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• Cisco VPN and .pcf file

  - by yael

  I have few of profiles .pcf files , and I used them in order to automate the vpmclient connection VIA CLI command I have WIN XP server for example vpmclient connect "customor_alpha" until now everything is ok but I have problem with the last of my profiles - area1.pcf the problem is when I type in CMD window the following ( to create VPN connection ) vpmclient connect "area1" after 2 second CISCO window will pop up and ask for password , ( username already defined in window ) please advice what could be the problem , why I get the "CISCO PVN window" ? or maybe I have some in correct syntax in my .pcf file , I checked the .pcf file again and again and I couldn't find the problem ? example of area1.pcf ( only example - not my real pcf ) [main] Description=connection to TechPubs server Host=10.10.99.30 AuthType=1 GroupName=docusers GroupPwd= enc_GroupPwd=158E47893BDCD398BF863675204775622C49<SNIPPED> EnableISPConnect=0 ISPConnectType=0 ISPConnect= ISPCommand= Username=alice SaveUserPassword=0 UserPassword= enc_UserPassword= NTDomain= EnableBackup=1 BackupServer=Engineering1, Engineering2, Engineering 3, Engineering4 EnableMSLogon=0 MSLogonType=0 EnableNat=1 EnableLocalLAN=0 TunnelingMode=0 TCPTunnelingPort=10000 CertStore=0 CertName= CertPath= CertSubjectName SendCertChain=0 VerifyCertDN=CN=”ID Cert”,OU*”Cisco”,ISSUER-CN!=”Entrust”,ISSURE-OU!*”wonderland” DHGroup=2 PeerTimeOut=90 ForceNetLogin=

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• Photoshop CS4 - PSD files - cant see the contents

  - by Rob

  I am opening up a photoshop psd file in CS4 to edit. When I open the file, the window shows just a grey background and no content. If I click/drag the window, then I CAN see the contents, but when I drop the window, it goes back to a grey background. Any suggestions. (Yes, I'm a PhotoShop noob ...) Thanks

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• Issues with softlink

  - by Ajay

  I am trying to create a softlink through unix command that is ln -s /ajay/i4sites/i4gear.com/docs/includes /ajay/i4sites/i4content.com/docs/includes but this always give one message this is not in directory. I want to know only one thing that for creating softlink unix command svn should be worked or not.Is it compulsory.i have execute the command svn status svn: warning: '.' is not a working copy. so please clear me..

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• cygwin GNU make .net program piping inconsistent behavior

  - by Codism

  This question may sound like a superuser question but I feel there is something related to programming. Anyway, my computer had a fresh installation of Win 7 64 and cygwin recently. Now I observed some problem with pipe handling in gnu make file. The following is the Makefile I use to reproduce the issue: all: fsutil | cat my-dotnet-console.exe | cat The problem is: for the first command line, the piping works every time but for the second command line, the piping barely works - I got no result for the second command for most cases, regardless of the environment (cmd or bash) in which the make file is invoked. However, if I copy paste the second command line into cmd (or bash), the pipe works every time. The following is my .net program: static void Main(string[] args) { Console.WriteLine(new string('a', 40)); Console.Out.Flush(); } The make version is 3.82.90 but the same problem was observed in a previous version (because of the windows path handling problem in 3.82.9, I replaced make.exe with a previous version). I don't know the exact cygwin version I have installed but the current version on cygwin.com is 1.7.11-1. Currently, my work around is to redirect the output to a temporary file but it would be great if I can avoid the temporary file. Thanks

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• Thumbnail generation with imagemagick doesn't render the correct colors

  - by Bastien

  Generating thumbnails of PDFs with imagemagick sometimes renders incorrect colors. We're using an old version of imagemagick (6.5.7-8, that's the version installed on the heroku servers). Here is the command we're currently using: convert -size "725x1200>" -colorspace RGB -flatten -density 300 -quality 100 input.pdf output.jpg I've tried using different colorspaces like sRGB,YIQ,.. but none of them are rendering the color correctly. Using imagemagick-6.7.7-6 locally works so I've tried to bundle the 'convert' command within my application /bin directory, the command works but the result is still wrong, so it seems that the problem comes either from another imagemagick command used by 'convert' or from another library. Here's an example of the outputs: Correct output: http://i.stack.imgur.com/gf9eG.jpg Wrong output: http://i.stack.imgur.com/imUeD.jpg Strangely, with some pages of the same pdf the output is always correct. Any idea which library or command could be the issue, or if there is a proper set of options to pass to imagemagick to always get it right? Thanks in advance for your help.

