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  • PCI IDE Controller

    - by mercutio
    I have a suspicion that the onboard IDE controllers may not be working. Every disk I use to setup this machine reports as damaged (using a win xp installation to test, since it gets to partition setup fastest) So, I popped an IDE PCI Controller card in, to test with, but no drives are showing up in the bios now. I went into setup and changed the BIOS settings to disable onboard IDE1 and 2 to test, but still didn't detect the drives. How do I get that working? It's a standard PC with a 160GB disk and DVD Drive on master and slave channels on a single cable, if that helps. Let me know what else I need to state.

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  • Ethernet card not detected on Ubuntu Server 12.04

    - by Dana
    My onboard ethernet isn't detected after a re-install of Server 12.04. For reasons I won't get into here, I had to put the server's drive into another machine to install Ubuntu, then swap back into the server. So the server starts up fine, except for the "Waiting for network configuration". I read in another article that Server, by default, doesn't handle new mac addresses for hardware changes dynamically, unlike Ubuntu Desktop, but a look at /etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules shows only one ethernet interface. Shouldn't it show both the old, and the new? lspci -vv shows an ethernet interface, so what the heck is going on? I should mention that the onboard LAN is enabled in the BIOS. And I know this isn't important, but all this started when I changed some network configuration settings in webmin before the re-install. It couldn't download any updates, so I tinkered a little. Broke, it, installed FreeNAS, which worked, but I didn't like it, then went back to Ubuntu Server, and now I'm in this pickle. Thanks for any advice!

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  • Very slow write access to SSD disks on some Asus P8Z77 motherboards

    - by lenik
    I have Asus P8Z77-V LK motherboard, that ran Mint 13 (based on Ubuntu 12.04) just perfectly, but recently I've tried to install Mint 17 and noticed abysmal write performance. Write speed on SSD disk was about 1.5MB/sec, when it's supposed to be in 150-250MB/sec range. For write testing I've used dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda bs=10M count=10 while booted up from LiveCD. I have also tested the read speed with hdparm -tT /dev/sda and got about 440MB/sec -- that's normal. I can tell, the read performance has not degraded at all and is not an issue here. Since I had a few different SSD disks and few motherboards, I've tested and tested and here are results: Asus P8H77 works fine with Mint13, has very slow write speed starting from Mint14. Asus P8Z77-V LK works with Mint13, has very slow write speed starting from Mint14. Asus P8Z77-V PRO works with Mint13, and works just fine with Mint14, 15, 16 and 17. The only difference between "PRO" version and others is that it has extra SATA controller onboard (in addition to the Z77 chipset SATA controller) providing extra 2 SATA ports. SSD disks work fine with "PRO" version when connected to the native SATA ports as well as to the ports provided by extra SATA controller, so this does not look like a hardware issue. As far as I can tell, there's something changed in the kernel while going from 3.2 to 3.5, that affects the detection of onboard SATA controller for Asus P8*77 motherboards, that screws up the write speed for SSD drives. Could anyone shed some light on how to fix this issue or, possibly, give a pointer to a more suitable place to ask this question?

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  • can't get a good install:11.10 server

    - by jack
    I screwed up my partitioning aparently tring to get lvm and raid1 going. the machine is an intel dual core dt with 2 gig of ram and 2 sata drives, one 250g and the other 500g. This a build for my school in n.e. Thailand. we have 20+ clients now, a website, email. Our old server is dying fast and we are going to add another 12 stations next week. I really need some help here! 1. have onboard gigabit ethernet that aparently uses same driver as realtek 811c. I installed a pcie gigabit card also 811c. At several points the eth0 has accessed the internet fine, but the eth1 will not communicate. 2. I saw a "fix" for this online which from root: rmmod r8169. this imediately killed the working onboard card. 3.I tried to re-install 11.10 figuring that would re-install r8169. However I messed something up in my partitioning and can't get a clean boot now. 6. so I think after 12 re-installs or so and 2 days. I can get through it right if I can start over with clean drives, but I can't figure out how to empty them out what with soft raid and lvm partitions. seems like i've had it going well and then trying to fix that one little problem, i go backwards.Please help! please send email.-thanks

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  • Why does Unity not extend to my 2nd monitor, even when it is displaying an X-Screen?

