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  • SQLAlchemy automatically converts str to unicode on commit

    - by Victor Stanciu
    Hello, When inserting an object into a database with SQLAlchemy, all it's properties that correspond to String() columns are automatically transformed from <type 'str'> to <type 'unicode'>. Is there a way to prevent this behavior? Here is the code: from sqlalchemy import create_engine, Table, Column, Integer, String, MetaData from sqlalchemy.orm import mapper, sessionmaker engine = create_engine('sqlite:///:memory:', echo=False) metadata = MetaData() table = Table('projects', metadata, Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True), Column('name', String(50)) ) class Project(object): def __init__(self, name): self.name = name mapper(Project, table) metadata.create_all(engine) session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)() project = Project("Lorem ipsum") print(type(project.name)) session.add(project) session.commit() print(type(project.name)) And here is the output: <type 'str'> <type 'unicode'> I know I should probably just work with unicode, but this would involve digging through some third-party code and I don't have the Python skills for that yet :)

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  • Converting datetime.ctime() values to Unicode

    - by Malcolm
    I would like to convert datetime.ctime() values to Unicode. Using Python 2.6.4 running under Windows I can set my locale to Spanish like below: import locale locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, 'esp' ) Then I can pass %a, %A, %b, and %B to ctime() to get day and month names and abbreviations. import datetime dateValue = datetime.date( 2010, 5, 15 ) dayName = dateValue.strftime( '%A' ) dayName 's\xe1bado' How do I convert the 's\xe1bado' value to Unicode? Specifically what encoding do I use? I'm thinking I might do something like the following, but I'm not sure this is the right approach. codePage = locale.getdefaultlocale()[ 1 ] dayNameUnicode = unicode( dayName, codePage ) dayNameUnicode u's\xe1bado' Malcolm

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  • How to become a solid python web developer [closed]

    - by Estarius
    Possible Duplicate: How do I learn Python from zero to web development? I have started Python recently with the goal to become a solid developer to make a web application eventually. However, as time goes by I am wondering if I am being optimal about how I will achieve my goal. I would compare it to a game for example, to be better you must spend time playing and trying new things... However, if you just log in and sit in the lobby chatting you are most likely not progressing. So far, this is my plan (feel free to comment or judge it): Review basic programmation concepts Start coding slowly in Python Once comfortable in Python, learn about web development in Python Learn about those things we heard about: SQLAlchemy, MVC, TDD, Git, Agile (Group project) To achieve these things, I started the Learn python the hard way exercises, which I am doing at the rate of 5 per days. I also started to read Think Python at the same time and planning to move on with Dive into python. As far as my research goes, these documentations along with Python documentation is usually what is the most recommended to learn Python. I consider this to get my point 1 and 2 done. While learning Python is really great, my goal remains to do quality web development. I know there are books about Django etc. however I would like to become comfortable with any Python web development. This means without Framework and with Framework... Any framework, then be able to choose the one which best fits our needs. For this I would like to know if some people have suggestions. Should I just get a book on Django and it should apply to everything ? What would be the best method to go from Python to Web Python and not end up creating crappy code which would turn into nightmares for other programmers ? Then finally, those "things we hear about". While I understand what they all do basically, I am fairly sure that like everything, there are good and wrong ways of making use of them. Should I go through at least a whole book on each before starting to use them or keep it at their respective online documentation ? Are there some kind of documentation which links their use to Python ? Also, from looking at Django and Pyramid they seems to use something else than MVC, while the Django model looks similar, the Pyramid one seems to cut a whole part of it... Is learning MVC still worth it ? Sorry for the wall of text, Thanks in advance !

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  • Why do people hesitate using Python 3?

    - by Ham
    Python 3 has been released in December 2008. A lot of time has passed since then but still today many developers hesitate using Python 3. Even popular frameworks like Django are not compatible with Python 3 yet but still rely on Python 2. Sure, Python 3 has some incompatibilities to Python 2 and some people need to rely on backwards-compatibility. But hasn't Python 3 been around long enough now for most projects to switch or start with Python 3? Having two competiting versions has so many drawbacks; two branches need to be maintained, confusion for learners and so on, so why is there such a big hesitation throughout the Python community in switching to Python 3?

