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• how to properly edit hosts, hostname and resolf.conf? [migrated]

  - by Firewall

  i,v been searching the internet for a real noop tutorial on the subject but could not found any direct info. on how to edit these files the proper way. i,v got a debian internet server that i use to host some personal domains and runs squid and rTorrent. the server is up and running with no problems but i am confused about a few things. lets say that i named my server (foo), my domain is (example.com) and my public IP is 95.211.133.200 now: should /etc/hostname contains: tango.example.com or tango <----- just the server name should /etc/hosts contains: 127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost 95.211.133.200 foo.example.com foo should /etc/resolf.conf contains (along with the nameservers) both: domain example.com search example.com or just the first one. are there any other files that i should edit in order to make things right? last thing, the command: domainname returns: (none) i believe it should return (example.com). what should i do to correct that?

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• Debian doesn't boot after removing secondary hard drive

  - by Daveel

  In the beginning I had Debian 6 running on one hard drive (/dev/sda1). Then I decided to keep all my stuff(pics, videos, etc..) in another slave hard drive (/dev/sdb1). So sda1 has Debian OS sdb1 doesn't contain any OS files I have made it to mount automatically by adding a row in /etc/fstab (UUID and directory to mount to) Time have passed and when I tried to change that secondary hard drive with another hard drive with bigger capacity, for some reason Debian won't boot (just itself sda1) after removing secondary hard drive (sdb1) But if I plug sdb1 back, it boots just fine. I tried to comment line out from /etc/fstab, so it doesn't mount And also did update-grub after umount /dev/sdb1 What's the right way to remove hard drive secondary hard drive?

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• Seeking easy to use Setup creator with logic and ability to write registry keys

  - by Mawg

  I want to create a Setup to install my application. It as to be able to do the following: ask a question (maybe 2 radio buttons?) and, depending on the reply, copy one of 2 DLLs to the Windows directory and invoke regsvr to register the DLL write some registry keys I would code my own program to do this, but I don't have enough knowledge of the different versions of Windows (XP, Vista, 7, etc) and 32/64 bit, registry layout, or permissions like UAC, etc So, it seems to me that it would be easier to use a Setup generator which has been around for a while and already handles all of this stuff. I went to my favorite site for free stuff and found this page. However, the programs mentioned there are either too simplistic or have too steep a learning curve for me. Can anyone recommend a Goldilocks solution which does what I mentioned in those two bullet points while taking into account all Windows versions, 32/64 bit, non-admin accounts, etc?

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• set a global environment variable in linux that sticks when going root

  - by Scott

  When I SSH into a linux box, I want to have the /etc/profile file save the results of the whoami command to a global environment variable. if I were to go root with the command sudo su -, I do not want that command to run again when gonig root, I want it to stick with the result of whoami as my regular username from before I went root, and I need to access that variable as the root user even though it will run the /etc/profile file again when I go root. What can I do to only run that command once in the /etc/profile command?

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• VNC server shows black screen with a X cursor

  - by user2656114

  Starting VNC server using vncserver :1, client can connect to the server but it shows only a black screen with a X cursor. Contents of .vnc/xstartup is: #!/bin/sh # Uncomment the following two lines for normal desktop: unset SESSION_MANAGER exec /etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc [ -x /etc/vnc/xstartup ] && exec /etc/vnc/xstartup [ -r $HOME/.Xresources ] && xrdb $HOME/.Xresources xsetroot -solid grey vncconfig -iconic & xterm -geometry 80x24+10+10 -ls -title "$VNCDESKTOP Desktop" & twm & Is it a problem with this?

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• let CRON send emails through SMTP ( debian squeeze )

  - by supernova

  i would like to send emails whenever a cronjob has completed, i read that this is possible with exim4. in /etc/alias i added the line myuser: [email protected] in /etc/exim4/update-exim4.conf.conf i set dc_smarthost='smtp.myserver.ip::25 and in /etc/exim4/passwd.client i set smtp.myserver.ip:[email protected]:mypassword my problem is that i can't see any login at my mailserver, and in the exim logs i saw a few lines with 2012-10-13 09:17:01 1TMvy1-0001fp-F2 ** [email protected] R=nonlocal: Mailing to remote domains not supported 2012-10-13 09:17:01 1TMvy1-0001fr-JE <= <> R=1TMvy1-0001fp-F2 U=Debian-exim P=local S=17426 are there any additional config settings i have to set? edit : i solved the prev. error by running dpkg-reconfigure, but now i'm facing the following error <root@debian> R=dnslookup T=remote_smtp defer (-53): retry time not reached for any host

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• HTTPS load balancing based on some component of the URL