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• Putty Help with @ Key

  - by jb0510

  I am new to putty. I am pushing files to a customer with sftp command that includes @ sign in the command. e.g. sftp (login@IP Address) the session will not allow @ on the command line. It bounces me to the next line. Can anyone tell me how to correct this.

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• Rsync Push files from linux to windoes. ssh issue - connection refused

  - by piyush c

  For some reason I want to run a script to move files from Linux machine to Windows. I have installed cwRsync on my windows machine and able to connect to linux machine. When i execute following command: rsync -e "ssh -l "piyush"" -Wgovz --timeout 120 --delay-updates --remove-sent-files /usr/local/src/piyush/sync/* "[email protected]:/cygdrive/d/temp" Where 10.0.0.60 is my widows machine and I am running above command on Linux - CentOS 5.5. After running command I get following error message: ssh: connect to host 10.0.0.60 port 22: Connection refused rsync: connection unexpectedly closed (0 bytes received so far) [sender] rsync error: error in rsync protocol data stream (code 12) at io.c(463) [sender=2.6.8] [root@localhost sync]# ssh [email protected] ssh: connect to host 10.0.0.60 port 22: Connection refused I have modified my firewall settings on widows to allow all ports. I think this issue is due to SSH Daemon not present on my windows machine. So I tried installing OpenSSH on my machine and running ssh-agent but didn't helped. I tried similar command to run on my widows machine to pull files from Linux and its working fine. For some reason I want command for Linux machine so that I can embed it in a shell script. Can you suggest me if I am missing anything.

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• how to check in a bash script where the shell is run from

  - by nass

  I am fuzzy about how to set a command in a script to be run only when the shell is running within an X session. basically, in ~/.bashrc I set my keyboard maps as setxkbmap -layout 'us,gr' -variant 'altgr-intl,extended' -option grp:alt_shift_toggle If I am connecting through putty , or otherwise, and i just open a command prompt window, I DONT want this command to run. If on the other hand, i have an X session running (locally or remotely) I want this command to run. how can I do this checking in a bash script? Is there a bash environment variable I can be looking at? some other way? Thank you for your help

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• TCP Tweaking options and Results: Any suggestions?

  - by krishnakumar

  I first tried with the default windows XP TCP option(It doesn't have TCPWindowSize option and TCP1323 in its Registry setting). I dynamically set those options using TCP optimizer. Here I list out the result with and without TCP Tweaking option. I see no major improvements in TCP after increasing window size optimally too. What value should I set to increase the performance? Results: Without any window size and MTU setting from server to client (receiving) TCPWindowSize : MTU : TTL: Size:586 MB total duration : 03:47 With window size extension from server to client (receiving) Bandwidth :100 Mbps Latency: 100ms BDP :1250000 TCPWindowSize : 1250000 MTU :1500 TTL:128 Size:586MB total duration : 03:44 With window size extension from server to client (receiving) TCPWindowSize :64240 MTU :1500 TTL :112 Size: 586MB total duration : 03:49

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• I am trying to set up a ubuntu sever 12.04 on my machine

  - by Jseb

  I am trying to set up a server on my home network which will eventually host rails. I am not great in linux server and i try to follow the prompt. I did succesfully get to a black screen which then prompts me to a username then password to then do anything ( assuming). However here what i try to do I kinda fellow his tutorial http://www.ubuntugeek.com/step-by-step-ubuntu-11-04-natty-lamp-server-setup.html but however the command where not 100% like him not in same order but same idea. Then i want to install ubuntu server with gui here the command i try with sudo apt-get upgrade sudo apt-get install ubuntu-desktop Which however give me the following error Err http... inRelease w Failed to fetch ht... So been ignored if i try the desktop one i get E: unable to locate package ubuntu E: unable to locate package desktop So i am assuming i am not connected to the internet, so i try the following command sudo vi /etc/network/interfaces here the output it gives me and i know my gateway on my laptop is 192.168.1.1 address: 192.168.1.148 netmask: 255.255.255.0 network: 192.168.1.0 broadcasts: 192.168.1.255 gateway: 192.168.1.1 Btw i do not know the command to get out of vi and saving it. Err http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precises InRelease Err http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precises-updates InRelease Err http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precises-backports InRelease Reading package lists... Done W: Failed to fetch http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/dists/precise/InRelease W: Failed to fetch http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/dists/precise-updates/InRelease W: Failed to fetch http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/dists/precise-backport/InRelease