    - by Gridwalker
    I recently added a 2nd video card to my system, but unity refuses to extend my desktop over to the second screen. Although the secondary monitor initialises when I boot and I can move the mouse cursor over to the 2nd screen, the screen is otherwise blank (showing no wallpaper or interface elements) and I am unable to move any windows to this monitor. Moving the mouse cursor over to the 2nd monitor changes it from the default cursor to the old-style X cursor, such as the one that appears when you run X-kill, indicating that this screen is initialised in the X Server but that Unity is not recognising it. Although the Nvidia X Server Settings application can see both monitors, the unity systems settings application does not detect the 2nd adapter. Sometimes the additional drivers application can see both adapters, but it doesn't consistently show options for them both. Xrandr also fails to detect the 2nd monitor, but iNex lists both adapters. I have experimented with several different drivers for each adapter and with setting each of the graphics cards as the primary adapter in the BIOS, but this has made little difference. The two adapters are an onboard Geforce 8200 and a PCIE Geforce 7200 GX. The onboard adapter is currently set as the primary, however this adapter crashes whenever I use the Nouveau driver and I have to switch over to the PCIE as a primary whenever I purge the proprietary drivers (switching back when the 304 driver has been reinstalled). It doesn't matter which adapter I set as my primary, the results are the same : one screen showing the unity interface and one screen showing an X-Screen that only displays the mouse cursor. All I want is to be able to run this system in a dual screen configuration. I am not a gamer, nor do I require 3D rendering capabilities. Anything you can suggest to get the desktop to extend across both screens will be massively appreciated!

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  • Ubuntu running like mud, system hangs and looks like its running at 3FPS

    - by user240803
    the system specks: AMD XP 3200+ 1GB DDR 333 RAM 160 GB HD IDE NVIDIA FX 5500 AGP Video Card Compaq Presario sr1230nx the system takes forever to boot and when it does it runs like total mud, reminds me of an overloaded system that has too many windows open or something... fresh install tried soo many thing like new memory (it had 512 stick) a new video card (onboard 8mb sis sounded like the problem, but wasn't... has gotten a little faster now but not by much) tried to disable all the things on the motherboard that could be, with no help... this machine runs windows XP, 7, and 8 JUST FINE!!! I mean for a single core CPU WIN8 runs AWESOME!!! BUT I already have a Gaming Desktop that has Windows 8 pro I want a Linux machine to get some time in and learn a few things... I want Ubuntu because of the Software center so I can install things I want until I am familiar with the command line.. I've worked on Computers since I was 12 I remember some of the DOS commands but I guess these are a little different... anyway any ideas? Ive also tried both drivers for the NVIDA card and that didn't help either... its not the card since it did this with both the NVIDA card and the SIS onboard... it also does this on live mode with the USB so I don't think its the HardDrive... I'm running out of options of hardware to try... I know this version of Linux works cuz Ive booted it on other machines and it ran great... what is with this Compaq? here is a vid of exactly what its doing... let me know if you need anything else I am right by the comptuer tonight so ask anything... http://youtu.be/-P-XNo81098

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  • nVidia 9800 GTX+ X11 fails to initialize. no unity or lightdm

    - by rlemon
    I have just upgraded my work pc to 12.04 (not upgrade, fresh install), installing updates during the install, and after everything has loaded (with no errors) and I restart I get brought to console 1 tty login. Console 7 looks like this: IIRC I did not have to finagle with my drivers on 11.10 to get this card working. If this is in fact a driver bug I will remove this post and submit the bug but i'm not 100% confident that it is. I attempted to run unity --reset and got this: Lastly I tried $ sudo apt-get install nvidia-current which tells me nvidia-current is already the newest version. so I ran $ sudo dpkg-reconfigure nvidia-current which says /usr/sbin/dpkg-reconfigure: nvidia-current is broken or not fully installed. Anything I can try from here would be awesome. Currently the only way to get the system up and running was to shut down, plug one of my monitors into the onboard video, enable the onboard video card from the BIOS, then boot back up (and on my single monitor everything is fine). update So I have been able to boot fresh with the ext card plugged in as long as I don't take the updates with the install. past this if I only install the nvidia drivers (nvidia-current or nvidia-current-updates) from the main server (or canadian) I then get the problems.. My proposal; which I don't know where to look for: Can I try installing the previous version of this driver? In the past, on another machine I had issues with my NIC driver being funky... downgraded to the previous driver and bam everything was merry and well.

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  • When will we get Sandy Bridge support?