  - by user38118

  We have an existing application that we wish to split across multiple servers (for example: 1000 users total, 100 users split across 10 servers). Ideally, we'd like to be able relay the HTTPS requests to a particular server based on some component of the URL. For example: Users 1 through 100 go to http://server1.domain.com/ Users 2 through 200 go to http://server2.domain.com/ etc. etc. etc. Where the incoming requests look like this: https://secure.domain.com/user/{integer user # goes here}/path/to/file Does anyone know of an easy way to do this? Pound looks promising... but it doesn't look like it supports routing based on URL like this. Even better would be if it didn't need to be hard-coded- The load balancer could make a separate HTTP request to another server to ask "Hey, what server should I relay to for a request to URL {the URL that was requested goes here}?" and relay to the hostname returned in the HTTP response.

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• NFSv4 with idmap

  - by HTF

  The following errors appear on the NFS server, could you please advise how I can fix this? Details: System: CentOS release 6.4, NFS: nfs-utils-1.2.3-36 # cat /etc/idmapd.conf [General] Domain = domain.com [Mapping] Nobody-User = nobody Nobody-Group = nobody [Translation] Method = nsswitch Sep 3 08:25:28 snode1 rpc.idmapd[1382]: nss_getpwnam: name '0' does not map into domain 'domain.com' Sep 3 08:25:29 snode1 rpc.idmapd[1382]: nss_getpwnam: name '500' does not map into domain 'domain.com' EDIT: 03 Sep 2013 10:41 Please note that I'm using NFSv4 and these errors appear on NFS server only (not NFS clients). Server: # cat /etc/sysconfig/nfs MOUNTD_NFS_V2="no" MOUNTD_NFS_V3="no" ... RPCNFSDARGS="-N 2 -N 3" Clients: # cat /etc/fstab server:/ /data nfs4 defaults,hard,intr,timeo=15,_netdev,noatime,nodiratime,nosuid 0 0

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• RUNIT - created first service directory, "sv start testrun" does not work

  - by Veseliq

  I'm pretty new to runit. I installed it on a Ubuntu host. What I did: 1) created a dir testrun in /etc/sv 2) created a script run in /etc/sv/testrun/run, the script content: #! /bin/bash exec /root/FP/annotate-output python /root/FP/test.py | logger -t svtest 3) If I call directly /etc/sv/testrun/run it executes successfully 4) I run sv start testrun (or sv run testrun, sv restart testrun), all of them end up with the same error msg: fail: sv: unable to change to service directory: file does not exist Any ideas what am I doing wrong? I'm new to runit and base all my actions on the information found here: http://smarden.org/runit/

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• Squid 2.7.6 not honoring ACL rules

  - by peppery

  Hello there, I have a /24 block of IP addresses assigned to a single server that I have been attempting to install Squid on an Ubuntu server machine. All of the IP addresses are set up correctly (aliases of eth0) in /etc/networking and work as they should be, using cURL I can specify an interface and it goes out on the correct address as it should be. I would like Squid to take the incoming IP address the request was sourced to and proxy the request out on the same IP (e.g incoming 123.123.123.1:3128 - 123.123.123.1, .2 - .2, etc) and have set up these ACL rules in /etc/squid.conf acl ip1 myip x.x.x.1 tcp_outgoing_address x.x.x.1 ip1 acl ip2 myip x.x.x.2 tcp_outgoing_address x.x.x.2 ip2 acl ip3 myip x.x.x.3 tcp_outgoing_address x.x.x.3 ip3 and so on, as this seems to be the only way to do what I want (from research). However, after much frustration, Squid seems to be ignoring these rules and sending requests out on the default interface. Does anybody have any suggestions? Thanks.

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• Where is OS X's $PATH set?

  - by thepurplepixel

  I have a little $PATH problem: I just reinstalled MacPorts, and my path contains the MacPorts directories as it should at the beginning of $PATH. However, despite me having no such setting in my ~/.bashrc, ~/.bash_profile or ~/.profile, /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.6/bin is somehow getting appended to the beginning of my $PATH: 0 07:15:11pm ~ $ echo $PATH /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.6/bin:/opt/local/bin:/opt/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/X11/bin I'd like to remove it as the MacPorts version of Python is newer. This must be appended after all the above-listed files are read, but I can't think of where. There is no mention of this in /etc/profile, /etc/bashrc or /etc/paths. Any assistance would be greatly appreciated. Thanks!