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  • Python 3.1, trying to unescape html/unicode/xml characters

    - by Sho Minamimoto
    I found my problem here, but there is only an answer for Python 2.6. Basically, I need to unescape strings such as this: 'a altieri_joão' to show the proper characters. http://stackoverflow.com/questions/990169/how-do-convert-unicode-escape-sequences-to-unicode-characters-in-a-python-string I need to do this in 3.1, but when I try print (u'a altieri_jo&#xe3;o') if gives me invalid syntax. And when I try name.decode('latin-1') it says 'str' has no method 'decode'.

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  • Using a Unicode format for Python's `time.strftime()`

    - by Hosam Aly
    I am trying to call Python's time.strftime() function using a Unicode format string: u'%d\u200f/%m\u200f/%Y %H:%M:%S' (\u200f is the "Right-To-Left Mark" (RLM).) However, I am getting an exception that the RLM character cannot be encoded into ascii: UnicodeEncodeError: 'ascii' codec can't encode character u'\u200f' in position 2: ordinal not in range(128) I have tried searching for an alternative but could not find a reasonable one. Is there an alternative to this function, or a way to make it work with Unicode characters?

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  • Python, Unicode, and the Windows console

    - by James Sulak
    When I try to print a Unicode string in a windows console, I get a "UnicodeEncodeError: 'charmap' codec can't encode character ...." error. I assume this is because the Windows console does not accept Unicode-only characters. What's the best way around this? Is there any way I can make Python automatically print a "?" instead of failing in this situation? Edit: I'm using Python 2.5.

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  • How can you print a string using raw_unicode_escape encoding in python 3?

    - by Sorin Sbarnea
    The following code with fail in Python 3.x with TypeError: must be str, not bytes because now encode() returns bytes and print() expects only str. #!/usr/bin/python from __future__ import print_function str2 = "some unicode text" print(str2.encode('raw_unicode_escape')) How can you print a Unicode string escaped representation using print()? I'm looking for a solution that will work with Python 2.6 or newer, including 3.x

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  • How can I use io.StringIO() with the csv module?

    - by Tim Pietzcker
    I tried to backport a Python 3 program to 2.7, and I'm stuck with a strange problem: >>> import io >>> import csv >>> output = io.StringIO() >>> output.write("Hello!") # Fail: io.StringIO expects Unicode Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> TypeError: unicode argument expected, got 'str' >>> output.write(u"Hello!") # This works as expected. 6L >>> writer = csv.writer(output) # Now let's try this with the csv module: >>> csvdata = [u"Hello", u"Goodbye"] # Look ma, all Unicode! (?) >>> writer.writerow(csvdata) # Sadly, no. Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> TypeError: unicode argument expected, got 'str' According to the docs, io.StringIO() returns an in-memory stream for Unicode text. It works correctly when I try and feed it a Unicode string manually. Why does it fail in conjunction with the csv module, even if all the strings being written are Unicode strings? Where does the str come from that causes the Exception? (I do know that I can use StringIO.StringIO() instead, but I'm wondering what's wrong with io.StringIO() in this scenario)

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  • Cannot compile GDB7.8 with Python support

    - by j0h
    I am trying to install GDB7.8 with Python support. From the source folder, I am running ./configure --with-python When I did tab-complete from --with- I did not see Python in the list. But when I ran configure with that flag, it did not baulk. When I run make, it complains that Python is not found. checking for python2.7... no but Python is installed: $ which python python python2.7 python2.7-dbg-config python2 python2.7-dbg $ which python2.7 /usr/bin/python2.7 I compiled GDB without --with-python and things installed without error. I was under the impression that GDB7.8 had Python support without the need for special flags. But when I run: $gdb python (gdb) run test.py I get some sort of cannot import gdb Import error So then I tried calling "pi": (gdb) pi printf.py Python scripting is not supported in this copy of GDB. So... how do I get Python support in GDB7.8? is it actually not supported? Or should I not call "pi"?