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• Microsoft Word 2007 restarts the installer upon exiting on Windows XP

  - by leeand00

  A user complained that they were having issues with MS Office 2007, and that the installation / configuration dialog kept appearing. I already tried uninstalling Office 2007 and I ended up needing to use the Microsoft Fix It package to uninstall it, since using the control panel failed. I close Microsoft Word. The Installer for Microsoft Office inexplicably opens. I then get a dialog that says I need to reboot. So I restart... Start Microsoft Word, Word starts up, and everything appears to be fine. I close word, and nothing much happens this is on the administrator account. I think everything is fixed so I call the user over to come try their account out. We login as the user, and the user tries to open a document in Word. The Configuration Progress Window reappears. It runs...and then Word appears. I close it and it appears to work, no window. I open it again and the Configuration Progress window appears yet again... Then Word opens up again, if I exit out and open up again I get the same Configuration Progress window. I have no idea what is causing the Configuration Progress Window to come up.. Update: I attempted to install two updates: Update for Microsoft Office Outlook 2007 Junk Email Filter (KB2687400) Update for the 2007 Microsoft Office System (KB967642) Both of these updates failed. Update: I attempted to install KB967642 manually and it failed.

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• Positioning a sprite in XNA: Use ClientBounds or BackBuffer?

  - by Martin Andersson

  I'm reading a book called "Learning XNA 4.0" written by Aaron Reed. Throughout most of the chapters, whenever he calculates the position of a sprite to use in his call to SpriteBatch.Draw, he uses Window.ClientBounds.Width and Window.ClientBounds.Height. But then all of a sudden, on page 108, he uses PresentationParameters.BackBufferWidth and PresentationParameters.BackBufferHeight instead. I think I understand what the Back Buffer and the Client Bounds are and the difference between those two (or perhaps not?). But I'm mighty confused about when I should use one or the other when it comes to positioning sprites. The author uses for the most part Client Bounds both for checking whenever a moving sprite is of the screen and to find a spawn point for new sprites. However, he seems to make two exceptions from this pattern in his book. The first time is when he wants some animated sprites to "move in" and cross the screen from one side to another (page 108 as mentioned). The second and last time is when he positions a texture to work as a button in the lower right corner of a Windows Phone 7 screen (page 379). Anyone got an idea? I shall provide some context if it is of any help. Here's how he usually calls SpriteBatch.Draw (code example from where he positions a sprite in the middle of the screen [page 35]): spriteBatch.Draw(texture, new Vector2( (Window.ClientBounds.Width / 2) - (texture.Width / 2), (Window.ClientBounds.Height / 2) - (texture.Height / 2)), null, Color.White, 0, Vector2.Zero, 1, SpriteEffects.None, 0); And here is the first case of four possible in a switch statement that will set the position of soon to be spawned moving sprites, this position will later be used in the SpriteBatch.Draw call (page 108): // Randomly choose which side of the screen to place enemy, // then randomly create a position along that side of the screen // and randomly choose a speed for the enemy switch (((Game1)Game).rnd.Next(4)) { case 0: // LEFT to RIGHT position = new Vector2( -frameSize.X, ((Game1)Game).rnd.Next(0, Game.GraphicsDevice.PresentationParameters.BackBufferHeight - frameSize.Y)); speed = new Vector2(((Game1)Game).rnd.Next( enemyMinSpeed, enemyMaxSpeed), 0); break;

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• Finding text in Ubuntu (gnome) terminal output

  - by Rickson

  Imagine this scenario: You run a command at gnome terminal. This command has made a bunch of outputs to the terminal. After some time, you realize you need the value of a variable (let's say variable_needed) that was printed by the command somewhere in the terminal. How to find it? KDE terminal used to have a shortcut ctrl+shift+f which searched the terminal output. It seems that gnome-terminal doesn't have it (at least at Ubuntu 10.04.2 LTS). Is there any way of adding it? Is there any other good terminal I could use that has it? Notice that the output has already been written so I don't want (cannot) run the command again combined with grep, |, , vim, emacs, etc.

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• How do I check on non-transparent pixels in a bitmapdata?