    - by Gu3miles
    I'd like to build a machine running Ubuntu and using the new Sandy bridge (i5 2500 specifically) intel cpu's. I heard that 10.10 doesn't have the best support (or simply won't work) with the new cpus and 1155 mobos. I'm assuming that 11.04 will have support but do the alpha's have it already? Or will I have to wait? Also, I plan to use the onboard Intel graphics (H67 mobo), will there be support for this or will I still need to use a graphic's card?

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  • How to associate hardware volume control to USB speakers?

    - by Wolfger
    My Xubuntu system recognizes my speakers, and I can change the mixer settings to make them the active sound device, but no matter what I do, the hardware dial will only affect the onboard sound device. generic-usb 0003:046D:0A19.0003: input,hidraw1: USB HID v1.00 Device [ Logitech Logitech Z205 ] on usb-0000:00:1d.1-1/input2 updated to reflect the fact that this was Xubuntu desktop (from Kubuntu install originally) where I had this problem. I was able to easily do this from Ubuntu Natty installation.

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  • Fallback Mode on Intel HD 4000 on Ubuntu 12.04.1?

    - by caragh
    Just built a system w/ a ivy bridge CPU (Xeon E3-1245 v2) with Intel HD 4000 onboard graphics, board is an Asrock H77 ProM. I had loaded Ubuntu server 12.04.1 onto it, but wanted to fool around w/ gnome 3. I installed gnome-shell, which didn't work, then gnome, which did, but only loads on fallback mode - the video is recognized as "VESA: sandy/ivy bridge graphics" I tried installing the whole ubuntu-desktop shebang but it's still in fallback graphics. Any way to get the full eye candy?

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  • 2 Day Training on Windows Azure

    - by Sahil Malik
    SharePoint 2010 Training: more information Will Azure make you loose your job? Well if you don’t jump onboard and get on with the times, yes it will. (My words, not Microsoft’s).I will be delivering a 2 day training on Windows Azure. Complete with hands-on labs, lots of good learning. When – November 17nth, 2011Where – Oslo, NorwayMore Information | Register Now. Details - Read full article ....

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  • Should I run Ubuntu 64bit on a laptop with 2GB of RAM?

    - by nhanb
    I'm using an Asus K43E laptop with: - Intel Core i3 Sandy Bridge 2.1GHz - 2GB DDR3 - Onboard graphics On the Ubuntu download page, the 32bit version is marked as "recommended", but the community documentation page suggests otherwise: Unless you have specific reasons to choose 32-bit, we recommend 64-bit to utilise the full capacity of your hardware. I use my laptop mostly for Eclipse, apart from regular office applications, then does it make any difference when choosing between 32bit and 64bit?

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  • How to fix SLOW graphics printing on Ubuntu 12.10? Text is OK

    - by vbasic246
    Ubuntu 12.10 32-bit upgrade (dual boot with Win-7). Custom PC, onboard NVidia graphics. Motherboard: ECS EliteGroup GF8200A Black Series "HP LaserJet 3015" multifunction printer. Graphics printing fine with UB12.04, VERY SLOW on UB12.10. Per an article ran: ~$ sudo apt-get install mesa-utils ~$ glxinfo | grep renderer Output: OpenGL renderer string: GeForce 8200/integrated/SSE2/3DNOW! Do I need to get a graphics card to fix or will software tweaks solve this?

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  • Cisco SG 300-28P PoE switch appears to have damaged my domain server's network IF

    - by cdonner
    I just replaced the old HP ProCurve switch with a new Cisco SG 300-28P managed switch. It has PoE on all ports. Everything works, except for my domain server that went offline and the network interface appears to be dead. Windows says the network cable is disconnected, and no lights blink on the switch. Tried different cables and different ports on the switch. The Cisco PoE ports are supposed to be auto-sensing, i.e. not to send power to a device that cannot handle it. Is this technique not 100% reliable? The server is a SHUTTLE XS35V2 with an onboard network chip, so it is probably fried. My questions: is this plausible? who's fault is it - Shuttle or Cisco (i.e. which support line should I try first)? UPDATE: I did go back and tried another switch between the server and the Cisco switch, and indeed, the connection came back to live. When everything is powered down and I start fresh, with the server connected to the Cisco switch, the port light will blink for a while and the connection status is "No Internet connection" at first until it goes off after about 20 seconds and the connection status changes to "Network cable disconnected". On the other switch it works. Clearly not a PoE issue now. I will start looking into the Cisco's onboard diagnostic functions, but so far I have not noticed anything unusual in the log.