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  • Fastest image iteration in Python

    - by Greg
    I am creating a simple green screen app with Python 2.7.4 but am getting quite slow results. I am currently using PIL 1.1.7 to load and iterate the images and saw huge speed-ups changing from the old getpixel() to the newer load() and pixel access object indexing. However the following loop still takes around 2.5 seconds to run for an image of around 720p resolution: def colorclose(Cb_p, Cr_p, Cb_key, Cr_key, tola, tolb): temp = math.sqrt((Cb_key-Cb_p)**2+(Cr_key-Cr_p)**2) if temp < tola: return 0.0 else: if temp < tolb: return (temp-tola)/(tolb-tola) else: return 1.0 .... for x in range(width): for y in range(height): Y, cb, cr = fg_cbcr_list[x, y] mask = colorclose(cb, cr, cb_key, cr_key, tola, tolb) mask = 1 - mask bgr, bgg, bgb = bg_list[x,y] fgr, fgg, fgb = fg_list[x,y] pixels[x,y] = ( (int)(fgr - mask*key_color[0] + mask*bgr), (int)(fgg - mask*key_color[1] + mask*bgg), (int)(fgb - mask*key_color[2] + mask*bgb)) Am I doing anything hugely inefficient here which makes it run so slow? I have seen similar, simpler examples where the loop is replaced by a boolean matrix for instance, but for this case I can't see a way to replace the loop. The pixels[x,y] assignment seems to take the most amount of time but not knowing Python very well I am unsure of a more efficient way to do this. Any help would be appreciated.

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  • Unicode support between different OS and browsers

    - by Martin Trigaux
    I would like to develop a web application that uses unicode. The problem is that I don't know if the user supports or not the full unicode set. First question : is the unicode support depends on the browser or the operating system ? Second question : how well main browsers/OS behave ? To goal is to find big subsets of mainly supported unicode characters (with the fact that I accept to not support old tech) Thank you

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  • Python requests - saving cookie for later url usage

    - by PythonRocks
    I been trying to get a cookie and post it to a url in later use in the program, but I cant seem to get the cookie parameters to work. Right now I have response = requests.get("url") But how exactly do I retrive cookies from this url and post them to a new url (the same cookies). The tutorial in requests is somewhat vague on the topic and gives examples I cannot test. Hope someone can help with further examples. This is python 2.7 btw.

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  • Python Parse regex

    - by Nemo
    Let's say I have string in the form given below: myString={"name", "age", "address", "contacts", "Email"} I need to get all the items of myString into a List using python. Here's what I did r= re.search("myString=\{\"(.+)\", $\}", line) if r: items.append(r.group(1)) print(items) Here line is the variable that holds the content of my text file. What change do I have to make to my regex to get all the items in myString? Please kindly help me out. Thanks.

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  • Why is Django reverse() failing with unicode?

    - by JeffS
    Here is a django models file that is not working as I would expect. I would expect the to_url method to do the reverse lookup in the urls.py file, and get a url that would correspond to calling that view with arguments supplied by the Arguments model. from django.db import models class Element(models.Model): viewname = models.CharField(max_length = 200) arguments = models.ManyToManyField('Argument', null = True, blank = True ) @models.permalink def to_url(self): d = dict( self.arguments.values_list('key', 'value') ) return (self.viewname, (), d) class Argument(models.Model): key = models.CharField(max_length=200) value = models.CharField(max_length=200) The value d ends up as a dictionary from a unicode string to another unicode string, which I believe, should work fine with the reverse() method that would be called by the permalink decorator, however, it results in: TypeError: reverse() keywords must be strings

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  • Unicode identifiers in Python?