  - by Opoe

  I'm still working on my window cleaning game from one of my previous questions I marked a contribution as my answer, but after all this time I can't get it to work and I have to many questions about this so I decided to ask some more about it. As a sequel on my mentioned previous question, my question to you is: How can I check whether or not a bitmapData contains non transparent pixels? Subquestion: Is this possible when the masked image is a movieclip? Shouldn't I use graphics instead? Information I have: A dirtywindow movieclip on the bottom layer and a clean window movieclip on layer 2(mc1) on the layer above. To hide the top layer(the dirty window) I assign a mask to it. Code // this creates a mask that hides the movieclip on top var mask_mc:MovieClip = new MovieClip(); addChild(mask_mc) //assign the mask to the movieclip it should 'cover' mc1.mask = mask_mc; With a brush(cursor) the player wipes of the dirt ( actualy setting the fill from the mask to transparent so the clean window appears) //add event listeners for the 'brush' brush_mc.addEventListener(MouseEvent.MOUSE_DOWN,brushDown); brush_mc.addEventListener(MouseEvent.MOUSE_UP,brushUp); //function to drag the brush over the mask function brushDown(dragging:MouseEvent):void{ dragging.currentTarget.startDrag(); MovieClip(dragging.currentTarget).addEventListener(Event.ENTER_FRAME,erase) ; mask_mc.graphics.moveTo(brush_mc.x,brush_mc.y); } //function to stop dragging the brush over the mask function brushUp(dragging:MouseEvent):void{ dragging.currentTarget.stopDrag(); MovieClip(dragging.currentTarget).removeEventListener(Event.ENTER_FRAME,erase); } //fill the mask with transparant pixels so the movieclip turns visible function erase(e:Event):void{ with(mask_mc.graphics){ beginFill(0x000000); drawRect(brush_mc.x,brush_mc.y,brush_mc.width,brush_mc.height); endFill(); } }

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• Mount CIFS Credentials File has Special Character

  - by David George

  I'm having trouble mounting a share on my XenServer (5.6 FP1). From the command line I try: mount.cifs //server/share /mnt/share -o credentials=credfile The contents of credfile is: username=Administrator password=What@zR\!p3s When I run the above mount command I get "Access Denied". However if I run the following command it works: mount.cifs //server/share /mnt/share -o username=Administrator,password=What@zR\!p3s Please note the "\" is to escape the bang and I've tried this with and without it in the credentials file. Any suggestions?

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• Backup script that excludes large files using Duplicity and Amazon S3

  - by Jason

  I'm trying to write an backup script that will exclude files over a certain size. My script gives the proper command, but when run within the script it outputs an an error. However if the same command is run manually everything works...??? Here is the script based on one easy found with google #!/bin/bash # Export some ENV variables so you don't have to type anything export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID="accesskey" export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY="secretaccesskey" export PASSPHRASE="password" SOURCE=/home/ DEST=s3+http://s3bucket GPG_KEY="7743E14E" # exclude files over 100MB exclude () { find /home/jason -size +100M \ | while read FILE; do echo -n " --exclude " echo -n \'**${FILE##/*/}\' | sed 's/\ /\\ /g' #Replace whitespace with "\ " done } echo "Using Command" echo "duplicity --encrypt-key=$GPG_KEY --sign-key=$GPG_KEY `exclude` $SOURCE $DEST" duplicity --encrypt-key=$GPG_KEY --sign-key=$GPG_KEY `exclude` $SOURCE $DEST # Reset the ENV variables. export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID= export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY= export PASSPHRASE= If run I recieve the error; Command line error: Expected 2 args, got 6 Enter 'duplicity --help' for help screen. Any help your could offer would be greatly appreciated.

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• Collapsing Bookmarks

  - by Tim Dexter

  I said I would tackle documenting some of the new features in the 10.1.3.4.1 roll up patch I mentioned last week. With the patch you can now set the default state of bookmarks (if you create them) in your PDF outputs. If your users prefer to see them all collapsed to the base level or may be collapsed to the second level to ease navigation; whatever they need. Its another opportunity for you to look like a star! You of course need to start with a table of contents; then add the convert|copy to bookmarks command. You can then add the new collapse command to set the appropriate level in the bookmarks. <?copy-to-bookmark:?> <?collapse-bookmark:show;2?> <<< Table of Contents >>> <?end convert-to-bookmark?> The command allows you to expand or collapse the bookmarks as you need. Of course you will know how many levels you will have in the final output document. The command takes the form: <?collapse-bookmark:show|hide;level int?> Some examples <?collapse-bookmark:hide;1?> <?collapse-bookmark:hide;2?> <?collapse-bookmark:hide;3?> Sample template and data here. Dont forget you need that 10.1.3.4.1 roll up!