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  • 4.00gb (3.25gb usable) in Windows 7 x64

    - by dotnetdev
    Hi, I have setup Windows 7 Ultimate x64 on my PC. I have 4gb RAM and my BIOS states the correct amount (4096mb), but I cannot Windows (System Manager) says I have 4.00gb (3.25gb usable). This seems to be a popular issue, and I have looked for an integrated video card (integrated with my chipset) to disable but haven't found anything. What else can be preventing me from seeing all 4gb? When I had Vista 32bit, it would say 3.25gb RAM not 4.00gb (3.25gb usable). I have an x64 CPU and when I brought my RAM, I used a compatibility tool from Crucial (the memory vendor) to test how much memory my PC can support and 4gb was the answer (this was a windows app I think). Chipset is Intel(R) G33/G31/P35/P31 Express Chipset PCI Express In the bios, I looked for an onboard video card (integrated) and there was no such thing, but a couple of other onboard devices. There are also no "Resource Mappings" settings. FURHTER DETAILS: Chipset North Bridge: Intel Bearlake G33 South Bridge: Intel 82801IR ICH9R Maximum Memory Amount 8 GB Graphics Controller Type Intel GMA 3100 (Enabled) I guess the first thing is, how do I disable the graphics controller? EDIT: This thread (http://forums.legitreviews.com/about23417.html) indicates the issue is with memory mapped devices, but someone on this thread says that does not apply to x64. The rest of the comments points to a mobo issue for the guy who started that thread. Thanks

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  • simple network between xp & 7 with cross cable problem...

    - by LostLord
    hi my dear friends : i have a simple network between xp & 7 windowses with cross cable (2 pc home)... ===================================================================== the one with 7 is mother and have 2 lan device (onboard + pci) A. onboard is like this when u go to tcp/ip v4 properties:(4 adsl internet) obtain an ip... preferred dns server : 81.91.129.67 alternate dns server : 4.2.2.4 shared...no permission 4 change so every thing is ok for internet on windows 7. B. the other lan pci card that is connected to pc with xp is like this : 192.168.2.11 255.255.255.0 0.0.0.0 empty empry computer name : cougar workgroup : nethome homeNetwork is disabled (i think that is 4 2 pc's with 7 os not xp) every thing is off in network options except file & printer sharing in public area ===================================================================== pc with xp os is like this : 192.168.2.12 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.11 (mean gateway) 4.2.2.4 8.8.8.8 computer name : tiger workgroup : nethome ===================================================================== at last my little net is ok... mean both have internet , both can see each other by their ip (\\192.168.2.11 or \\192.168.2.12) my problem is when in pc with xp type \\cougar it shows an error about network path! but in pc with 7 \\tiger works perfec. what is the problem in system with xp ? in few days ago this network was ok (search by computer name) when both os were xp , so there is no problem with my cable or devices. another problem is i can not find tiger in my network list in 7 pc \ why? is something wrong with my network? thanks 4 future advance best regards

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  • No digital audio output with Asus Xonar DG

    - by Lunatik
    I've purchased an Asus Xonar DG as replacement for faulty onboard audio in a Medion 8822 as it has an optical output which is all I really need to feed my HTPC. I uninstalled the previous drivers/devices, switched the PC off, inserted the Asus card, powered up, disabled the onboard audio in the BIOS, then installed the driver that came on the CD (same version as on Asus' website as of today) and everything went perfectly - no errors. I set the audio devices up in Windows and in the Asus utility (SPDIF enabled, 6-ch audio) as I would expect to see them work, but the only thing is I have no digital audio from test tones within Windows/the Asus utility, PCM audio or Dolby Digital from DVD. Analogue audio is fine. I've uninstalled things and reinstalled a couple of times now, as well as trying almost all combinations of analogue/digital outputs but can't get it sorted. Does anyone have any tips on how to get this working? This card has just been released so there isn't much out there to go on. Notes: The light on the toslink port is lit. OS is Vista 32-bit SP2 and all up to date, pretty much a fresh install with almost no 3rd party applications installed This page seems to suggest that a digital output device in Windows is not needed with Xonar cards as it was with the previous Realtek so I have it set to Analog. The only other output device is S/PDIF pass-thru

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  • COMPAQ Tower No Signal to monitor

