'm not looking at buying a new monitor anytime soon. So I'm thinking of using my laptop's monitor for it. Both machines are running on Fedora linux. Edit: Both machines are connected to the same wireless network. PC needs to log in before it can connect to the network if I'm not mistaken.

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• Wifi and eth behavior

  - by r00ster

  I have a wireless router 150M Wireless Lite N Router Model No. TL-WR740N / TL-WR740ND. Normally, when I'm connected to the local network using eth0 I can ping other machines by issuing ping name. When I'm connected through wifi I have to issue ping name.domain.com. The machine is only visible in intranet. How to achieve the same behavior with wifi? The second problem is, that I can not connect to some external sites through wifi but through eth everything is ok. I guess that is related to some port forwarding, but I'm not sure. How can I resolve this issue? EDIT: I'm using Linux Mint.

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