    - by viksit
    Hi all, I want to build a Python function that calculates, and would like to name my summation function S. In a similar fashion, would like to use ? for product, and so on. I was wondering if there was a way to name a python function in this fashion? def S (..): .. .. That is, does Python support unicode identifiers, and if so, could someone provide an example for it? Thanks! Original motivation for this was a piece of Clojure code I saw today that looks like, (defn entropy [X] (* -1 (S [i X] (* (p i) (log (p i)))))) where S is a macro defined as, (defmacro S ... ) and I thought that was pretty cool.

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  • Regular expressions in python unicode

    - by Remy
    I need to remove all the html tags from a given webpage data. I tried this using regular expressions: import urllib2 import re page = urllib2.urlopen("http://www.frugalrules.com") from bs4 import BeautifulSoup, NavigableString, Comment soup = BeautifulSoup(page) link = soup.find('link', type='application/rss+xml') print link['href'] rss = urllib2.urlopen(link['href']).read() souprss = BeautifulSoup(rss) description_tag = souprss.find_all('description') content_tag = souprss.find_all('content:encoded') print re.sub('<[^>]*>', '', content_tag) But the syntax of the re.sub is: re.sub(pattern, repl, string, count=0) So, I modified the code as (instead of the print statement above): for row in content_tag: print re.sub(ur"<[^>]*>",'',row,re.UNICODE But it gives the following error: Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\beautifulsoup4-4.3.2\collocation.py", line 20, in <module> print re.sub(ur"<[^>]*>",'',row,re.UNICODE) File "C:\Python27\lib\re.py", line 151, in sub return _compile(pattern, flags).sub(repl, string, count) TypeError: expected string or buffer What am I doing wrong?

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  • python metaprogramming

    - by valya
    I'm trying to archive a task which turns out to be a bit complicated since I'm not very good at Python metaprogramming. I want to have a module locations with function get_location(name), which returns a class defined in a folder locations/ in the file with the name passed to function. Name of a class is something like NameLocation. So, my folder structure: program.py locations/ __init__.py first.py second.py program.py will be smth with with: from locations import get_location location = get_location('first') and the location is a class defined in first.py smth like this: from locations import Location # base class for all locations, defined in __init__ (?) class FirstLocation(Location): pass etc. Okay, I've tried a lot of import and getattribute statements but now I'm bored and surrender. How to archive such behaviour?

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  • bad request error 400 while using python requests.post function

    - by Toussah
    I'm trying to make a simple post request via the requests library of Python and I get a bad request error (400) while my url is supposedly correct since I can use it to perform a get. I'm very new in REST requests, I read many tutorials and documentation but I guess there are still things I don't get so my error could be basic. Maybe a lack of understanding on the type of url I'm supposed to send via POST. Here my code : import requests v_username = "username" v_password = "password" v_headers = {'content-type':'application/rdf+xml'} url = 'https://my.url' params = {'param': 'val_param'} payload = {'data': 'my_data'} r = requests.post(url, params = params, auth=(v_username, v_password), data=payload, headers=v_headers, verify=False) print r I used the example of the requests documentation.

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  • Unicode troubles

    - by user343803
    Hello, i have just known Python for few days. Unicode seems to be a problem with Python. i have a text file stores a text string like this '\u0110\xe8n \u0111\u1ecf n\xfat giao th\xf4ng Ng\xe3 t\u01b0 L\xe1ng H\u1ea1' i can read the file and print the string out but it displays incorrectly. How can i print it out to screen correctly as follow: "Ðèn d? nút giao thông Ngã tu Láng H?" Thanks in advance

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  • Python - pyparsing unicode characters