    - by Lancelot
    Hi there, I have had some troubles with this: I received a compaq tower: Compaq Presario SR1224NX Onboard VGA Windows XP SP2 from a friend. It was given to me on condition i give her the files back. My plan was to turn this into an Ubuntu Server. It booted up no problems even with the ubuntu live disc. After a normal shutdown(not unpluggin the power cord and not doing a hard shutdown with the power button), it would not restart even after SEVERAL attempts. I realized the light next to the power supply would flash very rapidly. I researched and found out it was one of two things: a dead power supply or the cables to the motherboard and to the disks etc. Thus i checked to ensure the cables were fine(and they were). I purchased a Power Supply (this one has 400 watts, the initial had 250) and installed it. The tower now boots. It booted into the live disk and everything. After a normal shutdown, it now restarts but is not sending signal to my monitor. I have tried several monitors in which i assure work perfectly but not with this tower(i recall it did show display after replacing the power supply). The monitors are ACER. This is different than most "no Signal" problems since i am not using an external Video Card, this is onboard VGA. Thanks!

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  • No digital audio output with Asus Xonar DG

    - by Lunatik
    I've purchased an Asus Xonar DG as replacement for faulty onboard audio in a Medion 8822 as it has an optical output which is all I really need to feed my HTPC. I uninstalled the previous drivers/devices, switched the PC off, inserted the Asus card, powered up, disabled the onboard audio in the BIOS, then installed the driver that came on the CD (same version as on Asus' website as of today) and everything went perfectly - no errors. I set the audio devices up in Windows and in the Asus utility (SPDIF enabled, 6-ch audio) as I would expect to see them work, but the only thing is I have no digital audio from test tones within Windows/the Asus utility, PCM audio or Dolby Digital from DVD. Analogue audio is fine. I've uninstalled things and reinstalled a couple of times now, as well as trying almost all combinations of analogue/digital outputs but can't get it sorted. Does anyone have any tips on how to get this working? This card has just been released so there isn't much out there to go on. Notes: The light on the toslink port is lit. OS is Vista 32-bit SP2 and all up to date, pretty much a fresh install with almost no 3rd party applications installed This page seems to suggest that a digital output device in Windows is not needed with Xonar cards as it was with the previous Realtek so I have it set to Analog. The only other output device is S/PDIF pass-thru

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  • Why is my connection slow?

    - by Jay R.
    I have a Dell Precision T5400 with a Broadcom 1Gb onboard NIC. For some strange reason, when I access machines on our local network, the best I can get is around 125KB/s download speed. My laptop that has a 10/100Mb NIC onboard usually gets around 300KB/s or better from the same network resource. Both machines are plugged into the same 1Gb switch which connects to our local network wall jack at 100Mb half duplex. There is also a printer plugged into the same switch at 100Mb full. The resource I'm using for the test is a 30MB zip file copied from a jetty webserver that is running as part of a cruisecontrol installation. The cruisecontrol installation is running WindowsXP with full real-time antivirus and Altiris patch management and inventory running. That stuff on its own is eating some of the download speed. I've seen the laptop reach into the multiple MB/s download speed before, but the desktop never seems to get past 125KB/s to 130KB/s. In WindowsXP, before I upgraded the driver in the desktop, it was that slow. In Fedora, it is still slow even though it appears to be using the same driver version as the upgraded Windows driver. The upgraded Windows driver is faster, but still not nearly as fast as the laptop. What gives? Any insight to improve the situation would be appreciated. Could it be that the BroadCom board just isn't that good, or the driver in linux is just not as good as the Windows one?

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  • Cloning a NAS drive which hosts a SQL Server DB

    - by Adrian Hand
    We have a system in the field running a server application which is suffering with major performance issues. The system in question has 2 onboard 300gb sas drives in RAID 5 from which it boots Windows Server 2003, and a 6tb buffalo terastation NAS unit (also RAID 5) to which the server app does all of its reading and writing. I believe the terastation is the source of all our woes. Whilst under load, reads and writes tick by at something of the order of 1meg/sec, though the network in question is hardly utilised. The terastation contains various data, but crucially hosts a full instance worth of SQL Server .mdf and .ldf files (master etc - the whole shooting match) I wish to stop all the services on the server, then take everything on the terastation and essentially clone it to some alternative onboard storage, so as to eliminate the terastation from the equation as far as poor performance is concerned. ie the terastation is currently drive D: - I want to copy everything off and then have the duplicate assume the drive letter so that as far as the software is aware, nothing is different. This is tricky because of the mdf and ldf files - everything else will work with a straight up file copy. Can anyone suggest a means to achieve what I am describing? Many thanks!