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• disbale ssh for bnroot as root account

  - by user2916639

  i am beginner with centos - Linux i have dedicated server . my root username is bnroot . now i am taking ssh using this user. i want to disable ssh for bnroot. i have created user user name welcome i want take ssh login by welcome user then i ll use su - bnroot to get root privileges. i have set PermitRootLogin no , AllowUsers welcome IN /etc/sshd_config and after restarting sshd service . i take ssh login by welcome use then it is ok. but when i use su bnroot its prompt to password and i enter right passowrd it show su: incorrect password , i dont know where i am wrong . please help me here. changes i done - /etc/ssh/sshd_confid PermitRootLogin no AllowUsers welcome /etc/sudoers welcome ALL=(ALL) ALL getting error in /var/log/secure unix_chkpwd[666]: password check failed for user (bnroot) su: pam_unix(su:auth): authentication failure; logname=ewalletssh uid=503 euid=500 tty=pts/1 ruser=ewalletssh rhost= user=bnroot please let me know where i am wrong

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• Is it possible to alias a hostname in linux?

  - by user10178

  I am looking for the right answer to the above question. It has been asked by jmillikin at ubuntu forums as follows: Is it possible to create a hostname alias? Sort of like /etc/hosts, but with other hostnames rather than IP addresses. So that with some file like this, you could ping "fakehost1", and it would be re-mapped to "realhost", and then "realhost" would be resolved to an IP address. # Real host # Aliases realhost fakehost1 fakehost2 fakehost3 Somebody has answered about ssh. But not about ping, etc. My main purpose is to use it as an alias for svn server. In my case, realhost is under dynamic ip. So, "/etc/hosts" alias doesn't work. I want to access my svn server as svn://my_svnserver/my_repos instead of svn://realhost/my_repos. Thanks in advance for any advice.

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• How is Javascript parsed/executed in a web browser exactly?

  - by ededed

  For example when I access web server likely Javascript will execute. From there on, how will the browser parse the Javascript, or "execute" the functions, the memory used, etc. How will the browser "handle" all of that? Does it act like a compilation lexer in that it passes line by line and generates object code, or does it use the DOM, and other specifications to handle memory, etc. Also, in terms of updating the page, and alterior concurrent executions as well, such as Flash, HTML, Java, etc. Point be simplified, how does the browser handle the scripts, the memory, and the logic on page from a javascript file?

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• We have a Solaris 9 server running Oracle 10G and have been getting memory consumption errors for a few weeks now

  - by another_netadmin

  We recently upgraded our Enterprise application and everything worked ok until one weekend when we did a server reboot, ever since then we have run into memory errors. The server has 4GB of physical memory installed and the kernel parameters are set to the following (/etc/system). I'm not an Oracle guy so I'm not sure where to start looking but any informaiton is greatly appreciated. Thanks in advance. There are two databases running on this server, one is a production database and the other is a pre-production database. [root@bandb /]# cat /etc/system | grep seminfo set semsys:seminfo_semmni=100 set semsys:seminfo_semmns=2048 set semsys:seminfo_semmsl=400 set semsys:seminfo_semopm=100 set semsys:seminfo_semvmx=32767 [root@bandb /]# cat /etc/system | grep shminfo set shmsys:shminfo_shmmax=4294967295 set shmsys:shminfo_shmmin=1 set shmsys:shminfo_shmmni=100 set shmsys:shminfo_shmseg=10 [root@bandb /]#

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• Password format not liked by installer

  - by Box293

  I'm installing Chargeback and I get to the database-related information page (step 5 on page 17 of the users guide). Using a Windows account (it is an administrator of the server and I am logged on as that user) Username: DOMAIN\ServiceVMware-CB Password: #$%UuuU2u (this isn't the password but it does start with #$% and is the same length and case) I click the Test Connected and it returns back OK. I click Next and then I am given a warning telling me that the account does not have the right permissions. Check that it has log on as a service etc etc etc. I quit the installer. I change the password in the domain to Uuuuuu3 I reboot the server I restart the server The installer has no problems with the newer password. I'm not fussed either way, I'm just trying to save someone else the pain and perhaps the allowed password format could be added to the documentation. BTW I am using Server 2008 SP2 x64 with SQL Express 2005 x64.