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• How to know currently open ports on the Windows Firewall?

  - by QIU Quan

  On Windows XP and Windows Server 2003, I can know currently open ports on the Windows Firewall using the following command: netsh firewall show state However, on Windows 7 and Hyper-V Server 2008 R2, when I give that command, it says: No ports are currently open on all network interfaces. IMPORTANT: Command executed successfully. However, "netsh firewall" is deprecated; use "netsh advfirewall firewall" instead. Apparently there are ports open because services such as NetBIOS NS, Remote Desktop, and Hyper-V remote administration are functioning. I tried a few 'netsh advfirewall' show commands, but didn't get a way to find out which ports are permit by Windows Firewall. Knowing the currently open ports, I can be sure that I'm permitting necessary and sufficient traffic to pass in, no more, no less. Going through the whole set of advanced firewall rules is so tedious and error-prone. Is there a command on Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 to do this efficiently?

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• SFML - Moving a sprite on mouseclick

  - by Mike

  I want to be able to move a sprite from a current location to another based upon where the user clicks in the window. This is the code that I have: #include <SFML/Graphics.hpp> int main() { // Create the main window sf::RenderWindow App(sf::VideoMode(800, 600), "SFML window"); // Load a sprite to display sf::Texture Image; if (!Image.LoadFromFile("cb.bmp")) return EXIT_FAILURE; sf::Sprite Sprite(Image); // Define the spead of the sprite float spriteSpeed = 200.f; // Start the game loop while (App.IsOpened()) { if (sf::Keyboard::IsKeyPressed(sf::Keyboard::Escape)) App.Close(); if (sf::Mouse::IsButtonPressed(sf::Mouse::Right)) { Sprite.SetPosition(sf::Mouse::GetPosition(App).x, sf::Mouse::GetPosition(App).y); } // Clear screen App.Clear(); // Draw the sprite App.Draw(Sprite); // Update the window App.Display(); } return EXIT_SUCCESS; } But instead of just setting the position I want to use Sprite.Move() and gradually move the sprite from one position to another. The question is how? Later I plan on adding a node system into each map so I can use Dijkstra's algorithm, but I'll still need this for moving between nodes.

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• Tip: Recording Non-Maximized Applications in UPK

  - by Marc Santosusso

  Have you ever wanted to record an application that would not maximize, or an application that would look strange maximized? Or perhaps your Windows Desktop has become cluttered with icons and you don't want to capture the clutter in your recordings. Here's a tip that will help: create a background for your recording. Create a blank HTML file with a black background in your favorite HTML editor. Or download this sample file: UPK_Recording_Background.html (right click to save). If you would prefer a different color background in the sample file, open it in Notepad and change “#000” to a different HTML color. Open UPK_Recording_Background.html in its own web browser window. Press F11 to make the web browser window full screen. This should give you a completely black screen. (This works great in modern versions of the most popular browsers. I successfully used Firefox 15, Chrome 22, and IE 9. Open or switch to the desired application so that it sits on top of the full screen browser window. If the application you are recording is also in a browser, it is important that it be in a separate browser window from the UPK_Recording_Background.html. Record your topic normally. The above steps create a recording background using an HTML file and a web browser. This is just one method, for instance you could do the same thing with an image editor and an image viewer with a full screen view. Now you can record a non-maximized application without a distracting background. I hope you find this to be a helpful tip. Let us know what you think in the comments.

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• trouble shooting ntfs-loop-xen combination in wubi based grub of Ubuntu

  - by Registered User

  Here is a situation I installed Ubuntu on a laptop using Wubi in Windows 7 drive.*The laptop is not mine.*I have installed and things worked by now perfectly without any problem.We are trying to set up a Xen (virtualization)environment in this laptop. After setting up every thing cleanly.When I needed to boot with following grub entries menuentry "Xen Linux 2.6.32.27" { insmod ntfs set root='(hd0,2)' loopback loop0 /ubuntu/disks/root.disk set root=(loop0) multiboot /boot/xen.gz module /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.32.27 dummy=dummy root=/dev/sda2 loop=/ubuntu/disks/root.disk ro console=tty0 module /boot/initrd.img-2.6.32.27 } I got error file not found error unknown command 'multiboot' error unknown command 'module' error unknown command 'module' Now to dig this issue further I reboot the machine and go to grub command prompt and manually pass on each of the above parameters which you see in the grub entry when I reached grub> insmod multiboot then I got following message on screen error:file not found. It looks like this wubi+ grub setup has just enough modules to use loopback file on ntfs, but the ACTUAL /boot directory is on the loopback NOT ntfs (hd0,2). Therefore any attempt to read any files from (hd0,2) simply wont work, cause there's no file there.I need to use insmod multiboot and command multiboot and module which are available in grub on a normal install without Wubi.But since the laptop is not mine so I am not allowed to partition it and have to make it work in this situation only. While a normal Kernel is still booting? How can I get module multiboot in this Wubi based install.