    - by mgj
    Hi..:) I tried using w = Word(printables), but it isn't working. How should I give the spec for this. 'w' is meant to process Hindi characters (UTF-8) The code specifies the grammar and parses accordingly. 671.assess :: ????? ::2 x=number + "." + src + "::" + w + "::" + number + "." + number If there is only english characters it is working so the code is correct for the ascii format but the code is not working for the unicode format. I mean that the code works when we have something of the form 671.assess :: ahsaas ::2 i.e. it parses words in the english format, but I am not sure how to parse and then print characters in the unicode format. I need this for English Hindi word alignment for purpose. The python code looks like this: # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- from pyparsing import Literal, Word, Optional, nums, alphas, ZeroOrMore, printables , Group , alphas8bit , # grammar src = Word(printables) trans = Word(printables) number = Word(nums) x=number + "." + src + "::" + trans + "::" + number + "." + number #parsing for eng-dict efiledata = open('b1aop_or_not_word.txt').read() eresults = x.parseString(efiledata) edict1 = {} edict2 = {} counter=0 xx=list() for result in eresults: trans=""#translation string ew=""#english word xx=result[0] ew=xx[2] trans=xx[4] edict1 = { ew:trans } edict2.update(edict1) print len(edict2) #no of entries in the english dictionary print "edict2 has been created" print "english dictionary" , edict2 #parsing for hin-dict hfiledata = open('b1aop_or_not_word.txt').read() hresults = x.scanString(hfiledata) hdict1 = {} hdict2 = {} counter=0 for result in hresults: trans=""#translation string hw=""#hin word xx=result[0] hw=xx[2] trans=xx[4] #print trans hdict1 = { trans:hw } hdict2.update(hdict1) print len(hdict2) #no of entries in the hindi dictionary print"hdict2 has been created" print "hindi dictionary" , hdict2 ''' ####################################################################################################################### def translate(d, ow, hinlist): if ow in d.keys():#ow=old word d=dict print ow , "exists in the dictionary keys" transes = d[ow] transes = transes.split() print "possible transes for" , ow , " = ", transes for word in transes: if word in hinlist: print "trans for" , ow , " = ", word return word return None else: print ow , "absent" return None f = open('bidir','w') #lines = ["'\ #5# 10 # and better performance in business in turn benefits consumers . # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 \ #5# 11 # vHyaapaar mEmn bEhtr kaam upbhOkHtaaomn kE lIe laabhpHrdd hOtaa hAI . # 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 \ #'"] data=open('bi_full_2','rb').read() lines = data.split('!@#$%') loc=0 for line in lines: eng, hin = [subline.split(' # ') for subline in line.strip('\n').split('\n')] for transdict, source, dest in [(edict2, eng, hin), (hdict2, hin, eng)]: sourcethings = source[2].split() for word in source[1].split(): tl = dest[1].split() otherword = translate(transdict, word, tl) loc = source[1].split().index(word) if otherword is not None: otherword = otherword.strip() print word, ' <-> ', otherword, 'meaning=good' if otherword in dest[1].split(): print word, ' <-> ', otherword, 'trans=good' sourcethings[loc] = str( dest[1].split().index(otherword) + 1) source[2] = ' '.join(sourcethings) eng = ' # '.join(eng) hin = ' # '.join(hin) f.write(eng+'\n'+hin+'\n\n\n') f.close() ''' if an example input sentence for the source file is: 1# 5 # modern markets : confident consumers # 0 0 0 0 0 1# 6 # AddhUnIk baajaar : AshHvsHt upbhOkHtaa . # 0 0 0 0 0 0 !@#$% the ouptut would look like this :- 1# 5 # modern markets : confident consumers # 1 2 3 4 5 1# 6 # AddhUnIk baajaar : AshHvsHt upbhOkHtaa . # 1 2 3 4 5 0 !@#$% Output Explanation:- This achieves bidirectional alignment. It means the first word of english 'modern' maps to the first word of hindi 'AddhUnIk' and vice versa. Here even characters are take as words as they also are an integral part of bidirectional mapping. Thus if you observe the hindi WORD '.' has a null alignment and it maps to nothing with respect to the English sentence as it doesn't have a full stop. The 3rd line int the output basically represents a delimiter when we are working for a number of sentences for which your trying to achieve bidirectional mapping. What modification should i make for it to work if the I have the hindi sentences in Unicode(UTF-8) format.

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