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• Need a solution to store images (1 billion, 1000,000,000) which users will upload to a website via php or javascript upload [on hold]

  - by wish_you_all_peace

  I need a solution to store images (1 billion) which users will upload to a website via PHP or Javascript upload (website will have 1 billion page views a month using Linux Debian distros) assuming 20 photos per user maximum (10 thumbnails of size 90px by 90px and 10 large, script resized images of having maximum width 500px or maximum height 500px depending on shape of image, meaning square, rectangle, horizontal, vertical etc). Assume this to be a LEMP-stack (Linux Nginx MySQL PHP) social-media or social-matchmaking type application whose content will be text and images. Since everyone knows storing tons of images (website users uploaded images in this case) are bad inside a single directory or NFS etc, please explain all the details about the architecture and configuration of the entire setup of storage solution, to store 1 billion images on any method you recommend (no third-party cloud storage like S3 etc. It has to be within the private data center using our own hardware and resources.). The solution has to include both the storage solution and organizing the images uploaded by users. How will we organize the users images if a single user will not have more than 20 images (10 thumbs and 10 large of having either width or height 500px)? Please consider that this has to be organized in a structural way so we can fetch a single user's images via PHP/Javascript or API programmatically through some type of user's unique identifier(s).

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• Can't start mysql - mysql respawning too fast, stopped

  - by Tom

  Today I did a fresh install of ubuntu 12.04 and went about setting up my local development environment. I installed mysql and edited /etc/mysql/my.cnf to optimise InnoDB but when I try to restart mysql, it fails with a error: [20:53][tom@Pochama:/var/www/website] (master) $ sudo service mysql restart start: Job failed to start The syslog reveals there is a problem with the init script: > tail -f /var/log/syslog Apr 28 21:17:46 Pochama kernel: [11840.884524] type=1400 audit(1335644266.033:184): apparmor="STATUS" operation="profile_replace" name="/usr/sbin/mysqld" pid=760 comm="apparmor_parser" Apr 28 21:17:47 Pochama kernel: [11842.603773] init: mysql main process (764) terminated with status 7 Apr 28 21:17:47 Pochama kernel: [11842.603841] init: mysql main process ended, respawning Apr 28 21:17:48 Pochama kernel: [11842.932462] init: mysql post-start process (765) terminated with status 1 Apr 28 21:17:48 Pochama kernel: [11842.950393] type=1400 audit(1335644268.101:185): apparmor="STATUS" operation="profile_replace" name="/usr/sbin/mysqld" pid=811 comm="apparmor_parser" Apr 28 21:17:49 Pochama kernel: [11844.656598] init: mysql main process (815) terminated with status 7 Apr 28 21:17:49 Pochama kernel: [11844.656665] init: mysql main process ended, respawning Apr 28 21:17:50 Pochama kernel: [11845.004435] init: mysql post-start process (816) terminated with status 1 Apr 28 21:17:50 Pochama kernel: [11845.021777] type=1400 audit(1335644270.173:186): apparmor="STATUS" operation="profile_replace" name="/usr/sbin/mysqld" pid=865 comm="apparmor_parser" Apr 28 21:17:51 Pochama kernel: [11846.721982] init: mysql main process (871) terminated with status 7 Apr 28 21:17:51 Pochama kernel: [11846.722001] init: mysql respawning too fast, stopped Any ideas? Things I tried already: I googled and found a Ubuntu bug with apparmor (https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/mysql-5.5/+bug/970366), I changed apparmor from enforce mode to complain mode: sudo apt-get install apparmor-utils sudo aa-complain /usr/sbin/mysqld sudo /etc/init.d/apparmor reload but it didn't help. I still can't start mysql. I also thought the issue may be because the InnoDB logfiles were a different size than mysql was expecting. I removed the innodb log files before restarting using: sudo mv /var/lib/mysql/ib_logfile* /tmp. No luck though. Workaround: I re-installed 12.04, made sure not to touch /etc/mysql/my.cnf in any way. Mysql is working so I can get on with what I need to do. But I will need to edit it at some point - Hopefully I'll have figured out a solution, or this question will have been answered by that point...

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• Managing multiple reverse proxies for one virtual host in apache2

  - by Chris Betti

  I have many reverse proxies defined for my js-host VirtualHost, like so: /etc/apache2/sites-available/js-host <VirtualHost *:80> ServerName js-host.example.com [...] ProxyPreserveHost On ProxyPass /serviceA http://192.168.100.50/ ProxyPassReverse /serviceA http://192.168.100.50/ ProxyPass /serviceB http://192.168.100.51/ ProxyPassReverse /serviceB http://192.168.100.51/ [...] ProxyPass /serviceZ http://192.168.100.75/ ProxyPassReverse /serviceZ http://192.168.100.75/ </VirtualHost> The js-host site is acting as shared config for all of the reverse proxies. This works, but managing the proxies involves edits to the shared config, and an apache2 restart. Is there a way to manage individual proxies with a2ensite and a2dissite (or a better alternative)? My main objective is to isolate each proxy config as a separate file, and manage it via commands. First Attempt I tried making separate files with their own VirtualHost entries for each service: /etc/apache2/sites-available/js-host-serviceA <VirtualHost *:80> ServerName js-host.example.com [...] ProxyPass /serviceA http://192.168.100.50/ ProxyPassReverse /serviceA http://192.168.100.50/ </VirtualHost> /etc/apache2/sites-available/js-host-serviceB <VirtualHost *:80> ServerName js-host.example.com [...] ProxyPass /serviceB http://192.168.100.51/ ProxyPassReverse /serviceB http://192.168.100.51/ </VirtualHost> The problem with this is apache2 loads the first VirtualHost for a particular ServerName, and ignores the rest. They aren't "merged" somehow as I'd hoped.