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• Why nautilus quicklist is not working?

  - by jasmines

  None of my bookmarks (Documents, Pictures, Download, Dropbox, Ubuntu One, Music, Public) are correctly shown but they won't open if I right click on the Home icon and select them. The only ones who work are Home and Open A New Window. I've read similar questions (http://askubuntu.com/questions/184504/unity-home-quicklist-not-working-when-nautilus-is-closed and unity home quicklist not working) but my problem seems different... Anyway I can't solve with the suggested workarounds. $ ls ~ Audiobooks Dropbox Modelli Pubblici Video Backup dvdrip-data Musica Scaricati VirtualBox VMs deja-dup grive Pictures - GT-I9100 Scrivania virtual-drives Documenti Immagini Podcasts Ubuntu One Vuze Downloads $ cat /usr/share/applications/nautilus.desktop [Desktop Entry] Name=Files Comment=Access and organize files Exec=nautilus %U Icon=system-file-manager Terminal=false Type=Application StartupNotify=true OnlyShowIn=GNOME;Unity; Categories=GNOME;GTK;Utility;Core; MimeType=inode/directory;application/x-gnome-saved-search; X-GNOME-Bugzilla-Bugzilla=GNOME X-GNOME-Bugzilla-Product=nautilus X-GNOME-Bugzilla-Component=general X-GNOME-Bugzilla-Version=3.4.2 Actions=Window; X-Ubuntu-Gettext-Domain=nautilus [Desktop Action Window] Name=Open a New Window Exec=nautilus OnlyShowIn=Unity;

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• How to configure sudoers to always keep LD_LIBRARY_PATH envrionment variable?

  - by Yanick Girouard

  No matter what I try, it seems that the LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variable is not kept after I run a command with sudo. The only way I managed to have it stick, is to prefix my sudo command with LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/the/path whenever I call it from the command-line, but I would like to not have to do this every time. It seems the env_keep option ignores this variable, and so does the exempt_group option. My %group currently has ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL as its access in sudoers. I would like this specific environment variable to be kept for any command I run. How can I do this? My server is running Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.7.

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• Oracle Linux Tips and Tricks: Using SSH