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  • COMPAQ Tower No Signal to monitor

    - by Lancelot
    I received a Compaq tower: Compaq Presario SR1224NX Onboard VGA Windows XP SP2 from a friend. My plan was to turn this into an Ubuntu Server. It booted up with no problems even with the Ubuntu live disc. After a normal shutdown (not unplugging the power cord and not doing a hard shutdown with the power button), it would not restart even after SEVERAL attempts. I realized the light next to the power supply would flash very rapidly. I researched and found out it was one of two things: a dead power supply or the cables to the motherboard and to the disks might be faulty, etc. Thus, I checked to ensure the cables were fine(and they were). I purchased a Power Supply (this one has 400 watts, the initial had 250) and installed it. The tower was able to boot into the live disk and everything. After a normal shutdown, it now restarts but is not sending signal to my monitor. I have tried several monitors in which I know work perfectly but not with this tower (I recall that it did show display after replacing the power supply). The monitors are ACER. This is different than most "no Signal" problems since I am not using an external Video Card, this is onboard VGA.

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  • Are there compact external USB audio interfaces which are better than a on-board sound?

    - by rumtscho
    I am asking this for a friend. He loves his voice recognition software and dictates a lot of text using a headset. Now he has a new laptop, which only has a combined mic/headphones output, and wanted to buy an adapter. I told him to get an external USB sound interface instead, as the better sound quality will probably increase the hit rate of the voice recognition. He agreed, but when he saw a picture of the SoundBlaster X-Fi, he said that it is way too big, because he wants to carry the thing everywhere. He'd rather have one of these small things which are the size of a flash memory stick, with only one mic and one phones output, period. Now I am not sure whether these mini interfaces would produce a sound better than onboard sound. They all seem to come not from established audio interface manufacturers, but from electronic accessories manufacturers like Speedlink, or just noname brands. Is there a compact audio interface with good A/D quality (it is OK if the price is comparable to that of the bigger interfaces, even if there is no additional functionality like Chinch in-/output etc)?. And if there isn't, will the noname soundcardsticks offer any advantage over a simple adaptor for the onboard sound?

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  • Hardware issue, bsod with windows xp irq and strange messages with ubuntu

    - by JP Hellemons
    I have an old Acer T160 and it used to run Windows XP. But I keep getting random BSOD's. I keep seeing IRQ conflicts. I tried to run ubuntu, which runs and keeps running. But sometimes is not responding. Also there are these popups at ubuntu 12.04 that my network cable (which is onboard) is unplugged. But I have no cable in it! and have an usb dongle for wifi. which also seems unstable. have to (auto)reconnect sometimes. So my question is: is it my mobo, power supply or something else? FYI: I had an dvd-rw station which did not open properly, so unplugged the ata and power, als removed the second harddrive. now only have sata harddrive. also removed the extra video card (ati sapphire x1600 pro) so use only onboard video now and still have these issues. EDIT Update: will try with a new PSU (power supply unit of 400watt) the old (factory) one was 300watt. and will use a usb drive which has 12.04 ubuntu on it (made with unetbootin) to format everything and re-install ubuntu. (so also delete mbr partition) will update the day after tomorrow.

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  • When modern computers boot, what initial setup of RAM do they execute, and how does it exactly work?

    - by user272840
    I know the title reeks of confusion, and some of you might assume I am just wondering about how the computer boots in general, but I'm not. But I'll sort this out for you people now: 1.Onboard firmware is how mostly all modern computer devices work, whether or not with EFI/UEFI(even without "onboard firmware", older computers still employed bank switching, or similar methods with snap-in firmware, cartridges, etc.) 2.On startup there is no "programs" running in the traditional sense yet, i.e. no kernel, OS, user-applications; all of the instructions, especially the very first instruction, is specified by the Instruction Pointer, I am guessing. How is the IP/PC/etc. set to first point to an address for a BIOS/firmware/etc. instruction, and how do the BIOS instructions map themself out in memory prior to startup? 3.Aside from MMIO, BIOS uses certain RAM addresses to have instructions. The big ? comes in when I ask this ... how does BIOS do this? Conclusion: I am assuming that with the very first instruction there is an initial hardware setup for BIOS prior to complete OS bootup. What I want to know is if it's hardware engineered to always work this way, if there's another step in this bootup method I am missing, a gap of information I am unaware of, or how this all works from the very first instruction, and the RAM data itself.

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