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• Forum software advice needed

  - by David Thompson

  Hello All ... we want to migrate our sites current forum (proprietary built) to a newer, more modern (feature rich) platform. I've been looking around at the available options and have narrowed it down to vBulletin, Vanilla or Phorum (unless you have another suggestion ?). I hope someone here can give me some feedback on their experiences either migrating to a new forum or working deeply with one. The current forum we have has approx 2.2 million threads in it and is contained in a MySQL database. Data Migration is obviously the first issue, is one of the major Forum vendors better or worse in this regard ? The software needs to be able to be clustered and cached to ensure availability and performance. We want it to be PHP based and store it's data in MySQL. The code needs to be open to allow us to highly customise the software both to strip out a lot of stuff and be able to integrate our sites features. A lot of the forums I've looked at have a lot of duplicate features to our main site, in particular member management, profiles etc. I realise we'll have to do a good bit of development in removing these and tieing it all back to the main site so we want to find a platform that makes this kind of integration as easy as possible. Finally I guess if 'future proofing' the forum (as best as possible) given the above. Which platform will allow us to customise it but also allow us to keep instep with upgrades. Which forum software has the best track record for bringing online new features in a timely manner ? etc. etc. I know it's a big question but if anyone here has any experience in some or all of the above I'd be very grateful.

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• Confusion of the "stack" in Assembly-level programming

  - by Bigyellow Bastion

  What is the "stack" exactly? I've read articles, tried comprehending it through my understanding, experience, and educated guessing of programming and computers, but I'm a bit perplexed here. The "stack" is a region in RAM? Or is it some other space I'm uncertain of here? The processor pushes bits through registers on to the stack in RAM, or do I have it wrong here? Also, the processor moves the bits from the RAM to the register to "process" it, such as maybe a compare, arithmetic, etc. But what actually can help understand, in some visual or verbal description or both, of how to implement the idea of a "stack" here? Is the stack actually the same in terminology with a "machine stack" meaning it's in RAM? I'm sorry, I don't want to solicit debate or arguments, but I really could use some help here if anyone can straighten things out. TO ADD: I know what a software stack is. I know about LIFO, FIFO, etc. I just want to gain a better understanding of the Assembly-level stack, what it is, where it is, how exactly it works, etc. Thanks for reading!

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• Do i need a full time seo employee? [closed]

  - by user481913

  I need seo done for 1 site that's still new. It's a niche listings/ecommerce site. And i need to make a hiring decision for this - whether there's a need for a full time employee dedicated to seo or is part time or a contract sufficient? Here's some info and assumptions : 1)The site's dynamic - so perhaps all ON PAGE SEO - keyword research, page title, meta tags etc. could be built in programatically and is perhaps ONE TIME EFFORT. 2)Most(perhaps not all) ON PAGE SEO is taken care at the start or initially so doesn't need much time devotion later. 3)Most ON PAGE SEO for a DYNAMIC site is a programmer's job(as probably a seo employee doesn't understand programming) with some assistance from a seo employee for KEYWORD RESEARCH etc. So once built into the software, it DOESN'T NEED much effort on part of the seo employee in the later stages. 4)OFF PAGE SEO IS really where the seo employee would really spend most of his/her time - like build some links, write articles/blogs, directory submissions etc. So considering that there's just 1 site and that most effort for the seo employee is concenterated on OFF PAGE SEO, do i really need to hire someone Full Time? You're most welcome to add your own views and perspectives to this. It might help someone else as well in the future in their hiring decision.