  - by Robert Chase

  Out of all of the utilities available to systems administrators ssh is probably the most useful of them all. Not only does it allow you to log into systems securely, but it can also be used to copy files, tunnel IP traffic and run remote commands on distant servers. It’s truly the Swiss army knife of systems administration. Secure Shell, also known as ssh, was developed in 1995 by Tau Ylonen after the University of Technology in Finland suffered a password sniffing attack. Back then it was common to use tools like rcp, rsh, ftp and telnet to connect to systems and move files across the network. The main problem with these tools is they provide no security and transmitted data in plain text including sensitive login credentials. SSH provides this security by encrypting all traffic transmitted over the wire to protect from password sniffing attacks. One of the more common use cases involving SSH is found when using scp. Secure Copy (scp) transmits data between hosts using SSH and allows you to easily copy all types of files. The syntax for the scp command is: scp /pathlocal/filenamelocal remoteuser@remotehost:/pathremote/filenameremote In the following simple example, I move a file named myfile from the system test1 to the system test2. I am prompted to provide valid user credentials for the remote host before the transfer will proceed.  If I were only using ftp, this information would be unencrypted as it went across the wire.  However, because scp uses SSH, my user credentials and the file and its contents are confidential and remain secure throughout the transfer.  [user1@test1 ~]# scp /home/user1/myfile user1@test2:/home/user1user1@test2's password: myfile                                    100%    0     0.0KB/s   00:00 You can also use ssh to send network traffic and utilize the encryption built into ssh to protect traffic over the wire. This is known as an ssh tunnel. In order to utilize this feature, the server that you intend to connect to (the remote system) must have TCP forwarding enabled within the sshd configuraton. To enable TCP forwarding on the remote system, make sure AllowTCPForwarding is set to yes and enabled in the /etc/ssh/sshd_conf file: AllowTcpForwarding yes Once you have this configured, you can connect to the server and setup a local port which you can direct traffic to that will go over the secure tunnel. The following command will setup a tunnel on port 8989 on your local system. You can then redirect a web browser to use this local port, allowing the traffic to go through the encrypted tunnel to the remote system. It is important to select a local port that is not being used by a service and is not restricted by firewall rules.  In the following example the -D specifies a local dynamic application level port forwarding and the -N specifies not to execute a remote command.   ssh –D 8989 [email protected] -N You can also forward specific ports on both the local and remote host. The following example will setup a port forward on port 8080 and forward it to port 80 on the remote machine. ssh -L 8080:farwebserver.com:80 [email protected] You can even run remote commands via ssh which is quite useful for scripting or remote system administration tasks. The following example shows how to  log in remotely and execute the command ls –la in the home directory of the machine. Because ssh encrypts the traffic, the login credentials and output of the command are completely protected while they travel over the wire. [rchase@test1 ~]$ ssh rchase@test2 'ls -la'rchase@test2's password: total 24drwx------  2 rchase rchase 4096 Sep  6 15:17 .drwxr-xr-x. 3 root   root   4096 Sep  6 15:16 ..-rw-------  1 rchase rchase   12 Sep  6 15:17 .bash_history-rw-r--r--  1 rchase rchase   18 Dec 20  2012 .bash_logout-rw-r--r--  1 rchase rchase  176 Dec 20  2012 .bash_profile-rw-r--r--  1 rchase rchase  124 Dec 20  2012 .bashrc You can execute any command contained in the quotations marks as long as you have permission with the user account that you are using to log in. This can be very powerful and useful for collecting information for reports, remote controlling systems and performing systems administration tasks using shell scripts. To make your shell scripts even more useful and to automate logins you can use ssh keys for running commands remotely and securely without the need to enter a password. You can accomplish this with key based authentication. The first step in setting up key based authentication is to generate a public key for the system that you wish to log in from. In the following example you are generating a ssh key on a test system. In case you are wondering, this key was generated on a test VM that was destroyed after this article. [rchase@test1 .ssh]$ ssh-keygen -t rsaGenerating public/private rsa key pair.Enter file in which to save the key (/home/rchase/.ssh/id_rsa): Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): Enter same passphrase again: Your identification has been saved in /home/rchase/.ssh/id_rsa.Your public key has been saved in /home/rchase/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.The key fingerprint is:7a:8e:86:ef:59:70:ef:43:b7:ee:33:03:6e:6f:69:e8 rchase@test1The key's randomart image is:+--[ RSA 2048]----+|                 ||  . .            ||   o .           ||    . o o        ||   o o oS+       ||  +   o.= =      ||   o ..o.+ =     ||    . .+. =      ||     ...Eo       |+-----------------+ Now that you have the key generated on the local system you should to copy it to the target server into a temporary location. The user’s home directory is fine for this. [rchase@test1 .ssh]$ scp id_rsa.pub rchase@test2:/home/rchaserchase@test2's password: id_rsa.pub                  Now that the file has been copied to the server, you need to append it to the authorized_keys file. This should be appended to the end of the file in the event that there are other authorized keys on the system. [rchase@test2 ~]$ cat id_rsa.pub >> .ssh/authorized_keys Once the process is complete you are ready to login. Since you are using key based authentication you are not prompted for a password when logging into the system.   [rchase@test1 ~]$ ssh test2Last login: Fri Sep  6 17:42:02 2013 from test1 This makes it much easier to run remote commands. Here’s an example of the remote command from earlier. With no password it’s almost as if the command ran locally. [rchase@test1 ~]$ ssh test2 'ls -la'total 32drwx------  3 rchase rchase 4096 Sep  6 17:40 .drwxr-xr-x. 3 root   root   4096 Sep  6 15:16 ..-rw-------  1 rchase rchase   12 Sep  6 15:17 .bash_history-rw-r--r--  1 rchase rchase   18 Dec 20  2012 .bash_logout-rw-r--r--  1 rchase rchase  176 Dec 20  2012 .bash_profile-rw-r--r--  1 rchase rchase  124 Dec 20  2012 .bashrc As a security consideration it's important to note the permissions of .ssh and the authorized_keys file.  .ssh should be 700 and authorized_keys should be set to 600.  This prevents unauthorized access to ssh keys from other users on the system.   An even easier way to move keys back and forth is to use ssh-copy-id. Instead of copying the file and appending it manually to the authorized_keys file, ssh-copy-id does both steps at once for you.  Here’s an example of moving the same key using ssh-copy-id.The –i in the example is so that we can specify the path to the id file, which in this case is /home/rchase/.ssh/id_rsa.pub [rchase@test1]$ ssh-copy-id -i /home/rchase/.ssh/id_rsa.pub rchase@test2 One of the last tips that I will cover is the ssh config file. By using the ssh config file you can setup host aliases to make logins to hosts with odd ports or long hostnames much easier and simpler to remember. Here’s an example entry in our .ssh/config file. Host dev1 Hostname somereallylonghostname.somereallylongdomain.com Port 28372 User somereallylongusername12345678 Let’s compare the login process between the two. Which would you want to type and remember? ssh somereallylongusername12345678@ somereallylonghostname.somereallylongdomain.com –p 28372 ssh dev1 I hope you find these tips useful.  There are a number of tools used by system administrators to streamline processes and simplify workflows and whether you are new to Linux or a longtime user, I'm sure you will agree that SSH offers useful features that can be used every day.  Send me your comments and let us know the ways you  use SSH with Linux.  If you have other tools you would like to see covered in a similar post, send in your suggestions.