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• Using Oracle Enterprise Manager Ops Center to Update Solaris via Live Upgrade

  - by LeonShaner

  Introduction: This Oracle Enterprise Manager Ops Center blog entry provides tips for using Ops Center to update Solaris using Live Upgrade on Solaris 10 and Boot Environments on Solaris 11. Why use Live Upgrade? Live Upgrade (LU) can significantly reduce downtime associated with patching Live Upgrade avoids dropping to single-user mode for long periods of time during patching Live Upgrade relies on an Alternate Boot Environment (ABE)/(BE), which is patched while in multi-user mode; thereby allowing normal system operations to continue with the active BE, while the alternate BE is being patched Activating an newly patched (A)BE is essentially a reboot; therefore the downtime is ~= reboot Admins can easily revert to the prior Boot Environment (BE) as a safeguard / fallback. Why use Ops Center to patch via Live Upgrade, Alternate Boot Environments, and Solaris 11 equivalents? All the benefits of Ops Center's extensive patch and package knowledge base can be leveraged on top of Live Upgrade Ops Center can orchestrate patching based on Live Upgrade and Solaris 11 features, which all works together to minimize downtime Ops Centers advanced inventory and reporting features assurance that each OS is updated to a verifiable, consistent standard, rather than relying on ad-hoc (error prone) procedures and scripts Ops Center gives admins control over the boot environment specifications or they can let Ops Center decide when a BE is necessary, thereby reducing complexity and lowering the opportunity for user error Preparing to use Live Upgrade-like features in Solaris 11 Requirements and information you should know: Global Zone Root file-systems must be separate from Solaris Container / Zone filesystems Solaris 11 has features which are similar in concept to Live Upgrade on Solaris 10, but differ greatly in implementationImportant distinctions: Solaris 11 assumes ZFS root Solaris 11 adds Boot Environments (BE's) as an integrated feature (see beadm) Solaris 11 BE's avoid single-user patching (vs. Solaris 10 w/ ZFS snapshot=ABE). Solaris 11 Image Packaging System (IPS) has hooks for BE creation, as needed Solaris 11 allows pkgs to be installed + upgraded in alternate BE (e.g. instead of the live system) but it is controlled on a per-pkg basis Boot Environments are activated across a reboot; instead of spending long periods installing + upgrading packages in single user mode. Fallback to a prior BE is a function of the BE infrastructure (a la beadm). (Generally) Reboot + BE activation can be much much faster on Solaris 11 Preparing to use Live Upgrade on Solaris 10 Requirements and information you should know: Global Zone Root file-systems must be separate from Solaris Container / Zone filesystems Live Upgrade Pre-requisite patches must be applied before the first Live Upgrade Alternate Boot Environments are created (see "Pre-requisite Patches" section, below...) Solaris 10 Update 6 or newer on ZFS root is the practical starting point for Live Upgrade Live Upgrade with ZFS root is far more straight-forward than any scheme based on Alternative Boot Environments in slices or temporarily breaking mirrors Use Solaris best practices to upgrade the OS to at least Solaris 10 Update 4 (outside of Ops Center) UFS root can (technically) be used, but it is significantly more involved (e.g. discouraged) -- there are many reasons to move to ZFS while going through the process to update to Solaris 10 Update 6 or newer (out side of Ops Center) Recommendation: Start with Solaris 10 Update 6 or newer on ZFS root Recommendation: Start with Ops Center 12c or newer Ops Center 12c can automatically create your ABE's for you, without the need for custom scripts Ops Center 12c Update 2 avoids kernel panic on unpatched Solaris 10 update 9 (and older) -- unrelated to Live Upgrade, but more on the issue, below. NOTE: There is no magic!  If you have systems running Solaris 10 Update 5 or older on UFS root, and you don't know how to get them updated to Solaris 10 on ZFS root, then there are services available from Oracle Advanced Customer Support (ACS), which specialize in this area. Live Upgrade Pre-requisite Patches (Solaris 10) Certain Live Upgrade related patches must be present before the first Live Upgrade ABE's are created on Solaris 10.Use the following MOS Search String to find the “living document” that outlines the required patch minimums, which are necessary before using any Live Upgrade features: Solaris Live Upgrade Software Patch Requirements(Click above – the link is valid as of this writing, but search in MOS for the same "Solaris Live Upgrade Software Patch Requirements" string if necessary) It is a very good idea to check the document periodically and adapt to its contents, accordingly.IMPORTANT:  In case it wasn't clear in the above document, some direct patching of the active OS, including a reboot, may be required before Live Upgrade can be successfully used the first time.HINT: You can use Ops Center to determine what to expect for a given system, and to schedule the “pre-patching” during a maintenance window if necessary. Preparing to use Ops Center Discover + Manage (Install + Configure the Ops Center agent in) each Global Zone Recommendation:  Begin by using OCDoctor --agent-prereq to determine whether OS meets OC prerequisites (resolve any issues) See prior requirements and recommendations w.r.t. starting with Solaris 10 Update 6 or newer on ZFS (or at least Solaris 10 Update 4 on UFS, with caveats) WARNING: Systems running unpatched Solaris 10 update 9 (or older) should run the Ops Center 12c Update 2 agent to avoid a potential kernel panic The 12c Update 2 agent will check patch minimums and disable certain process accounting features if the kernel is not sufficiently patched to avoid the panic SPARC: 142900-05 Obsoleted by: 142900-06 SunOS 5.10: kernel patch 10 Oracle Solaris on SPARC (32-bit) X64: 142901-05 Obsoleted by: 142901-06 SunOS 5.10_x86: kernel patch 10 Oracle Solaris on x86 (32-bit) OR SPARC: 142909-17 SunOS 5.10: kernel patch 10 Oracle Solaris on SPARC (32-bit) X64: 142910-17 SunOS 5.10_x86: kernel patch 10 Oracle Solaris on x86 (32-bit) Ops Center 12c (initial release) and 12c Update 1 agent can also be safely used with a workaround (to be performed BEFORE installing the agent): # mkdir -p /etc/opt/sun/oc # echo "zstat_exacct_allowed=false" > /etc/opt/sun/oc/zstat.conf # chmod 755 /etc/opt/sun /etc/opt/sun/oc # chmod 644 /etc/opt/sun/oc/zstat.conf # chown -Rh root:sys /etc/opt/sun/oc NOTE: Remove the above after patching the OS sufficiently, or after upgrading to the 12c Update 2 agent Using Ops Center to apply Live Upgrade-related Pre-Patches (Solaris 10)Overview: Create an OS Update Profile containing the minimum LU-related pre-patches, based on the Solaris Live Upgrade Software Patch Requirements, previously mentioned. SIMULATE the deployment of the LU-related pre-patches Observe whether any of the LU-related pre-patches will require a reboot The job details for each Global Zone will advise whether a reboot step will be required ACTUALLY deploy the LU-related pre-patches, according to your change control process (e.g. if no reboot, maybe okay to do now; vs. must do later because of the reboot). You can schedule the job to occur later, during a maintenance window Check the job status for each node, resolving any issues found Once the LU-related pre-patches are applied, you can Ops Center to patch using Live Upgrade on Solaris 10 Using Ops Center to patch Solaris 10 with LU/ABE's -- the GOODS!(this is the heart of the tip): Create an OS Update Profile containing the patches that make up your standard build Use Solaris Baselines when possible Add other individual patches as needed ACTUALLY deploy the OS Update Profile Specify the appropriate Live Upgrade options, e.g. Synchronize the active BE to the alternate BE before patching Do not activate the BE after patching Check the job status for each node, resolving any issues found Activate the newly patched BE according to your change control process Activate = Reboot to the ABE, making the ABE the new active BE Ops Center does not separate LU activate from reboot, so expect a reboot! Check the job status for each node, resolving any issues found Examples (w/Screenshots) Solaris 10 and Live Upgrade: Auto-Create the Alternate Boot Environment (ZFS root only) ABE to be created on ZFS with name S10_12_07REC (Example) Uses built in feature to call “lucreate -n S10_12_07REC” behind scenes if not already present NOTE: Leave “lucreate” params blank (if you do specify options, the will be appended after -n $ABEName) Solaris 10 and Live Upgrade: Alternate Boot Environment Creation via Operational Profile (script) The Alternate Boot Environment is to be created via custom, user-supplied script, which does whatever is needed for the system where Live Upgrade will be used. Operational Profile, which provides the script to create an ABE: Very similar to the automatic case, but with a Script (Operational Profile), which is used to create the ABE Relies on user-supplied script in the form of an Operational Profile Could be used to prepare an ABE based on a UFS root in a slice, or on a separate device (e.g. by breaking a mirror first) – it is up to the script author to do the right thing! EXAMPLE: Same result as the ZFS case, but illustrating the Operational Profile (e.g. script) approach to call: # lucreate -n S10_1207REC NOTE: OC special variable is $ABEName Boot Environment Profile, which references the Operational Profile Script = Operational Profile on this screen Refers to Operational Profile shown in the previous section The user-supplied S10_Create_BE Operational Profile will be run The Operational Profile must send a non-zero exit code if there is a problem (so that the OS Update job will not proceed) Solaris 10 OS Update Profile (to provide the actual patch specifications) Solaris 10 Baseline “Recommended” chosen for “Install” Solaris 10 OS Update Plan (two-steps in this case) “Create a Boot Environment” + “Update OS” are chosen. Using Ops Center to patch Solaris 11 with Boot Environments (as needed) Create a Solaris 11 OS Update Profile containing the packages that make up your standard build ACTUALLY deploy the Solaris 11 OS Update Profile BE will be created if needed (or you can stipulate no BE) BE name will be auto-generated (if needed), or you may specify a BE name Check the job status for each node, resolving any issues found Check if a BE was created; if so, activate the new BE Activate = Reboot to the BE, making the new BE the active BE Ops Center does not separate BE activate from reboot NOTE: Not every Solaris 11 OS Update will require a new BE, so a reboot may not be necessary. Solaris 11: Auto BE Create (as Needed -- let Ops Center decide) BE to be created as needed BE to be named automatically Reboot (if necessary) deferred to separate step Solaris 11: OS Profile Solaris 11 “entire” chosen for a particular SRU Solaris 11: OS Update Plan (w/BE)  “Create a Boot Environment” + “Update OS” are chosen. Summary: Solaris 10 Live Upgrade, Alternate Boot Environments, and their equivalents on Solaris 11 can be very powerful tools to help minimize the downtime associated with updating your servers.  For very old Solaris, there are some important prerequisites to adhere to, but once the initial preparation is complete, Live Upgrade can be used going forward.  For Solaris 11, the built-in Boot Environment handling is leveraged directly by the Image Packaging System, and the result is a much more straight forward way to patch, and far fewer prerequisites to satisfy in getting there.  Ops Center simplifies using either approach, and helps you improve consistency from system to system, which ultimately helps you improve the overall up-time across all the Solaris systems in your environment. Please let us know what you think?  Until next time...\Leon-- Leon Shaner | Senior IT/Product ArchitectSystems Management | Ops Center Engineering @ Oracle The views expressed on this [blog; Web site] are my own and do not necessarily reflect the views of Oracle. For more information, please go to Oracle Enterprise Manager  web page or  follow us at :  Twitter | Facebook | YouTube | Linkedin | Newsletter