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• apache sendmail: trying to change user "from" address from apache to domain account

  - by Wes

  I apologize if I am asking a question already answered, but my problem isn't really that I haven't found an answer. I have, in fact, found a half-dozen different "solutions" to my problem, tried them all, in various combinations, and have been consistently unsuccessful. The goal All I want to do is change the envelope "from" address for all email sent from [email protected] to [email protected], always. What I've already done I am running Apache, PHP, and sendmail on CentOS 5.5, [email protected]. We have an SMTP server at 192.168.0.4. The domain's email accounts are all at @domain.org. I have successfully set up "smart host" using this line in the sendmail.mc file: define(`SMART_HOST', `192.168.0.4')dnl Then I set up masquerading, and was hopeful this would solve it. I have this in the .mc file: FEATURE(`masquerade_entire_domain')dnl FEATURE(`masquerade_envelope')dnl FEATURE(`allmasquerade')dnl MASQUERADE_AS(`domain.org')dnl MASQUERADE_DOMAIN(`domain.org.')dnl MASQUERADE_DOMAIN(`localhost.localdomain.')dnl This rewrites "to" addresses, but not "from" addresses. Testing from the command line: sendmail -v [email protected] Always is shown from the local user (in this case root, or my local user account). I had read that "sendmail" command sometimes bypasses masquerading. Nevertheless, using the "mail" command has the same result. After that, I have explored several "solutions", including: mailertable virtusertable FEATURE(`accept_unresolvable_domains')dnl LOCAL_DOMAIN(`localhost.localdomain')dnl FEATURE(`genericstable')dnl /etc/mail/access file /etc/mail/local-host-names file /etc/mail/trusted-users file All to no affect. The last thing I've tried So, I decided to go in a different direction, and try to set the envelope "from" address via PHP, using either the configuration in /etc/php.ini, or adding the -f parameter to the mail() function or to sendmail command. If I run this command: sendmail -v -f [email protected] [email protected] I get this error in /var/log/maillog: Mar 30 08:56:16 localhost sendmail[24022]: p2UCuE8w024022: [email protected], size=5, class=0, nrcpts=1, msgid=<[email protected]>, relay=user@localhost Mar 30 08:56:19 localhost sendmail[24022]: p2UCuE8w024022: [email protected], [email protected] (500/502), delay=00:00:05, xdelay=00:00:03, mailer=relay, pri=30005, relay=[192.168.0.4] [192.168.0.4], dsn=5.1.1, stat=User unknown Mar 30 08:56:19 localhost sendmail[24022]: p2UCuE8w024022: p2UCuE8x024022: DSN: User unknown Mar 30 08:56:23 localhost sendmail[24022]: p2UCuE8x024022: [email protected], delay=00:00:04, xdelay=00:00:04, mailer=relay, pri=31029, relay=[192.168.0.4] [192.168.0.4], dsn=2.0.0, stat=Sent (Ok: queued as B5E2E40E0A2) Which is basically a "User unknown" 550 error. Help Please help. What do I need to change? Should I just start over in the sendmail.mc file? It has a ton of config options stuffed in it, over days of trying things. Why is changing the envelope "from" address via the command line generating a "User unknown" error?

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