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• Errors Code: /var/cache/apt/archives/linux-image-3.8.0-19-generic_3.8.0-19.30~precise1_amd64.deb

  - by user286682

  $ sudo apt-get dist-upgrade Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Calculating upgrade... Done The following packages will be upgraded: linux-image-3.8.0-19-generic 1 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. 6 not fully installed or removed. Need to get 0 B/47.8 MB of archives. After this operation, 142 MB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue [Y/n]? y (Reading database ... 164064 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to replace linux-image-3.8.0-19-generic 3.8.0-19.29 (using .../linux-image-3.8.0-19-generic_3.8.0-19.30~precise1_amd64.deb) ... Done. Unpacking replacement linux-image-3.8.0-19-generic ... dpkg: error processing /var/cache/apt/archives/linux-image-3.8.0-19-generic_3.8.0-19.30~precise1_amd64.deb (--unpack): trying to overwrite '/lib/modules/3.8.0-19-generic/kernel/arch/x86/kvm/kvm-intel.ko', which is also in package linux-image-extra-3.8.0-19-generic 3.8.0-19.29 dpkg-deb: error: subprocess paste was killed by signal (Broken pipe) Examining /etc/kernel/postrm.d . run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postrm.d/initramfs-tools 3.8.0-19-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.8.0-19-generic run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postrm.d/zz-update-grub 3.8.0-19-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.8.0-19-generic Errors were encountered while processing: /var/cache/apt/archives/linux-image-3.8.0-19-generic_3.8.0-19.30~precise1_amd64.deb E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1) How can I get this update to work?

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• Why are data structures so important in interviews?

  - by Vamsi Emani

  I am a newbie into the corporate world recently graduated in computers. I am a java/groovy developer. I am a quick learner and I can learn new frameworks, APIs or even programming languages within considerably short amount of time. Albeit that, I must confess that I was not so strong in data structures when I graduated out of college. Through out the campus placements during my graduation, I've witnessed that most of the biggie tech companies like Amazon, Microsoft etc focused mainly on data structures. It appears as if data structures is the only thing that they expect from a graduate. Adding to this, I see that there is this general perspective that a good programmer is necessarily a one with good knowledge about data structures. To be honest, I felt bad about that. I write good code. I follow standard design patterns of coding, I do use data structures but at the superficial level as in java exposed APIs like ArrayLists, LinkedLists etc. But the companies usually focused on the intricate aspects of Data Structures like pointer based memory manipulation and time complexities. Probably because of my java-ish background, Back then, I understood code efficiency and logic only when talked in terms of Object Oriented Programming like Objects, instances, etc but I never drilled down into the level of bits and bytes. I did not want people to look down upon me for this knowledge deficit of mine in Data Structures. So really why all this emphasis on Data Structures? Does, Not having knowledge in Data Structures really effect one's career in programming? Or is the knowledge in this subject really a sufficient basis to differentiate a good and a bad programmer?

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